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Chapter 4


      Early Societies in South Asia




                                                                                                      1
   Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Harappan society and its neighbors,
ca. 2000 B.C.E.




                                                                                              2
      Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Foundations of Harappan Society
   The Indus River
       Silt-enriched water from mountain ranges
   Major society built by Dravidian peoples, 3000-2500
    BCE
       Cultivation of cotton before 5000 BCE, early cultivation of
        poultry
       Decline after 1900 BCE
   Major cities: Harrapa (Punjab region and Mohenjo-Daro
    (mouth of Indus River)
       70 smaller sites excavated (total 1,500)


                                                                                                      3
              Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Mohenjo-Daro Ruins
   Population c. 40,000
   Regional center
       Layout, architecture suggests public purpose
       Broad streets, citadel, pool, sewage
   Standardized weights evident throughout region
   Specialized labor
   Trade



                                                                                                     4
             Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Harapan Society and Culture

   Evidence of social stratification
       Dwelling size, decoration
   Harappan Civilization: matriarchal?
       Influence on later Indian culture
   Goddesses of fertility
   Possible east/west distinctions




                                                                                                     5
             Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Mysterious End of Harappan Civilization

   Reasons for disappearance unclear
       Excessive deforestation, loss of topsoil
       Earthquakes?
       Flooding?
           Evidence of unburied dead
   Disappearance by 1500 BCE




                                                                                                       6
               Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Aryan “Invasion”
   Aryans, lighter-skinned invaders from the north
   Dravidians, darker-skinned sedentary inhabitants of
    Harappa
   Color Bias
   Socio-Economic Implications
   Difficulty of theory: no evidence of large-scale military
    conquest




                                                                                                   7
           Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Early Aryans

   Pastoral economy: sheep, goats, horses, cattle
       Vegetarianism not widespread until many centuries
        later
   Religious and Literary works: The Vedas
       Sanskrit: sacred tongue
       Prakrit: everyday language, evolved into Hindi,
        Urdu, Bengali
       Four Vedas, most important Rig Veda
           1,028 hymms to gods

                                                                                                      8
              Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Vedic Age
   Conflicts between Aryans and indigenous dasas
    (“enemies,” “subjects”)
       Aryans fighting Dravidians
       Also Aryans fighting each other
   Chiefdoms: Rajas
   Early concentration in Punjab, migrations further south
       Development of iron metallurgy
       Increasing reliance on agriculture
   Tribal connections evolve into political structures


                                                                                                      9
              Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Varna: The Caste System

   Origins in Aryan domination of Dravidians
       Brahmin, Priest
       Kshatriya, Warrior
       Vaishya, Merchant
       Sudra, Commoner
       Harijan: “Untouchables; Pariahs”
   Jati subsystem of castes
       Related to urbanization, increasing social and
        economic complexity
                                                                                                    10
            Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Brahmins from Bengal




                                                                                             11
     Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Patriarchy in Ancient Indian Society

   “rule of the father”
   Enforced in the The Lawbook of Manu
   Overwhelmed Harappan matriarchy?
   Caste, Jati, inheritance through male line




                                                                                                  12
          Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Sati (“Suttee”)




                                                                                              13
      Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Aryan Religion

   Major deity of Rig Veda: Indra, war god
   Elaborate ritual sacrifices to gods
       Role of Brahmins important
   C. 800 BCE some movement away from
    sacrificial cults
       Mystical thought, influenced by Dravidians




                                                                                                     14
             Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Teachings of the Upanishads
   Texts that represent blending of Aryan and
    Dravidian traditions
   Composed 800-400 BCE, some later collections
    until 13th century CE
   Brahman: the Universal Soul
   Samsara: reincarnation
   Karma: accounting for incarnations
   Moksha: mystical ecstacy
   Relationship to system of Varna
                                                                                                  15
          Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

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04 bentley3

  • 1. Chapter 4 Early Societies in South Asia 1 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 2. Harappan society and its neighbors, ca. 2000 B.C.E. 2 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 3. Foundations of Harappan Society  The Indus River  Silt-enriched water from mountain ranges  Major society built by Dravidian peoples, 3000-2500 BCE  Cultivation of cotton before 5000 BCE, early cultivation of poultry  Decline after 1900 BCE  Major cities: Harrapa (Punjab region and Mohenjo-Daro (mouth of Indus River)  70 smaller sites excavated (total 1,500) 3 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 4. Mohenjo-Daro Ruins  Population c. 40,000  Regional center  Layout, architecture suggests public purpose  Broad streets, citadel, pool, sewage  Standardized weights evident throughout region  Specialized labor  Trade 4 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 5. Harapan Society and Culture  Evidence of social stratification  Dwelling size, decoration  Harappan Civilization: matriarchal?  Influence on later Indian culture  Goddesses of fertility  Possible east/west distinctions 5 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 6. Mysterious End of Harappan Civilization  Reasons for disappearance unclear  Excessive deforestation, loss of topsoil  Earthquakes?  Flooding?  Evidence of unburied dead  Disappearance by 1500 BCE 6 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 7. The Aryan “Invasion”  Aryans, lighter-skinned invaders from the north  Dravidians, darker-skinned sedentary inhabitants of Harappa  Color Bias  Socio-Economic Implications  Difficulty of theory: no evidence of large-scale military conquest 7 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 8. The Early Aryans  Pastoral economy: sheep, goats, horses, cattle  Vegetarianism not widespread until many centuries later  Religious and Literary works: The Vedas  Sanskrit: sacred tongue  Prakrit: everyday language, evolved into Hindi, Urdu, Bengali  Four Vedas, most important Rig Veda  1,028 hymms to gods 8 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 9. The Vedic Age  Conflicts between Aryans and indigenous dasas (“enemies,” “subjects”)  Aryans fighting Dravidians  Also Aryans fighting each other  Chiefdoms: Rajas  Early concentration in Punjab, migrations further south  Development of iron metallurgy  Increasing reliance on agriculture  Tribal connections evolve into political structures 9 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 10. Varna: The Caste System  Origins in Aryan domination of Dravidians  Brahmin, Priest  Kshatriya, Warrior  Vaishya, Merchant  Sudra, Commoner  Harijan: “Untouchables; Pariahs”  Jati subsystem of castes  Related to urbanization, increasing social and economic complexity 10 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 11. Brahmins from Bengal 11 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 12. Patriarchy in Ancient Indian Society  “rule of the father”  Enforced in the The Lawbook of Manu  Overwhelmed Harappan matriarchy?  Caste, Jati, inheritance through male line 12 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 13. Sati (“Suttee”) 13 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 14. Aryan Religion  Major deity of Rig Veda: Indra, war god  Elaborate ritual sacrifices to gods  Role of Brahmins important  C. 800 BCE some movement away from sacrificial cults  Mystical thought, influenced by Dravidians 14 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 15. Teachings of the Upanishads  Texts that represent blending of Aryan and Dravidian traditions  Composed 800-400 BCE, some later collections until 13th century CE  Brahman: the Universal Soul  Samsara: reincarnation  Karma: accounting for incarnations  Moksha: mystical ecstacy  Relationship to system of Varna 15 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.