Korea war cocaro 24 slides

On August 15th, 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced on the radio that Japan had surrendered and
that the long war in the Pacific was finally over. The news of the Japanese capitulation was
welcomed with a great deal of relief and joy in Korea. The Japanese surrender to the Allies meant
that forty years of harsh colonial rule would come to an end. The 15th of August, the day that WW II
was officially over, was also the Day of Liberation in Korea. Unfortunately, liberation from the
Japanese would not spell the end for Korea's misfortunes. The division of Korea into two separate
states loomed just beyond the horizon. And perhaps the greatest tragedy of all, the Korean War,
lingered not too far behind. The events that would occur between Liberation Day and August 25th
(the day that there were two official governments in the Korean peninsula) would set the stage for
the tragedy of the Korean War.

To learn more about the liberation of Korea,
the American & Soviet occupation of Korea,
or the emergence of separate states in Korea
just "click " on one of the following choices:

Liberation and the division of
Korea

Liberation and the Aftermath
On August 15th, 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced on the radio that Japan had surrendered and
that the long war in the Pacific was finally over. The news of the Japanese capitulation was
welcomed with a great deal of relief and joy in Korea. The Japanese surrender to the Allies meant
that forty years of harsh colonial rule would come to an end. The 15th of August, the day that WW II
was officially over, was also the Day of Liberation in Korea. Unfortunately, liberation from the
Japanese would not spell the end for Korea's misfortunes. The division of Korea into two separate
states loomed just beyond the horizon. And perhaps the greatest tragedy of all, the Korean War,
lingered not too far behind. The events that would occur between Liberation Day and August 25th
(the day that there were two official governments in the Korean peninsula) would set the stage for
the tragedy of the Korean War.

To learn more about the liberation of Korea,
the American & Soviet occupation of Korea,
or the emergence of separate states in Korea
just "click " on one of the following choices:
Allied Plans for Korea
The Americans enter Korea
Liberation and the division of The Emergence of Two Koreas
Korea
Consolidation and Confrontation
Timeline of main events

1943 British foreign minister

met with
Roosevelt Anthony Eden

Discussed what to
do with
should be
agreed governed
Manchuria Formosa Korea
by an

international trusteeship
after the war
For a period of

they
30-40 years
"schooled" their theories and forms of democracy prior to being granted national
independence.

The Allied Plans for Korea
1943 British foreign minister

met with
Roosevelt Anthony Eden

Discussed what to
do with
should be
agreed governed
Manchuria Formosa Korea
by an

international trusteeship
after the war
For a period of

they
30-40 years
"schooled" their theories and forms of democracy prior to being granted national
independence.

Which "the aforesaid three great
proclaimed powers, mindful of the
Roosevelt
that enslavement of the people
1943 announced the "Cairo of Korea are determined
Churchill
Declaration" that in due course Korea
Chiang Kai-shek shall become free and
independent."
Roosevelt "some period of apprenticeship before full
1944 independence might be attained."
Churchill Ask

Stalin
for

Truman
general agreement on
Churchill left a
trusteeship
1945 Potsdam Conference
Stalin
which possessed

numerous holes that would
later foster conflict between
the former war-time allies.

Expecting a long and difficult campaign to drive the Japanese out of the Asian mainland and to
invade Japan itself, U.S. military planners General Douglas MacArthur sought Soviet
assistance in ending the Pacific War. The American State Department was willing to "swallow"
Soviet control of Manchuria and Korea as the price to be paid for the Soviet entrance into the war
against Japan.
The sudden Japanese collapse meant that nothing was in the way of Soviet
control of the entire Korean peninsula. The State department now devised a plan which would
divide the peninsula in half, leaving the Soviets to occupy Korea north of the 38th parallel and an
American occupation south of the line. The State Department proposal, otherwise known as
General Order #1, was drafted by two young colonels, Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel.

This hastily drafted division of Korea along the 38th parallel still remains to this day.
Depending how one looks at it, the Soviet decision to go along with General Order #1 and halt at
the 38th parallel was simultaneously both predictable and an utter surprise. The Soviet halt was
surprising because
nothing was in the way of Soviet domination of the whole of Korea.
Japanese forces, were in a state of disintegration in the face of the Soviet
juggernaut.
American forces were in Okinawa and too far away to meet, much less challenge,
the Soviet rush southward down the peninsula.

