1. An Evolution of
PRINTING MACHINES

2. Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gutenberg was a German
craftsman and inventor. Gutenberg is
best known for the Gutenberg press,
an innovative printing press machine
that used movable type. It remained
the standard until the 20th century.
Gutenberg made printing cheap.
movable type printing started the
Printing Revolution and is widely
regarded as the most important event
of the modern period. It played a key
role in the development of the
Renaissance, Reformation,

3. • Block printing
Yuan Dynasty woodblock
edition of a Chinese play
Block printing is a technique for
printing text, images or patterns used
widely throughout East Asia both as a
method of printing on textiles and
later, under the influence of Buddhism,
on paper. As a method of printing on
cloth, the earliest surviving examples
from China date to about 220.

4. Korean moveable metal typeset
form, used to print 1n 1447(1)
A case of cast metal type pieces and (1)
typeset matter in a composing stick(2)
Movable type is the system of printing
and typography using movable pieces
of metal type, made by casting from
matrices struck by letter punches.
Around 1040, the first known movable
type system was created in China by Bi
Sheng out of porcelain. Metal movable
type was first invented in Korea during (2)
the Goryeo Dynasty (around 1230).
Neither movable type system was
widely used, one reason being the
enormous Chinese character set.

5. • Rotary printing press
A rotary printing press is a printing
press in which the impressions are
carved around a cylinder so that the
printing can be done on long
continuous rolls of paper, cardboard,
plastic, or a large number of other
substrates. Rotary drum printing was
invented by Richard March Hoe in
1847, and then significantly improved
by William Bullock in 1863.

6. Intaglio printing press
Intaglio is a family of printmaking
techniques in which the image is
incised into a surface, known as the
matrix or plate. Normally, copper or
zinc plates are used as a surface, and
the incisions are created by etching,
engraving, dry point, aquatint or
mezzotint. Collographs may also be
printed as intaglio plates. To print an
intaglio plate the surface is covered in
thick ink and then rubbed with
tarlatan cloth to remove most of the
excess. The final smooth wipe is
usually done by hand, sometimes with
the aid of newspaper or old public
phone book pages, leaving ink only in
the incisions. A damp piece of paper is
placed on top and the plate and paper
are run through a printing press that,
through pressure, transfers the ink
from the recesses of the plate to the
paper.

7. Color printing
Chromolithography became the most
successful of several methods of
colour printing developed by the 19th
century; other methods were
developed by printers such as Jacob
Christoph Le Blon, George Baxter and
Edmund Evans, and mostly relied on
using several woodblocks with the
colors. Hand-coloring also remained
important; elements of the official
British Ordnance Survey maps were
colored by hand by boys until 1875.
Chromolithography developed from
lithography and the term covers
various types of lithography that are
printed in color.

8. Lithography (1796)
Lithography is a printing process that
uses chemical processes to create an
image. Thus, when the plate is
introduced to a compatible ink and
water mixture, the ink will adhere to
the positive image and the water will
clean the negative image. This allows
for a relatively flat print plate which
allows for much longer runs than the
older physical methods of imaging. In
offset lithography, which depends on stone used for a lithograph with a view of Princeton
photographic processes, flexible University (Collection: Princeton University Library, NJ)
aluminum, polyester, mylar or paper
printing plates are used in place of
stone tablets. Modern printing plates
have a brushed or roughened texture
and are covered with a photosensitive
emulsion

9. Offset press
Offset printing is a widely used
printing technique where the inked
image is transferred (or "offset") from
a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the
printing surface. When used in
combination with the lithographic
process, which is based on the
repulsion of oil and water, the offset
technique employs a flat
(planographic) image carrier on which
the image to be printed obtains ink
from ink rollers, while the non-printing
area attracts a film of water, keeping
the non-printing areas ink-free.

10. Electrostatic printing
Machines
Known best for its printing of large
world maps, the electrostatic printer
uses no plates, nor does it directly use
any ink or toner. Rather, it uses paper
coated in a layer of zinc oxide. This
paper is charged with the appropriate
image, and runs through a literal ink
bath, where the correct inks are
attracted to the paper. What emerges
is a high quality print. This printer
requires low setup, and also has low
price per print and high speeds.

11. Screen Printing
Machine
Popular with textile (wood, ceramic,
metal) and clothes printers, screen
printing is a special technique which
creates screens from a fabric. Usually
silk, nylon, or polyester, the screen has
stencil of the image cut into it, and it is
then stretched over the material to be
printed on. According to Printing
Machines, this printing method was
seen in the "beginning of the 19th
century and gained popularity during
the first world war for making banners
and printing flags."

12. Flexography
Flexographical printers are used for
packaging materials, both for food and
boxes. This printer uses plastic or
rubber plates which are fed onto a
belt, which then goes into an
impression cylinder. This impression
cylinder, as the name implies, makes
an impression of the image.
Flexography usually has lower quality,
but has versatility in what it can print
on.

13. Photocopier
Xerographic office photocopying was
introduced by Xerox in the 1960s, and
over the following 20 years it gradually
replaced copies made by Verifax,
Photostat, carbon paper, mimeograph
machines, and other duplicating
machines. The prevalence of its use is
one of the factors that prevented the
development of the paperless office
heralded early in the digital revolution.

14. Thermal printer
A thermal printer (or direct thermal
printer) produces a printed image by
selectively heating coated
thermochromic paper, or thermal
paper as it is commonly known, when
the paper passes over the thermal
print head. The coating turns black in
the areas where it is heated, producing
an image.

15. Laser printer (1969)
The laser printer, based on a modified
xerographic copier, was invented at
Xerox in 1969 by researcher Gary Stark
weather, who had a fully functional
networked printer system working by
1971.