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1.
Chapter 26
Africa and the Atlantic World 1 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
2.
African states, 1500-1650
2 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
3.
The States of
West Africa and East Africa Developed over 8th-16th centuries Kingdom of Ghana Not related to modern State of Ghana Major Gold Trader Mali Empire, 13th century Songhay Empire, 15th century Sunni Ali (r. 1464-1493) created effective army, navy Musket-bearing Moroccan army destroys Songhay forces, regional city-states exert local control 3 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
4.
Swahili Decline in
East Africa Portuguese Vasco da Gama skirmishes with Africans on eastern coast, 1497-1498 1502 returns, forces Kilwa to pay tribute 1505 Portuguese gunships dominate Swahili ports 4 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
5.
The Kingdom of
Kongo Relations with Portuguese beginning 1483 King Nzinga Mbemba (Alfonso I, r. 1506-1542) converts to Christianity Useful connection with Portuguese interests But zealous convert, attempts to convert population at large 5 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
6.
The King of
Kongo and European Ambassadors 6 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
7.
Slave Raiding in
Kongo Initial Portuguese attempts at slave raiding Soon discovered it is easier to trade weapons for slaves provided by African traders Dealt with several authorities besides Kongo Kongo kings appeal without success to slow, but not eliminate, slave trade Relations deteriorate, Portuguese attack Kongo and decapitate king in 1665 Improved slave market develops in the south 7 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
8.
The Kingdom of
Ndongo (Angola) Ndongo gains wealth and independence from Kongo by means of Portuguese slave trade But Portuguese influence resisted by Queen Nzinga (r. 1623-1663) Posed as male King, with male concubines in female dress attending her Nzinga establishes temporary alliance with Dutch in unsuccessful attempt to expel Portuguese Decline of Ndongo power after her death 8 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
9.
Regional Kingdoms in
South Africa Chieftans develop trade with Swahili city-states 1300: Great Zimbabwe Dutch build Cape Town in 1652, increased involvement with southern African politics Encounter Khoikhoi people (“Hottentots”) British colonies also develop 9 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
10.
Islam in Sub-Saharan
Africa Pre-Islamic paganism, ancestor worship Islam develops in commercial centers Timbuktu becomes major center of Islamic scholarship by 16th century African traditions and beliefs blended into Islam Gender relations, standards of female modesty 10 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
11.
The Fulani
Movement to impose strict adherence to Islamic norms in Africa 1680 begins military campaigns to enforce sharia in west Africa Considerable influence extends to south as well 11 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
12.
Christianity in Sub-Saharan
Africa Like African Islam, syncretic with African beliefs Antonian movement flourishes early 18th century Founded by Doña Beatriz, claims possession by St. Anthony of Padua (13th century Franciscan preacher, patron saint of Portugal) Promotes distinctly African Christianity Jesus a black man, Kongo the holy land, heaven for Africans Christian missionaries persuade King Pedro IV of Kongo to burn her at the stake 12 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
13.
Social Change in
Early Modern Africa Trade with Europeans brings new goods to Africa New crops from Americas Manioc becomes staple bread flour Increased food supply boosts population growth despite slave trade 13 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
14.
Population Growth in
Africa 60 50 40 30 Millions 20 10 0 1500 1600 1700 1800 14 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
15.
Foundations of the
Slave Trade African slavery dates to antiquity War captives, criminals, people expelled from clans Distinct from Asian, European slavery No private property, therefore wealth defined by human labor potential, not land Slaves often assimilated into owner’s clan 15 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
16.
The Islamic Slave
Trade Dramatic expansion of slave trade with Arab traders New slaves acquired by raiding villages, selling on Swahili coast Arab traders depend on African infrastructure to maintain supply European demand on west coast causes demand to rise again 16 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
17.
Arab Slave Trader
17 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
18.
The Early Slave
Trade Portuguese raid west African coast in 1441, take 12 men Met with stiff resistance African dealers ready to provide slaves 1460: 500 slaves per year sold to work as miners, porters, domestic servants in Spain and Portugal 1520: 2,000 per year to work in sugarcane plantations in the Americas 18 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
19.
Slaves at Work
in a Mine 19 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
20.
The Triangular TRade
1. European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa 2. African slaves purchased and sent to Americas 3. Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe 20 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
21.
The Atlantic slave
trade, 1500-1800 21 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
22.
The Middle Passage
(Africa-Americas) African slaves captured by raiding parties, force- marched to holding pens at coast Middle passage under horrific conditions 4-6 weeks Mortality initially high, often over 50%, eventually declined to 5% Total slave traffic, 15th-18th c.: 12 million Approximately 4 million killed before arrival 22 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
23.
African Slave Export
per Year 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 16th c. 17th c. 18th c. 23 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
24.
Impact on African
Regions Rwanda, Bugunda, Masai, Turkana resist slave trade Benefit from distance from slave ports on western coast Other societies benefit from slave trade profit Asante, Dahomey, Oyo peoples 24 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
25.
Social Effects of
Slave trade Total African population expands due to importation of American crops Yet millions of captured Africans removed from society, deplete regional populations Distorted sex ratios result 2/3 of slaves male, 14-35 years of age Encouraged polygamy, women acting in traditionally male roles 25 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
26.
Political Effects of
Slave Trade Introduction of firearms increases violence of pre- existing conflicts More weapons, more slaves; more slaves, more weapons Dahomey people create army dedicated to slave trade 26 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
27.
African Slaves in
Plantation Societies Most slaves in tropical and subtropical regions First plantation established in Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic) 1516 Later Mexico, Brazil, Caribbean and Americas Sugar major cash crop Later: tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee Plantations heavily dependent on slave labor Racial divisions of labor 27 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
28.
Destinations of African
Slaves 5% 12% Caribbean Brazil Central, South America 50% North America 33% 28 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
29.
Regional Differences
Caribbean, South America: African population unable to maintain numbers through natural means Malaria, yellow fever Brutal working conditions, sanitation, nutrition Gender imbalance Constant importation of slaves North America: less disease, more normal sex ratio Slave families encouraged as prices rise in 18th century 29 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
30.
Resistance to Slavery
Half-hearted work effort Sabotage Flight (Maroon populations) Revolts 30 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
31.
Slave Revolts
Only one successful revolt French-controlled St.-Domingue (1793) Renamed Haiti Elsewhere, revolts outgunned by Euro-American firepower 31 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
32.
African-American Culture
Diversity of African cultures concentrated in slave population Blend of cultures African languages when numbers permit, otherwise European language adapted with African influences Creole languages Christianity adapted to incorporate African traditions 32 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
33.
The Abolition of
Slavery Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797), former slave authors best-selling autobiography Eloquent attacks on institution of slavery Economic costs of slavery increase Military expenses to prevent rebellions 18th century: price of sugar falls, price of slaves rises Wage labor becomes more efficient Wage-earners can spend income on manufactured goods 33 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
34.
End of the
Slave Trade Denmark abolishes slave trade in 1803, followed by Great Britain (1807), United States (1808), France (1814), Netherlands (1817), Spain (1845) Possession of slaves remains legal Clandestine trade continues to 1867 Emancipation of slaves begins with British colonies (1883), then French (1848), U.S. (1865), Brazil (1888) Saudi Arabia and Angola continue to the 1960s 34 Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
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