The Allies move into Korea

Expecting a long and difficult campaign to drive the Japanese out of the Asian mainland and to
invade Japan itself, U.S. military planners General Douglas MacArthur sought Soviet
assistance in ending the Pacific War. The American State Department was willing to "swallow"
Soviet control of Manchuria and Korea as the price to be paid for the Soviet entrance into the war
against Japan.
The sudden Japanese collapse meant that nothing was in the way of Soviet
control of the entire Korean peninsula. The State department now devised a plan which would
divide the peninsula in half, leaving the Soviets to occupy Korea north of the 38th parallel and an
American occupation south of the line. The State Department proposal, otherwise known as
General Order #1, was drafted by two young colonels, Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel.

This hastily drafted division of Korea along the 38th parallel still remains to this day.
Depending how one looks at it, the Soviet decision to go along with General Order #1 and halt at
the 38th parallel was simultaneously both predictable and an utter surprise. The Soviet halt was
surprising because
nothing was in the way of Soviet domination of the whole of Korea.
Japanese forces, were in a state of disintegration in the face of the Soviet
juggernaut.
American forces were in Okinawa and too far away to meet, much less challenge,
the Soviet rush southward down the peninsula.

The American proposal it was construed by the
Soviets as an American test
was predictable because of Soviet intentions in the
post-war era.

a direct Soviet challenge to the United States in Korea was
deemed too "expensive" and risky, given the Soviet need to
come to terms with the Americans in the post-war order of
The Soviets
Europe, an area that was of greater strategic importance to
conclusion
the Soviet Union.

that the possible gains in seizing the whole of Korea were not worth inherent risks.
P'yongyang
The Soviets moved to occupy
Hamhung

all the major cities north of the 38th parallel.
The Americans arrived in
a full month after the Soviets crossed the border into Korea.
Inchon Harbor on September 8th
The American military quickly occupied

the southern half of the peninsula Seoul
Korea was now occupied militarily by two foreign nations with separate and conflicting
agendas. Their influence on the hapless nation and its people would soon be felt.

suggested a
U.S. a multi-lateral conference
China could be swayed to follow the

involving
because
before the United Nations Britain American line
U.S favored
Soviet Union
1947 rejected American proposal

because
United Nations passed a resolution
It was not agreed at the Moscow
Conference.
"United Nations Temporary Committee on Korea"
UNTCOK

watchdog national elections to be scheduled sometime before March 31st 1948.

in denied entrance
American Occupational Zone Soviet Zone

so
The Committee opted for separate elections to be held in the South

The Emergence of Two Koreas
suggested a
U.S. a multi-lateral conference
China could be swayed to follow the

involving
because
before the United Nations Britain American line
U.S favored
Soviet Union
1947 rejected American proposal

because
United Nations passed a resolution
It was not agreed at the Moscow
Conference.
"United Nations Temporary Committee on Korea"
UNTCOK

watchdog national elections to be scheduled sometime before March 31st 1948.

in denied entrance
American Occupational Zone Soviet Zone

so
The Committee opted for separate elections to be held in the South

separate elections would lead
to a permanent partition of the

Because they
country

believed that
some
rejected the
Koreans U.N. plan

Syngman Rhee approved of the U.N. plan for separate elections
because

Only a South Korean government would be able to raise a South Korean Army to repel an
invasion from the north.

Rightist leader Kim Ku leftist leader Kim Kyu Sik

broke with Rhee over the issue of separate elections for South Korea

Both attended a
in
"unity conference" P'yongyang
voiced opposition against
the idea of separate elections that transcended all political faiths

But
the U.S. military government in Korea decided to implement the U.N. plan.

1948 elections were held in the South UNTCOK

"a valid expression of the free will of the electorate declared them
in those parts of Korea which were accessible
to the Commission"

The new Representatives
established the in the
Republic of Korea
southern end of the peninsula
the
Three months later National Assembly elected Syngman Rhee
to become the
president of the ROK
autumn of 1948
Elections were in held in the North
born
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
elected as its first premier
Kim Il Sung
The creation of two separate regimes
was due
to

the formation of quasi-governmental bodies that possessed some administrative

such as
in the
the Interim People's Committee North
in the
the Interim Legislative Assembly South

With these elections the division of Korea had an air of permanence

Both regimes faced similar challenges

The first challenge

attaining legitimacy the existence of the "other" state was an obstacle in achieving it
ROK led by Syngman Rhee
competition for the allegiance of the nation
DPRK led by Kim Il Sung
domestic opposition that seriously endangered
the consolidation of one-man rule.

such as
in the
the Interim People's Committee North
in the
the Interim Legislative Assembly South

With these elections the division of Korea had an air of permanence

Consolidation and Confrontation
Both regimes faced similar challenges

The first challenge

attaining legitimacy the existence of the "other" state was an obstacle in achieving it
ROK led by Syngman Rhee
competition for the allegiance of the nation
DPRK led by Kim Il Sung
domestic opposition that seriously endangered
the consolidation of one-man rule.

