IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar, May 28, 2015: Women's Empowerment, Participation in Information Networks, and Child Health Knowledge in Highland Guatemala

1. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION . WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT, PARTICIPATION IN INFORMATION NETWORKS, AND CHILD HEALTH KNOWLEDGE IN HIGHLAND GUATEMALA Brooke L. Krause Ph.D. Candidate, Applied Economics University of Minnesota May 28, 2015

2. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION MOTIVATION In Guatemala, 31% of adult women are illiterate.

3. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION MOTIVATION In Guatemala, 31% of adult women are illiterate. 48% of children are chronically malnourished.

4. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION MOTIVATION In Guatemala, 31% of adult women are illiterate. 48% of children are chronically malnourished. 69% of children from uneducated mothers are malnourished.

5. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What is the impact of increased women’s intra-household bargaining power on their participation in both formal and informal health information networks?

6. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What is the impact of increased women’s intra-household bargaining power on their participation in both formal and informal health information networks? 2. What is the relationship between formal and informal networks and a woman’s actual child health knowledge?

7. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION BACKGROUND Women play a critical role in meeting the nutritional status of their families (Quisumbing et al., 1995; Thomas, 1997).

8. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION BACKGROUND Women play a critical role in meeting the nutritional status of their families (Quisumbing et al., 1995; Thomas, 1997). Maternal knowledge the crucial skill for improving children’ nutritional status (Glewwe, 1999).

9. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION OVERVIEW OF SAMPLE 248 women 18 randomly chosen villages Department of Sololá in Guatemala

10. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION MAP OF SAMPLE IN SOLOLÁ, GUATEMALA ## #### # #### ### ### # # # #### # ###### ###### ## # #### # #################### ###### # ##### # ####################### ####### ## ## ##### ## ## ######### # #### ## ####### ### ########## ####### #### ###### # #### ## ### ## # # # ### ## # ## # ## ## # # ## ### # # ### ### ## # #### # # # # #### ## # # # # # # # # #### ###################################################################################################### # ######################################################################## # ############ ########## # ## ## # # ##### # # ### ##### ##### # # # # ## # ## ## ### ### # # ####

11. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION HOUSEHOLDS Mean s.d. Household Size 6.94 2.87 Number of Rooms 2.88 1.44 Electricity 0.94 0.23 Metal Roof 0.84 0.37 Earth Floor 0.35 0.48 Cement Floor 0.55 0.50 Piped Water into House 0.37 0.48 Piped Water into Yard 0.51 0.50 Flush Toilet 0.07 0.25 Pit Latrine 0.71 0.45 Firewood as Cooking Fuel 0.97 0.17 Gas as Cooking Fuel 0.03 0.17

15. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION INDIVIDUALS Mean s.d. Age 35.04 11.37 Literate 0.55 0.50 Completed Primary School 0.46 0.50 Completed Secondary School 0.09 0.29 Number of Children 3.40 2.62

16. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION INDIVIDUALS Mean s.d. Age 35.04 11.37 Literate 0.55 0.50 Completed Primary School 0.46 0.50 Completed Secondary School 0.09 0.29 Number of Children 3.40 2.62

17. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION

18. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION BARGAINING POWER Women’s involvement in agriculture in Guatemala has increased since the armed conﬂict.

19. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION BARGAINING POWER Women’s involvement in agriculture in Guatemala has increased since the armed conﬂict. Applies the WEAI to measure bargaining power:

20. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION BARGAINING POWER Women’s involvement in agriculture in Guatemala has increased since the armed conﬂict. Applies the WEAI to measure bargaining power: Household Expenditures and Assets Agricultural Production Income Generated from Agricultural Production Productive Capital and Assets Credit

21. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION WEAI B.1 Household Decision-Making n Mean Make Decisions (1) Agricultural Production 219 0.52 (2) Inputs for Agricultural Production 220 0.52 (3) Crop Type 219 0.53 (4) Serious Health Problem 246 0.63 (5) Wage or Salary Employment 246 0.54 (6) Household Expenditures 246 0.65

22. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION WEAI B.1 Household Decision-Making n Mean Make Decisions (1) Agricultural Production 219 0.52 (2) Inputs for Agricultural Production 220 0.52 (3) Crop Type 219 0.53 (4) Serious Health Problem 246 0.63 (5) Wage or Salary Employment 246 0.54 (6) Household Expenditures 246 0.65 B.2 Production and Income Generation n Mean Mean Make Decide on Decisions Income Generated (1) Food Crop Farming 190 0.68 0.69 (2) Cash Crop Farming 110 0.70 0.71 (3) Livestock Raising 47 0.64 0.65 (4) Non-Farm Economic Activities 101 0.76 0.77 (5) Wage and Salary Employment 149 0.71 0.71

23. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION WEAI B3. Access to Productive Capital n Mean Mean Decide to Decide on Sell or Rent New Purchases (1) Agricultural Land 201 0.50 0.52 (2) Large Livestock (oxen, cattle) 41 0.63 0.54 (3) Small Livestock (goats, pigs, sheep) 52 0.69 0.67 (4) Chickens, Ducks, Turkeys, Pigeons 192 0.87 0.88 (5) Fish Pond or Fishing Equipment 8 0.88 0.88 (6) Farm Equipment (non-mechanized) 196 0.33 0.37 (7) Farm Equipment (mechanized) 2 1.00 1.00 (8) Non-farm Business Equipment 5 0.60 0.60 (9) House (and other structures) 245 0.57 0.57 (10) Large Consumer Durables (fridge, TV) 131 0.62 0.61 (11) Small Consumer Durables (radio) 157 0.63 0.64 (12) Cell Phone 194 0.64 0.63 (13) Non-Agricultural Land 33 0.64 0.52 (14) Means of Transportation 55 0.38 0.38

27. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION WEAI B.4 Access to Credit n Mean Mean Decide to Decide on Borrow Loan Use (1) Non-Governmental Organization 7 0.71 1.00 (2) Informal lender 5 0.20 0.40 (3) Formal lender 51 0.45 0.63 (4) Friends or relatives 9 0.56 0.78 (5) Group based micro-ﬁnance or lending 14 0.64 0.93

30. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION DISTRIBUTION OF WOMEN’S BARGAINING POWER 0.05.1.15.2.25 Fraction 0 1 2 3 4 bp Distribution of Women's Bargaining Power

31. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION HEALTH INFORMATION NETWORKS Mean s.d. Min. Max. Books or brochures 1.71 4.20 0 18 Newspaper or Magazine 1.33 3.72 0 18 Internet 0.18 0.93 0 7 TV or radio 3.64 6.07 0 18 Family 7.52 7.55 0 18 Friends 2.78 4.85 0 18 Neighbors 4.54 6.19 0 18 Pharmacy 2.74 4.83 0 18 Community Health Worker 11.51 7.37 0 18 Doctor 5.33 6.79 0 18 Nurse 12.09 7.28 0 18 Average for All Sources 5.32 2.72 0.30 15.25 Average for Formal Sources 5.93 3.08 0 16.17 Average for Informal Sources 4.40 3.78 0 18

36. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION CHILD HEALTH KNOWLEDGE Mean s.d. (1) Diarrhea treatment 0.82 0.38 (2) Signs child is malnourished 0.95 0.22 (3) Avoiding infection in a wound 0.65 0.48 (4) Polio vaccination 0.98 0.13 (5) Safe drinking water 0.56 0.50 (6) Introducing solid foods 0.80 0.40 (7) Signs of respiratory infection 0.94 0.25 (8) Baby sleeping position 0.82 0.38 (9) Danger of smoke in house 0.95 0.22 (10) Complimentary foods for babies 0.83 0.38 Total Answered Correctly 8.31 1.35

40. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK What is the impact of increased women’s bargaining power on their ability to participate in information networks?

41. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK What is the impact of increased women’s bargaining power on their ability to participate in information networks? Wi = βW0 + βW1Xi + βW2Xh + βW3Zi + fc + Wi Ii = β0 + β1Xi + β2Xh + β3Wi + fc + i Wi= bargaining power Ii= participation in health information networks Zi= age gap (F=7.88) fc = community ﬁxed effects

45. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK Age gap is used as an instrument for bargaining power.

46. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK Age gap is used as an instrument for bargaining power. First condition: Age gap needs to have explanatory power of bargaining power.

47. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK Age gap is used as an instrument for bargaining power. First condition: Age gap needs to have explanatory power of bargaining power. Second condition: Age gap does not directly affect a woman’s ability to participate in health information networks.

48. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK What is the relationship between the frequency with which women participate in information networks and their knowledge of child health?

49. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK What is the relationship between the frequency with which women participate in information networks and their knowledge of child health? Ki = βK0 + βK1Xi + βK2Xh + βK3Ii + fc + Ki Ki = dichotomous variable indicating a perfect score on the child health knowledge questionnaire Ii= participation in health information networks fc = community ﬁxed effects

52. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION COMPARISON OF RESULTS All Sources CFE IVCFE Bargaining 14.929*** 33.32 Power (2.800) (20.32) n 223 176 Other Covariates: Age, Children, Primary Education, Secondary Education, Household Size, Wealth Huber-White robust standard errors in parentheses: ∗(p < 0.10), ∗ ∗ (p < 0.05), ∗ ∗ ∗(p < 0.01).

53. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION COMPARISON OF RESULTS All Sources Informal Sources CFE IVCFE CFE IVCFE Bargaining 14.929*** 33.32 21.522*** 26.060 Power (2.800) (20.32) (4.614) (27.800) n 223 176 223 176 Other Covariates: Age, Children, Primary Education, Secondary Education, Household Size, Wealth Huber-White robust standard errors in parentheses: ∗(p < 0.10), ∗ ∗ (p < 0.05), ∗ ∗ ∗(p < 0.01).

54. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION COMPARISON OF RESULTS All Sources Informal Sources Formal Sources CFE IVCFE CFE IVCFE CFE IVCFE Bargaining 14.929*** 33.32 21.522*** 26.060 10.534** 38.16 Power (2.800) (20.32) (4.614) (27.800) (4.147) (23.62) n 223 176 223 176 223 176 Other Covariates: Age, Children, Primary Education, Secondary Education, Household Size, Wealth Huber-White robust standard errors in parentheses: ∗(p < 0.10), ∗ ∗ (p < 0.05), ∗ ∗ ∗(p < 0.01).

55. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION CHILD HEALTH KNOWLEDGE Model I Secondary Education 0.262** (0.118) Average Informal -0.001 Information Sources (0.006) Average Formal Information Sources Community Fixed Effects yes Number of Obs. 248 R2 0.05 F-stat 5.34 Dependent Variable: Child Health Knowledge (1=Perfect Score; 0=Otherwise) Other Covariates: Age, Children, Primary Education, Household Size, Wealth Huber-White robust standard errors in parentheses: ∗(p < 0.10), ∗ ∗ (p < 0.05), ∗ ∗ ∗(p < 0.01).

56. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION CHILD HEALTH KNOWLEDGE Model I Model II Secondary Education 0.262** 0.244* (0.118) (0.116) Average Informal -0.001 Information Sources (0.006) Average Formal 0.012* Information Sources (0.006) Community Fixed Effects yes yes Number of Obs. 248 248 R2 0.05 0.06 F-stat 5.34 8.69 Dependent Variable: Child Health Knowledge (1=Perfect Score; 0=Otherwise) Other Covariates: Age, Children, Primary Education, Household Size, Wealth Huber-White robust standard errors in parentheses: ∗(p < 0.10), ∗ ∗ (p < 0.05), ∗ ∗ ∗(p < 0.01).

57. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION CHILD HEALTH KNOWLEDGE Model I Model II Model III Secondary Education 0.262** 0.244* 0.245* (0.118) (0.116) (0.117) Average Informal -0.001 -0.004 Information Sources (0.006) (0.006) Average Formal 0.012* 0.014* Information Sources (0.006) (0.006) Community Fixed Effects yes yes yes Number of Obs. 248 248 248 R2 0.05 0.06 0.06 F-stat 5.34 8.69 8.47 Dependent Variable: Child Health Knowledge (1=Perfect Score; 0=Otherwise) Other Covariates: Age, Children, Primary Education, Household Size, Wealth Huber-White robust standard errors in parentheses: ∗(p < 0.10), ∗ ∗ (p < 0.05), ∗ ∗ ∗(p < 0.01).

58. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Improved women’s bargaining power within the household increases their ability to participate in health information networks.

59. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Improved women’s bargaining power within the household increases their ability to participate in health information networks. Informal information networks improve her ability to give and receive support.

60. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Improved women’s bargaining power within the household increases their ability to participate in health information networks. Informal information networks improve her ability to give and receive support. Positive conditional correlation between formal health information networks and actual child health knowledge.

61. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION CONFIDENCE IN KNOWLEDGE Receives 15 quetzales if she guesses correctly Receives 5 quetzales if she guesses within one question

62. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION CONFIDENCE IN KNOWLEDGE Receives 15 quetzales if she guesses correctly Receives 5 quetzales if she guesses within one question Mean s.d. Actually answered correctly 8.31 1.35 Guessed she answered correctly 7.51 1.91 Thought fellow villagers answered correctly 6.12 2.50 Thought local expert answered correctly 9.08 1.58

63. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION RISK ATTITUDES Gamble COLOR Payoff Chances Expected Return Risk 1 RED 10 quetzales 50% BLUE 10 quetzales 50% 10 quetzales 0 2 RED 8 quetzales 50% BLUE 14 quetzales 50% 11 quetzales 3 3 RED 6 quetzales 50% BLUE 18 quetzales 50% 12 quetzales 6 4 RED 4 quetzales 50% BLUE 22 quetzales 50% 13 quetzales 9 5 RED 2 quetzales 50% BLUE 26 quetzales 50% 14 quetzales 12 6 RED 0 quetzal 50% BLUE 28 quetzales 50% 14 quetzales 14

64. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION RISK ATTITUDES

65. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION BUILDING ON THIS RESEARCH Risk Attitudes 12.5% of women choose the no risk option while 27.4% choose the highest risk option.

66. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION BUILDING ON THIS RESEARCH Risk Attitudes 12.5% of women choose the no risk option while 27.4% choose the highest risk option. Preliminary ﬁndings suggest a positive relationship between choosing the no risk option and seeking information from a doctor or nurse.

67. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION BUILDING ON THIS RESEARCH Risk Attitudes 12.5% of women choose the no risk option while 27.4% choose the highest risk option. Preliminary findings suggest a positive relationship between choosing the no risk option and seeking information from a doctor or nurse. Confidence in Knowledge On average, women are under-confident in their knowledge of child health.

68. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION BUILDING ON THIS RESEARCH Risk Attitudes 12.5% of women choose the no risk option while 27.4% choose the highest risk option. Preliminary findings suggest a positive relationship between choosing the no risk option and seeking information from a doctor or nurse. Confidence in Knowledge On average, women are under-confident in their knowledge of child health. Initial results show that increased bargaining power is positively related to an accurate self-assessment of child health knowledge.

69. INTRODUCTION DATA AND CONTEXT METHODOLOGY RESULTS DISCUSSION Brooke Krause krau0207@umn.edu

IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar, May 28, 2015: Women's Empowerment, Participation in Information Networks, and Child Health Knowledge in Highland Guatemala

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IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar, May 28, 2015: Women's Empowerment, Participation in Information Networks, and Child Health Knowledge in Highland Guatemala