The Gender Asset Gap Project

The Gender Asset Gap Project

Dissemination Workshop
Entebbe, Uganda
August 10 12, 2011

Project team:
India: Hema Swaminathan (PI), Suchitra J.Y.,
Rahul Lahoti
Ghana: Abena Oduro (PI), William Baah
Boateng, Louis Boakye Yiadom
Ecuador: Carmen Diana Deere (PI), Jennifer
Twyman, Jackeline Contreras Diaz
Comparative Team: Cheryl Doss (PI), Caren
Grown (PI), Marya Hillesland


Gender Asset Gap
Project Description

• A joint initiative of the Indian Institute of Management
Bangalore, University of Ghana, Latin American Faculty of
Social Sciences (FLACSO) –– E d C
S i lS i Ecuador, Center f L i
for Latin
American Studies, University of Florida (USA), and
American University (USA)

• Supported by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs under
the MDG3 Fund f gender equality.
h d for d l


Pathways for Ensuring Access to Assets
Project
• A collaborative project of Yale University
University,
IFPRI, Faculty of Forestry and Nature
Conservation,
Conservation Makerere University
• Supported by USAID through the Assets and
Market Access CRISP (Collaborative Research
Support Program


Project Objectives

• Aims to better understand asset ownership patterns
in the household and the extent of the gender asset
gap.

• Seeks to examine the importance of women’’s asset
women
ownership and control to their own and their
household’’s well being and the gendered patterns of
asset accumulation and di
t l ti d disposall


Why Assets?
y

Livelihoods Shocks

Ease liquidity
Assets Poverty
constraints

Overall well
Store of wealth
being
b i


Motivation, cont.

•• Large literature shows that asset inequality can lead to
productivity differences between those who own assets and
those who do not which creates poverty and inequality
not,
traps.
•• Ownership/control of assets and vulnerability are
correlated:
•• More ownership and control of assets less
vulnerability
•• Less ownership and control of assets more
vulnerability
y

Motivation, cont.
M i i
•• Until recently most assets studies have
focused on households. But……
•• Can we assume that all members have the same
access to ““household assets””?
•• Can we assume that all members benefit equally from
““household assets””?
•• Household and individual welfare are not necessarily
the
th same;
•• Assets not owned by households but by individuals

8

Initial Research Questions

• What are the patterns of asset ownership by men and
women? What is the extent of their rights over these
assets?

• What are the main channels of asset acquisition for
men and women?

• What is the association between women’’s asset
ownership and household decision making?

Four phases

• Qualitative field work

• Large scale household survey of all forms of
physical/financial assets

• In country and comparative data analysis

• Dissemination


Results

• Demonstrate the importance and feasibility of
collecting data on individual level data on access
to and ownership of property,
• Identify minimal q
y questions needed to understand
the gender asset and wealth gaps in various
settings, and
• Develop a replicable survey instrument


Outputs

• Use data to develop a set of measures of the gender
asset and wealth gaps for each country –– can be used
for tracking progress toward Millennium Goal 3
• Analysis of a range of research questions (how assets
matter for women’’s well b i )
tt f ’’ ll being)
• Country reports, comparative policy report, and
country questionnaires/enumerator manuals and
note on lessons learned in data collection


Chose countries that met several
criteria

– They provide substantial variation in property and
inheritance regimes,
regimes
– There is existing (though incomplete) sex
disaggregated data against which we can compare
our findings, and
– There a e important emerging opportunities for
e e are po a e e g g oppo u es o
legal and policy reform.


GHANA
Qualitative data collection in
communities in the 10
administrative regions

Focus group discussion
of two female and one
male groups

Key informant interviews


Ecuador

– 3 provinces (Coast & Sierra)
– 40+ focus groups: urban & rural sectors
• Predominantly with women’’s groups


INDIA

16 rural, 10 urban
16 women’s groups, 10 men’s groups


UGANDA 3 Districts
Kapchorwa

Kibale

Luwero

Quantitative surveys have several
features

• Nationally representative in Ghana, Ecuador and
representative of Karnataka, India
• Representative of three districts in Uganda
• They all move away from household headship ––
objective was to interview a principal male and
principal female in each household


Survey Features, cont.

