Elizabeth Bryan: Linkages between irrigation nutrition health and gender
Gender land deals_ifpribbl
1. The Gender Implications of Large-Scale Land Deals Julia Behrman, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Agnes Quisumbing IFPRI, World Bank, IFAD Gender & Agriculture Seminar December 17 th 2010
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5. … but where is discussion of gender in the debate?
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7. Phases of a land deal through a gender lens Graphic Credit: CIP Papa Andina
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Editor's Notes
Funding from SDC
Critics argue that investment in land is no longer about seeking out a comparative advantage in global markets, but about providing food and energy for wealthier countries using the land and water of the poor
Boserup argued that when population density is low enough to allow it, land tends to be used intermittently, with heavy reliance on fallowing. When rising population density curtails the use of fallowing , fields are moved towards annual cultivation. Insufficiently fallowed, less fertile plots, covered with grass or bushes rather than forest, leads to expanded efforts at fertilizing, field preparation, weed control, and irrigation. These changes often induce agricultural innovation, but increase marginal labour cost to the farmer as well
Men and women have different rights, roles and opportunities; they will be differently impacted by land deals and subsequent changes in tenure regime
Difficult to identify exact gender implications because land deals arise in a diverse array of contexts and take many forms Very little empirical evidence looking at this. Drawing on existing empirical evidence and case studies, also work on gender and commercialization and contract farming Discuss a number of prevalent trends & potential gender implications We identify issues and present evidence structured around a rough chronology of processes (phases) related to land deals, starting with the preexisting situation, through consultation, negotiation, contract development, implementation, compensation and subsequent changes in production
women disadvantaged in both. Customary land access through male, Stat, in theory preferable but implementation is difficult, registration in name of male HH. women may lack land rights but play essential roles in a wide range of agricultural activities—including planting, weeding or post-harvest processing—on the plots of husbands or other family members what quantity of the harvest is kept for home consumption and what quantity is sold, so that the value of existing production—and its importance to local food security—is not underestimated. who keeps the income from products sold
The national identity of the foreign investor may impact the form the land deal takes in important ways. For example, investors who think of men as farmers and women as dependents may not take into account the role of women in agriculture or make efforts to involve them in negotiations or subsequent contracts and employment.
Note that women are usually excluded from each type of consultation
Will it bypass the men and women using the land? Water-related infrastructure can be of either type: domestic water supply systems are not directly productive, irrigation investments : designed primarily to improve productivity of the agricultural investment. +Some irrigation systems close off places where people used to draw domestic water supplies, whereas others are designed as multiple use systems, providing for local drinking, bathing or doing laundry.
“ gendering” of tasks whereby women are perceived as more “nimble” and assigned tasks such as pruning, spraying, thinning, tying and other tasks and are thereby excluded from activities that may be better paid, less strenuous or dangerous However, other authors argue that in this “gendering” of tasks is actually beneficial for women who are increasingly hired in positions that would be otherwise occupied by men due to the perception that women are lower cost, more conscientious and more dexterous An alternative to a plantation system is a contract farming agreement, also known as an outgrower scheme, in which the farmer agrees to provide a given quantity and quality of a product within an agreed upon timeframe and the investor agrees either to purchase the harvest at a set price or to provide fixed percentage of the harvest to the farmer as rent.
If farmers--particularly women farmers--are used to receiving proceeds from their land in food, the transition to a cash economy may be further disequilibriating In the case of land deals, this includes mechanization and the introduction of inputs such as new crops and varieties, inorganic fertilizer, and pesticides Water, fuel Protective gear, gendering of tasks, training
Whether or not men and women benefit from these types of production depends very much upon whether they are hired as laborers and thus are able to increase their net income, providing insulation against potential fluctuations in food prices. Exclusive production can be detrimental for local food security given that land and water will be diverted from food production to biofuel production while land available for livestock grazing may also be given over to biofuel production
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