Syngman Rhee
The second challenge contend with the politically powerful southern landlords

had to
that grew suspicious of Rhee's growing autocratic ways

Kim Il Sung confront what was left of the Left in South Korea who
began threatening his rule by engaging in armed
rebellions and mass demonstrations throughout the
country
As head of the Korean
Worker's Party so he use all the autocratic means at his disposal
to insure his position at the top.
a union of various communist groupings

was faced with a party that had four different "voices". leader of the Soviet faction

The first "voice was accented by Russian headed by Ho Kai-I

The second "voice“ led by Pak Hon yong which had a southern Korean accent

The third "voice" led by Kim Tu Bong had a heavy Chinese accent
leader of the Yenan faction
The last "voice" was Kim Il Sung's own Kapsin "guerrilla" faction

He embark on a campaign to systematically wipe out all the other
so voices leaving the party and the state united under the only voice of
Kim Il Sung.

1948-1950
was marked by
an intense drive towards political consolidation on the part of the two regimes and its rulers.

was
Kim Il Sung on the road to socialism

was able to nationalize nine-tenths of the nation's industrial production

with Soviet assistance and advice, embarked on a two-year economic plan

1950 placed on heavy industry

the economic life of the country was firmly in the hands of the government.
strove for political consolidation of his own rule

when he became chairman of the Korean Worker's Party

He embark on a campaign to systematically wipe out all the other
so voices leaving the party and the state united under the only voice of
Kim Il Sung.

1948-1950
was marked by
an intense drive towards political consolidation on the part of the two regimes and its rulers.

Kim Il Sung & the Consolidation of the North
was
Kim Il Sung on the road to socialism

was able to nationalize nine-tenths of the nation's industrial production

with Soviet assistance and advice, embarked on a two-year economic plan

1950 placed on heavy industry

the economic life of the country was firmly in the hands of the government.
strove for political consolidation of his own rule

when he became chairman of the Korean Worker's Party

was able to
Kim Il Sung remove potential challengers from "center stage"

Pak was delegated as vice-chairman of the party
erstwhile leader of the South Korean Communists
yet contained and enclosed enough so that
prestige Kim's own image
Kim was able to pull the reins in on Pak if it
in the south ever proved necessary

relegating
remove most Soviet-Koreans from positions of power Ho Kai-I
Kim Tu Bong
co vice- chairman with Pak Hon Yong.
Was the
leader of the Chinese leader of the "Soviet" faction within the Korean Worker's party
"Yenan" faction
become chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly

Was of
unification
The Central issue of North Korean regime

The DPRK considered itself as the sole legitimate government in Korea
because
wanted to extend their rule southward to Pusan

the southern regime did not have the support of the populace

was able to
Kim Il Sung remove potential challengers from "center stage"

Pak was delegated as vice-chairman of the party
erstwhile leader of the South Korean Communists
yet contained and enclosed enough so that
prestige Kim's own image
Kim was able to pull the reins in on Pak if it
in the south ever proved necessary

relegating
remove most Soviet-Koreans from positions of power Ho Kai-I
Kim Tu Bong
co vice- chairman with Pak Hon Yong.
Was the
leader of the Chinese leader of the "Soviet" faction within the Korean Worker's party
"Yenan" faction
become chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly
Kim Il Sung was the lone master of North Korea.

Was of
unification
The Central issue of North Korean regime

The DPRK considered itself as the sole legitimate government in Korea
because
wanted to extend their rule southward to Pusan

the southern regime did not have the support of the populace

declared that "the most important and immediate
June 1949 Kim Il Sung unification was task of the party and the people".
Later than

made the fateful decision that he would have to call on the military to unify the nation

Korean People's Army,(KPA) the presence of Soviet military advisors
Strength ened by
the large amounts of military equipment

Rhee's hunger for the enlargement of executive authority When he expand the mandate of the
soon ran into conflict with the legislative body. National Security Law (NSL),
designed to
used the
Syngman Rhee crack down on alleged communist inspired sedition
to

suppress any political opposition to his authority
against members of the National Assembly who called for the dismissal of Rhee's cabinet

the purging of former Japanese collaborators in the Rhee bureaucracy Rhee's main base
of political support

declared that "the most important and immediate
June 1949 Kim Il Sung unification was task of the party and the people".
Later than

made the fateful decision that he would have to call on the military to unify the nation

Korean People's Army,(KPA) the presence of Soviet military advisors
Strength ened by
the large amounts of military equipment