• All forms of physical and financial assets
– Principal residence
– Agricultural land
– Other real estate
– Livestock
– Agricultural tools and equipment
– Non farm businesses
– Consumer durables
– Financial assets


Basic Survey Structure

• Asset inventory of all assets in the household
• Individual questionnaire for male and female
d d l f l df l
respondents on the assets they own (their
transaction rights, rights to income from assets,
rights assets
modes of acquisition)
• Explored multiple definitions of ownership


Other Modules

• Marital and inheritance regimes
• Credit
• Livelihoods and employment
• Shocks and losses
• Conflicts over assets
• Outcomes
– Decision making
– Subjective well being
j g
– Consumption expenditure

Country Samples
Ghana
Gh Ecuador

• 2,170 households with • 2,892 households with
7,984
7 984 respondents 4,668
4 668 respondents
• Two stage sampling • Stratified using 2001
p
procedure: random Census SES strata and
selection of snowball sample of
enumeration areas upper middle & upper
from ten class in Quito
administrative regions
and random selection
of h
f households
h ld

Country Samples
India
I di Uganda
• 4,110 households with • 378 households with
7,185
7 185 respondents 770 respondents
across 8 districts;
• Stratified random
sampling in 4 agro
climatic regions.


Project Website

http://genderassetgap.iimb.ernet.in
h // d b


Measuring the Gender Asset Gap

Entebbe, Uganda
August 10 12, 2011

Measuring the Gender Asset Gap
• Four measures of the gender asset gap
• We will discuss each measure using data from
Ghana and Uganda
• Then present comparative results and lessons
learned from f
l df four countries
i
• Measures of the gender wealth gap


Measures of the Gender Asset Gap
Distribution of assets, by form of ownership
assets
Incidence of asset ownership
(% of men and women who own)
f d h )
Distribution of asset owners, by sex
(% of owners who are male or female)
Distribution of households, by form of
households
ownership


Distribution of assets, by form of
ownership
h
• Unit of analysis is an asset
– For agricultural land, we are looking at each plot
• Data is presented by type of asset (land,
(land
dwelling, animal, cell phone……)
• Forms of ownership include individual and
joint


Distribution of principal residence,
Ghana
h

Individual Property Joint Property
Ownership by household members only Joint ownership
Owned by Owned by all with household
Individual Individual Other joint
principle Household members and
Male Female ownership
Couple members non household

All 51% 25% 11% 0% 1% 12%

Urban 35% 30% 13% 0% 0% 22%

Rural 56% 23% 11% 0% 2% 9%


Distribution of agricultural land,
Ugandad

Individual Property Joint Property
Ownership by household members only
Joint
Owned by Owned by all ownership:
Individual Individual Other joint
principle Household hh and non
Male Female ownership
Couple members hh members

"Owners" 26% 18% 52% 0% 2% 2% n=550

With Documents 73% 19% 7% 0% 0% 1% n=330
With Registered
Deed 72% 17% 0% 0% 0% 11% n=18


Incidence of Ownership
• For each asset:
# of women who own the asset/ all women
# of men who own the asset/ all men
f h h / ll

This gives the percentage of women or men who
are owners.


Incidence of Asset Ownership, Ghana

66
70
60 53
49
50 40
37
40 31
30 23
19 20
17
20 10
8
10
0
Animals Other Real Agricultural Radio Jewellery Businesses
Estate Equipment

Percent of Men Percent of Women


Distribution of Ownership
• For each asset:
• # of females who own the asset/ total # of
owners
• # of males who own the asset/total # of
owners
• This tells us, what proportion of the owners
are women or men.


Distribution by Sex of Asset Owners, Ghana

100
90 33
37 43
80 47
70 70
78
60
50
40 67
63 57
30 53
20 30
22
10
0
Other Real Animals Agricultural Radios Jewellery Businesses
Estate Equipment

Male Female


Distribution of households by form of
ownership
h
• Forms of ownership within the household:
– No one within the household owns the asset
– Individual male is the only form of ownership
– Individual female is the only form of ownership
– Owned by couple is the only ownership form
– Owned by all household members is the only ownership
form
– Multiple forms of ownership by household members
– Ownership with non household members


ownership, Uganda
h d
Multiple Forms of
No form of An Individual An Individual All Household
Asset Principal Couple Ownership in All Else
ownership Male Female members
Household

Ownership by O
O hi b Ownership by O
hi b Ownership by
hi b Ownership b
O hi by
Household owns
individual individual the principal all the family is
Asset not owned by more than one of
male(s) is the female(s) is the couple is the the only form
anyone in the the asset; with at
only form of only form of only form of of ownership
household least two forms of
ownership in ownership in ownership in the in the
ownership
the household the household household household

Principal Residence 12% 11% 17% 60% 0% 0%
0%
Agricultural Land 11% 24% 19% 44% 0% 1% 1%
Agricultural Land, with 35% 43% 13% 4% 0% 0% 6%
Businesses 65% 13% 12% 7% 0% 3% 0%


ownership,
ownership Ghana

Multiple
No form of An Individual An Individual Principal All Household Forms of
All Else Total
Asset ownership Male Female Couple members Ownership in
Household
Other Real Estate 80 12 6 1 0 1 1 100
Animals 56 21 14 2 2 6 0 100
Ag Equipment & Installations 26 28 21 2 4 17 1 100
Radio 37 42 16 0 4 1 0 100
Jewellery 62 7 29 1 0 0 0 100
Businesses 52 9 31 0 0 6 2 100


