Uzbekistan: Water and Food Security Case Study

Case study water and food
security
International Conference on Policies for Water and Food
Security in Dry Areas
24th to 26th of June, Cairo, Egypt
Viktor Dukhovny (Scientific – Information Center SIC ICWC),
Shukhrat Mukhamedjanov (Scientific – Information Center SIC
ICWC
Uzbekistan

InternationalConferenceonPoliciesforWaterandFoodSecurityinDryAreas–
24-26June,Cairo,Egypt
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Uzbekistan total area
44.74mln.ha
Irrigated area – 4.223
mln.ha
Population:
by 2013– 30 mln.
growth by 2050 –
more than 40 mln

I. Overview of the national
agricultural sector
3
Role of agriculture and irrigated farming in the national economy
1990
60,77
39,23
share of agriculture and irrigated farming in the national
economy
share of other sectors of the national economy
2010
57,06
42,94
share of agriculture and irrigated farming in the national
economy
share of other sectors of the national economy

InternationalConferenceonPoliciesforWaterandFoodSecurityinDryAreas
–24-26June,Cairo,Egypt
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Indicators of social inequity in Uzbekistan

5
Social access
Country
Proportion of undernourished in total population
1990-92 1995-97 2000-02 2006-08 Change so far
%
Uzbekistan 18 12 10 10 -44

6
Structure of agricultural lands, (th. he.)
1980 1990 2010
total
per
capita total
per
capita total
per
capita
Under cultivation 4986 0,33 5190 0,25
548
9 0,19
Irrigated 3688 0,25 4324 0,21
438
5 0,15
Proportion
irrigated area to
total under
cultivation 74% 83% 80%

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Areas under main crops, th. ha
CottonCotton
FoddeFodde
rr
GrainGrain
cropscrops OrchardsOrchards CornCorn RiceRice
VegetabVegetab
lesles
Vine-Vine-
yardsyards PotatoPotato
Home-Home-
stead plotsstead plots
1990 1854 843 822 294 121 146 146 138 42 462
% 38 17 17 6 2 3 3 3 1 9
2010 1339 316 1442 758 45 80 158 114 65 525
% 28 7 30 16 1 2 3 2 1 11

8
Change in crop yield, ton per hectare
CottonCotton
CerealCereal
ss
OrcharOrchar
dsds
Vege-Vege-
tablestables
Vine-Vine-
yardsyards
FoddeFodde
rr
19901990 2.76 2.64 3.44 19.2 6.39 9.54
20102010 2.76 3.79 2.56 20.0 4.19 11.84

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Water supply dynamics in Uzbekistan
1980 1990 2000 2011
Total water withdrawal,
km3 76.7 65.5 53.3 51.5
Water withdrawal per
capita, th. m3 5,10 3,20 2,20 1,99
Water withdrawal for
irrigation, km3 58.8 46.1 44.7 43.2
Water consumption per
ha, th. m3 15,90 10,70 8,04 10,30

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II. The initial challenge
• Climate change impact: reduced flow, severity of
extreme events;
• Demographic pressure – population growth 1.2 – 1.8%
year;
• Land degradation;
• Poor water management;
• Competition between power and irrigation;
• Ongoing restructuring of agrarian farming;
• Instability of market and prices.

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What we have now?
From one side – scientificscientific:
• Huge scope of decisions, knowledge, recommendations;
• Huge data base in different directions and specifics;
• Forecasts and optimizations;
• Human potential.
From other side - water and land userswater and land users:
• Lack of knowledge;
• Deficiency of experience;
• Weakness of governance;
• Difficulty with approach to data and forecast;
• Absence of ongoing recommendations.

12
Change in total amount of precipitation for March-August
(Fergana weather station)
29,9
177,1
101,0
137,3
35,1
85,9
124,2
76,2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2000 2003 2004 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Years
Precipitation,total
Change in total temperatures for March-August (Fergana)
130,4
120,0
127,5
119,3
137,7
124,8
127,9
129,9
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
2000 2003 2004 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Years
Totaltemperatures

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Water supplied for irrigation is lost due to water
discharge from irrigated fields and deep infiltration

Transboundary problem
Artificial floods
in winter
Water shortages
in the summer
Consequences of the energy reservoirs regime

Mode of operation of the reservoir (Toktogul)Mode of operation of the reservoir (Toktogul)
periods
The inflow to the
reservoir during the
vegetation
period
The volume of water releases ,
billionм3
vegetation
non-vegetation
period
Total
before … 1990 y. 8,9 8,5 3,2 11,7
periods 1991…
2000 y.
8,9 6,0 7,3 13,3
After 2000 year 10,4 5,4 8,2 13,6