Syngman Rhee & the Consolidation of the South
Rhee's hunger for the enlargement of executive authority When he expand the mandate of the
soon ran into conflict with the legislative body. National Security Law (NSL),
designed to
used the
Syngman Rhee crack down on alleged communist inspired sedition
to

suppress any political opposition to his authority
against members of the National Assembly who called for the dismissal of Rhee's cabinet

the purging of former Japanese collaborators in the Rhee bureaucracy Rhee's main base
of political support

strengthening support of farmers
pushed through a
Rhee land reform bill
weakening the influence of
to were
Those who objected Korean landlords.
jailed by invoking the NSL

1948 a rebellion of communist guerrillas and
Cheju-do uprising
peasants that
severe crackdown in Cheju-do the authority of the new
challenged
response was a

where regime
In other areas guerrillas broke out Rhee succeeded in squashing these internal
threats to his power
called for a
Syngman Rhee "march north" overthrow the communist regime in P'yongyang
to

replace it with that of his own.
1949 and 1950 stepped up his rhetoric to a feverish pitch

Despite the intensity of his
The Republic of Korea was incapable of
The South Korea Army launching a
was
much inferior major military campaign to unify the
to the
peninsula. People's Army
Korean

strengthening support of farmers
pushed through a
Rhee land reform bill
weakening the influence of
to were
Those who objected Korean landlords.
jailed by invoking the NSL

Communist inspired insurrections threatened Rhee's bid for political consolidation

1948 a rebellion of communist guerrillas and
Cheju-do uprising
peasants that
severe crackdown in Cheju-do the authority of the new
challenged
response was a

where regime
In other areas guerrillas broke out Rhee succeeded in squashing these internal
threats to his power
called for a
Syngman Rhee "march north" overthrow the communist regime in P'yongyang
to

replace it with that of his own.
1949 and 1950 stepped up his rhetoric to a feverish pitch

Despite the intensity of his
The Republic of Korea was incapable of
The South Korea Army launching a
was
much inferior major military campaign to unify the
to the
peninsula. People's Army
Korean

Until
MacArthur’s ampphibious attack

The Belligerent rhetoric of
both sides
tension
created a
of along the
high level
anxiety

38th parallel.

The border separating the two Korea was often the scene of violent clashes and routine
cross-border raids.

Until
MacArthur’s ampphibious attack

Towards Confrontation
The Belligerent rhetoric of
both sides
tension
created a
of along the
high level
anxiety

38th parallel.

The border separating the two Korea was often the scene of violent clashes and routine
cross-border raids.

Syngman Rhee

Rhee was born in Kaesong in 1875, the son of a poverty-stricken Yangban(Korean Gentry) family.
As a young adult, Rhee studied English. In 1896, Rhee played a minor role in forming the
Independence Club. By 1897, Rhee was imprisoned for various political activities. In 1905, a year
after his release from prison, Rhee went to the United States to study. After receiving his Ph.D from
Princeton University in International Law, Rhee went back to Korea for just a short while before
returning to the U.S. where he remained until 1945 as a Korean nationalist in
exile laboring and lobbying for Korean independence. While in exile, Rhee
became the President of the Korean Provisional Government for a short
stint. He maneuvered to position himself as the principal spokesman for the
Korean Right. By 1947, Syngman Rhee, had received the unofficial
"blessing" of the U.S. to lead the Koreans after the withdrawal of the American
presence in Korea. Syngman Rhee was chosen by the National Assembly to become the first
President of the Republic of Korea in 1948. As President, Rhee cracked down on political
opponents and coerced the press to print news more favorable to the government.
Rhee's rhetoric about a "march north" to unify the Peninsula under his rule did not lessen a bit.
During the war, Rhee helped to stir controversy by encouraging General Douglas MacArthur and
the U.N. forces under his command to liberate the north. He led Korea until the age of 85 when a
student uprising toppled his government in April of 1960. From there Rhee left
for theUnited States where he remained in exile until his death in 1965.