Advantages and Limitations of
Measures
Distribution of assets, by form of ownership
st but o o o o o es p
Uses asset as unit of analysis
Provides information on different forms of joint
and individual ownership
If people own multiple units of the asset, each
p p p ,
unit is counted separately


Advantages and Limitations
Both Incidence and Distribution demonstrate
gender equity or inequity
• Incidence also captures whether the asset is
widely owned
• Di ib i provides one statistic:
Distribution id i i
% of owners who are female


Advantages and Limitations
Distribution of households by form of ownership
• Uses household as the unit of analysis; Results are
comparable to household incidence of ownership
p p
• But also shows the forms of individual and joint
ownership within the household.
p
• Much richer information than by head of household


Comparative Results of the
Gender Asset Gap
Entebbe, Uganda
August 10 12, 2011

Gender Asset Gap
• Form of Ownership
• Incidence of asset ownership


Form of Ownership for
Place of Residence

•Excludes Bangalore The Gender Asset Gap Project
Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding

Agricultural Land

•Excludes Bangalore
** Agricultural land in Ghana does not include family land The Gender Asset Gap Project

Livestock


Form of Ownership for Financial Assets
p

Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding The Gender Asset Gap Project

Incidence of asset ownership of
Place of Residence
Pl f R id


Agricultural L d
A i l l Land


Businesses
B i


Jewelry


Financial A t
Fi i l Assets


Estimating Individual Wealth:
The Valuation of Assets

The Gender Asset Project
Entebbe, Uganda
August 2011

Valuing Physical Assets

• Market (or sales) value: For how much could
you sell this asset?
• Replacement cost: How much would it cost to
purchase this same asset today?
• P
Present value: rental rate x di
l l discount rate

Wealth Data Presented:

• Market value
• Gross rather than net
(Have not yet analyzed debt)
• Based on responses to Household Inventory
• Weighted
• Truncated (
d (Ecuador & Karnataka, India)
d k di )

The Presentation:
1) Ecuador
2) Comparative results with Ghana and Karnataka, India

ECUADOR: Distribution of Gross
Household Wealth by Sex (US$)

Asset Men Women Total
Physical assets 38,263,298,126 42,409,654,652 80,672,952,779

% 47.5 52.5 100.0
Financial assets 1,238,095,052
1 238 095 052 788,741,159
788 741 159 2,026,836,211
2 026 836 211

% 61.1 38.9 100.0
Total 39,501,393,179 43,198,394,811 82,699,788,989

% 47.8 52.2 100.0

Sources of Underestimation of Gross
Household Wealth:
h ld lh

1. Truncated (missing wealthiest 5 10%)
2. Missing observations
– Don’’t know
– Missing markets
3.
3 Financial assets underestimated
– Respondents not comfortable divulging
– Asked of principal couple only
p p p y
(not at household level)

ECUADOR: Missing Observations on Valuation
(*includes
(*i l d not applicable)
li bl )

Asset Male Owners Female Owners Total
Owners
Dwelling 2.8% 2.9% 2.9%
Other real est 2.0% 2.5% 2.3%
Ag land 4.2%
4 2% 4.4%
4 4% 4.3%
4 3%
Animals 0.2% 0.1%
Ag equip 0.2% 0.1%
Businesses* 10.9% 17.2% 14.5%
Consumer 0.3% 0.2% 0.3%
durables
Savings acct. 24.1% 24.2% 24.2%

