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04 bentley3
- 1. Chapter 4
Early Societies in South Asia
1
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- 2. Harappan society and its neighbors,
ca. 2000 B.C.E.
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- 3. Foundations of Harappan Society
The Indus River
Silt-enriched water from mountain ranges
Major society built by Dravidian peoples, 3000-2500
BCE
Cultivation of cotton before 5000 BCE, early cultivation of
poultry
Decline after 1900 BCE
Major cities: Harrapa (Punjab region and Mohenjo-Daro
(mouth of Indus River)
70 smaller sites excavated (total 1,500)
3
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- 4. Mohenjo-Daro Ruins
Population c. 40,000
Regional center
Layout, architecture suggests public purpose
Broad streets, citadel, pool, sewage
Standardized weights evident throughout region
Specialized labor
Trade
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- 5. Harapan Society and Culture
Evidence of social stratification
Dwelling size, decoration
Harappan Civilization: matriarchal?
Influence on later Indian culture
Goddesses of fertility
Possible east/west distinctions
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- 6. Mysterious End of Harappan Civilization
Reasons for disappearance unclear
Excessive deforestation, loss of topsoil
Earthquakes?
Flooding?
Evidence of unburied dead
Disappearance by 1500 BCE
6
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- 7. The Aryan “Invasion”
Aryans, lighter-skinned invaders from the north
Dravidians, darker-skinned sedentary inhabitants of
Harappa
Color Bias
Socio-Economic Implications
Difficulty of theory: no evidence of large-scale military
conquest
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- 8. The Early Aryans
Pastoral economy: sheep, goats, horses, cattle
Vegetarianism not widespread until many centuries
later
Religious and Literary works: The Vedas
Sanskrit: sacred tongue
Prakrit: everyday language, evolved into Hindi,
Urdu, Bengali
Four Vedas, most important Rig Veda
1,028 hymms to gods
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- 9. The Vedic Age
Conflicts between Aryans and indigenous dasas
(“enemies,” “subjects”)
Aryans fighting Dravidians
Also Aryans fighting each other
Chiefdoms: Rajas
Early concentration in Punjab, migrations further south
Development of iron metallurgy
Increasing reliance on agriculture
Tribal connections evolve into political structures
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- 10. Varna: The Caste System
Origins in Aryan domination of Dravidians
Brahmin, Priest
Kshatriya, Warrior
Vaishya, Merchant
Sudra, Commoner
Harijan: “Untouchables; Pariahs”
Jati subsystem of castes
Related to urbanization, increasing social and
economic complexity
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- 11. Brahmins from Bengal
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- 12. Patriarchy in Ancient Indian Society
“rule of the father”
Enforced in the The Lawbook of Manu
Overwhelmed Harappan matriarchy?
Caste, Jati, inheritance through male line
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- 13. Sati (“Suttee”)
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- 14. Aryan Religion
Major deity of Rig Veda: Indra, war god
Elaborate ritual sacrifices to gods
Role of Brahmins important
C. 800 BCE some movement away from
sacrificial cults
Mystical thought, influenced by Dravidians
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- 15. Teachings of the Upanishads
Texts that represent blending of Aryan and
Dravidian traditions
Composed 800-400 BCE, some later collections
until 13th century CE
Brahman: the Universal Soul
Samsara: reincarnation
Karma: accounting for incarnations
Moksha: mystical ecstacy
Relationship to system of Varna
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