Kim Il Sung
Kim Il Sung (Kim Song Ju) was born in P'yongi in 1912. Kim and his family emigrated to Manchuria
in the 1920's where he attended a Chinese school. At the age of fifteen, Kim was arrested and
imprisoned for a year for having been a founding member of a Communist Youth League. After his
release from jail in 1930, Kim founded the Korean Revolutionary Army. In 1931, Kim join a Chinese
Communist guerrilla group, fighting the Japanese military in Manchuria. Kim swiftly rose up the
ranks of the Chinese Communist Army. Between the years
1932- 1941, Kim led a band of Korean guerrillas against Japanese
positions and personnel in Manchuria. In 1941, Japanese
counterinsurgency forces forced Kim to leave Manchuria
for the Soviet Union. There he remained until he "hitched" a ride with the
Soviet Army into Korea in 1945. Kim strove to unify Korea under the
banner of communism. After the creation of the Democratic
People's Republic of Korea in 1948, Kim became not only the head of the Korean Workers' Party,
but premier of the new communist state as well. In late 1949, Kim made the fateful decision to
launch a major military campaign to unify Korea under force of arms. After the war, Kim continued
the trend towards one-man rule. He succeeded in constructing a cult of personality with himself as
the main icon for adoration .In the post-Korean War years, Kim developed the idea of juche, an
ideology of self-reliance blended with Marxism, thus creating a distinct "native" Korean communism.
At the age of 82, Kim Il Sung died.

1945 1950

1947 1951

1948 1953

1945 1950

Timeline
1947 1951

1948 1953

1945
15 Aug Korea divided into US and Soviet occupation
zones along 38th parallel

1947
26 July President Truman's National Security Act creates
US Department of Defense

1948
15 Aug After supervised elections, US military government
turns over power to Republic of Korea

1950
June July August Septembe
25 - North Korean
People's Army invades
South Korea - UN calls
5 - Near Osan,
Task Force
Smith troops
4 - Pusan
perimeter r
established in
15 - Inchon landing
of UN forces
29 - UN troops
for an end of fight for the southeastern complete
aggression first time and Korea recapture of
27 - UN asks member suffer heavy 13 - First UN Seoul
countries to aid casualties counterattack
Republic of Korea - US 18 - US collapses
announces Cavalry lands at 15 - Four-day
intervention. North Pohangdong - battle of "the
Korea attacks Seoul US aircraft Bowling Alley" -
airfield. destroy key oil UN forces hold
28 - US bombers refinery in back North
attack troops in Han Wonsan Korean offensive
River area - North 22 - Battle for
Korean army captures Taejon ends
Seoul with heavy US
30 - President Truman losses and
orders ground forces retreat
into Korea and
authorizes Air Force to

October November December
7 - UN forces cross 38th 1 - Chinese 11 - End of Chinese
parallel - UN sanctions attack in strike against marine and
defeat of North Korea and force near army divisions at Chosin
attempted reuniﬁcation Unsan Reservoir - marines
14 - Chinese Communist 24 - General retreat
troops cross Yalu River Douglas
into Korea MacArthur's
19 - UN captures ﬁnal "Home
P'yongyang, the North by
Korean capital Christmas"
offensive

1951begins

January February March April
4 - Seoul captured 11- Chinese 1 - UN line 11 -
by Chinese counteroffensive reaches between MacArthur
begins north of the 37th and recalled -
25 - UN forces
Hoengsong 38th Parallels General
resume
Matthew
offensive 18 - UN forces
Ridgway given
f retake Seoul
command

June July September
November
13 - UN forces 10 - Truce talks 23 - UN 27 - Truce talks
dig in on the begin at Kaesong forces take resume at
38th Parallel - Communists Heartbreak Panmunjom
break off talks Ridge after
f six weeks later 18-day
f battle
d

1953
March April June
28 - North 18 - Three-day 14 - Communist offensive pushes Republic
Korean and battle of Pork of Korea troops south
Chinese leaders Chop Hill ends in
18 - South Koreans release 27,000 North
agree to POW victory for UN
Korean POWs, who refuse repatriation
exchange forces
25 - "Little Truce Talks" secure Republic of
26 - Full peace
Korea's acceptance of armistice. Chinese
s talks resume at
launch massive attacks against South Korean
Panmunjom
f divisions.

July September
10 - Communists return to 4 - Processing of POWs for repatriation
negotiations begins at Freedom Village, Panmunjom
27 - Cease ﬁre signed - ﬁghting
ends 12 hours later

Bibliography
•Alexander, Bevin, Korea, The First War We Lost. New York, New York. Hippocrene Books, 1986.
Fehrenbach, T. R., This Kind of War, A Study in Unpreparedness, New York, New York.
•Presidio Press, 1990. Paschall, Rod, Witness to War, Korea, New York, New York.
•Bruce Cumings' "The Origins of the Korean War" Volumes I & 2.
•"Political Change in South Korea" edited by Ilpyong J. Kim and Young Whan Kihl.
•"The Failure of Democracy in South Korea" by the former Foreign Minister of the Republic of
Korea, Han Sung Joo.
•George E. Ogle's "SOUTH KOREA-Dissent Within The Economic Miracle"

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Korea war cocaro 24 slides

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