ECUADOR: Mean and Median Gross Wealth of Owners
by Asset & S (US$)
b A Sex

Median
Mean n = male Mean n = female n = total Median Female Median
Male owners owners Female owners owners Mean Total owners Male owners owners Total
15.907,66 16.783,83 16.386,2
Principal residence (22.368,12) 140.9462 (20.309,06) 1.695.557 (21.272,92) 3.105.019 10.000 10.000 10..000
14.325,15 14.164,25 14.235,31
Other real estate (26.955,96) 263.646 (22.268,18) 333.318 (24.449,69) 596.964 5.000 5.000 5.000
731,95
731,95* 645,33
645 33* 686,3
686 3
Consumer durables (2.056,1) 5.322.398 (1.540,82) 5.929.344 (1.803,53) 11.251.742 169 190 181
4.881,29*** 2.175,11*** 3.423,44
Non ag businesses (13.977,06) 846.600 (7.008,66) 988.692 (10.881,11) 1.835.292 1.000 500 700
54.741,12 8.028,22 31.920,99
Agricultural businesses (146.307,62) 20.564 (10.705,68) 19.641 (107.469,54) 40.206 500 2.000 1.650
10.332,88
10 332 88 9.502,88
9 502 88 9.888,51
9 888 51
Land parcels (20.186,97) 262.120 (16.692,2) 302.051 (18.403,3) 564.171 5.000 5.000 5.000
Ag equipment & 101,49 68,15 86,22
installations (526,72) 489.306 (484,14) 413.541 (507,93) 902.847 11 10 10
155,58 149,98 152,37
Animals (531,87) 983.154 (568,78) 1.316.053 (553,31) 2.299.207 17 22 20
6.982,97 6.990,51 6.986,93
Total Physical Assets (23.201,16) 5.479.518 (18.056,67) 6.066.745 (20.658,44) 11.546.263 393 460 420
838,79** 513,34** 675,21
Savings (3.420,74) 908.693 (1.366,79) 918.306 (2.604,88) 1.826.999 200 100 125
1.430,57 827,15 1.107,38
Loans to third parties (3.380,94) 332.659 (3.132,77) 383.655 (3.264,28) 716.315 500 200 300
1.168,17** 690,27** 920,24
Total Financial Assets (4.191,89) 1.059.861 (2.349,91) 1.142..657 (3.373,06) 2.202.518 270 120 200
Total Wealth 7.197,4 5.488.287 7.109,24 6.076.375 7.151,08
(23.640,15) (18.260,8) (20.986,37) 11.564.662 440 500 200
Source: EAFF 2010.
Note: T-tests significance: *** 99%; ** 95%; *90%.

ECUADOR: Composition of Gross
p
Wealth by Sex
Women Men
0% 0%
0% 2% 3%
0%
7% 7% Principle Dwelling
5%
Other Real Estate
9% 13% Consumer Durables
Businesses
Ag Land
11% 10% 57%
Ag Equipment
66%
Livestock
k
10%
Financial Assets

ECUADOR: Distribution of Gross
Household Wealth by Quintile and Sex

Quintiles Total Men Women
I y II 2,9
29 2,8
28 3
(Poorest)
7,5 7,2 7,8
III
20 18,3 21,7
IV
69,5 71,7 67,5
V( i h )
(Richest)
100,0 100,0 100,0
Total
Source: EAFF 2010.

COMPARATIVE: Share of Women’’s
Gross Physical Wealth

• Ecuador: 52.5%
• Ghana: 30 2%
30.2%
• Karnataka: 19%

IMPLICATIONS:
Marital & inheritance regimes make a
difference!

COMPARATIVE: Share of Women’’s
Women
Wealth by Quintile
70%

60%

50%

I Poorest
40%
II
III
30%
IV
V Richest
20%

10%

0%
Ecuador India Ghana

COMPARATIVE: Share of Women
Homeowners and Women’’s Share of
Women
Housing Wealth
54.6% 53.8%

39%
37%

29%
23%

Ecuador India Ghana
Women's share of wealth Proportion of owners who are women

COMPARATIVE: Share of Women Ag Land
Owners and Women’’s Share of Ag Land
Wealth

51%
48%

38%

24%
20%

12%

Ecuador India Ghana

COMPARATIVE: Share of Women Business
Owners and W
O d Women’’s Sh
’’ Share of B i
f Business
Wealth
70%

54%

38%
31%
28%

5%

Ecuador India Ghana

Composition of Wealth by
Quintile
Ecuador Ghana
100%
Financial Assets

90% Consumer Durables
80%
Business
70%

60% Ag Equipment

50%
Livestock
40%
Other Real Estate
30%

20% Ag L d
A Land
10%
Principal Dwelling
0%

Composition of Wealth by
Quintile
Karnataka, India Rural Karnataka, India Urban
100%
Jewelry
90%
80% Consumer
70% Durables
60% Business

50%
Livestock
40%
30% Other Real
20% Estate
Ag Land
10%
0%
Principal
Dwelling

Tentative Conclusions
1.
1 It is possible to collect individual level wealth
data by sex!
2.
2 Wealth adds a new and important dimension to
the study of gender and social inequality
3.
3 For most assets the Gender Wealth Gap exceeds
assets,
the Gender Asset Gap (measured as shares)
4.
4 Across our 3 countries greatest disparity in
countries,
relative shares is with respect to non farm
businesses

Tentative Conclusions
5.
5 Troubling that highest share of women’’s
women
household wealth concentrated in poorest quintile
• Need to investigate the degree to which female
headed households concentrated in this quintile
6.
6 Changing composition of wealth by quintile
suggests new avenues for research and policy
interventions to reduce Asset Poverty and hence
household vulnerability

The Gender Asset Gap Project

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