• In 2007, the Foundation was set up land reclamation.
• A state program of reclamation of irrigated lands in the period of 2008 - 2012
years.
• Allocated about $ 500 million.
• Improved reclamation of 1.2 million hectares of irrigated land .
• Reduced the area is strong - and medium saline lands by 81.2 thousand hectares
• Lowered the water table in the area of 365 ha
• Particular attention is paid to the development of water-saving irrigation
technologies, particularly drip irrigation system.
• Total area of the drip irrigation system is approximately 10.0 hectares in 2013 is
planned to 3,5 ha
Measures to improve the reclamation of irrigated land and
water use
III. Actions implemented

Diversification of agricultural productionDiversification of agricultural production
Other crops
50 %
Other crops
70 %
20201212 гг1919880 г0 г
Cotton
50 %
Cotton
30 %
water capacitywater capacity
cultureculture
Less water
culture
irrigated areairrigated area

18
Evaluation of water resources available for use in the Aral Sea Basin, km3

19
Combination of climatic and water management
scenarios

20
Introduction IWRM

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Use of drought-tolerant varieties
Variety “Gulistan" “Turon"
Earliness
115-118
days
115-120
Mass of 1
boll
5-7 g 6.5 g
Fiber yield 38% 0.37
Fiber length
1.20 inches
1.15-
1.17inches
Microneir 4.1-4.3 4.4
Tolerance to wilt to wilt
Yields 3.5-4.0 t/ha 3.5-4.0 t/ha
Irrigation
norm
1200 m3/ha 2500 m3/haCotton Breeding and Seed age
Research Institute of Uzbekistan

22
Actual water delivery in growing
season along South Fergana Trunk
Channel
over 2003-2009
IV. Results & impacts

23
The water supply reduced by 30%, and water losses
reduced from 49% to 20% in relation to water supply

24
Comparative evaluation of average water
productivity in the province and on WPI-PL project
pilot sites, m3/ha (cotton)
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
Average for
province
2009 2010 2011
Water productivity(cotton), kg/m3
Uzbekistan

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Soil productivity improvement
LEGUMES
It is well-known that such crops as green gram, Russian bean, and soy bean are the
sources of protein, the deficit of which affects almost half of the world’s population,
according to FAO. However, even in case of provision with the animal protein, the
vegetable protein is an essential easily absorbed element. And this is not the only
advantage of given family of crops. These crops are capable of improving land
fertility by accumulating organic matter. Besides, the absorption and accumulation
of nitrogen in the soil makes these crops unique in terms of their utility.
The nodule bacteria in the roots of those plants can absorb nitrogen from the air,
thus increasing considerably the nitrogen content both in the soil and in the plant.

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Calculation of water use in WUA Akbarabad
HMZ- hydro module zoning

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Transboundary water cooperation in
the Aral Sea basin
PRODUCTIVITY
OF LANDS IN CREASED
ON 116-127%
250 mln.m
WATER SAVING
PER YEAR
3
7000 PERSONS
TRAINING LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING
MORE THAN 15 THOUSAND
PERSONS
RESULTS OF
IWRM FERGHANA
IMPROVEMENT
OF WATER USE
138 th.ha

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V. Lessons Learned
Capacity building and human resources development for broader
implementation of IWRM in Central Asia (training, social mobilization,
etc.)
To address principal challenges, it is necessary to:
Establish a strong system of innovation implementation and dissemination of
experience on IWRM.
Promote innovations into water delivery services - to create stability and efficient
water supply, including: a) build up strong interrelations between water
hierarchy levels by economic, legal and managerial tools b) Water-Food–
Energy nexus.
Promote innovations into more effective water use, including: a) broad
implementation of water saving and reduce average water delivery per hectare
on 20-30% by 2030, b) increase water productivity on 50% by 2030, c)
cultivation of drought resistant crops.
Increase women involvement in water management and governance.
Pilot testing of IWRM in specific zones: a) in upper watershed, b) in lowlands of
Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers.

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What are the new and emerging challenges related to water management
and food security?
It was established that in addition to the technological deficiencies and errors made by
the farmers, there are major issues related to improper or inadequate organization of
the water supply system by water suppliers, which have significant impact.
Existing regulations and laws on water planning and supply, set by the relevant
departments and ministries are mainly only up to WUA level.
There is no structure, which on a regular basis during their formation would give
recommendations on how new structures should work keeping in mind that organized
farms have a much smaller area than the old style of collective farms.
How they should use technological approaches in water allocation among farmers, what
legal operational documentation is necessary to take into account water demand and
supply, what should be the foundation that provides efficiency of the system of funding
the WUAs.
As a result, the first to suffer from a lack of organization, is the farmer and his fields, and
this affects the productivity of land and water.
VI. Emerging issues

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What ideas, suggestions on policies, investments, practices, technologies
do you have to tackle these emerging challenges?

VII. Main recommendations to policy-makers
for scaling-up, and for reducing constraints
31

Thanks for listening
Questions, comments and suggestions are welcome

Uzbekistan: Water and Food Security Case Study

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