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Gender Equality in Access to Rural Service Delivery: Governance at the Local Level Reflections from India Ghana and Ethiopia,[object Object],Gender and Governance Research Team,[object Object]
Page 2,[object Object],Social and economic services and infrastructure in rural areas,[object Object],Health and education,[object Object],Rural roads,[object Object],Electricity,[object Object],Drinking water,[object Object],Agricultural ,[object Object], extension,[object Object],      Agricultural,[object Object],      research,[object Object]
Background,[object Object],The poor receive poor services (WDR 2004),[object Object],Service provision is particularly poor in rural areas.,[object Object],.. and particularly poor for rural women.,[object Object],Triple challenge:,[object Object],Market failure: Example: Extension for smallholder farmers,[object Object],State failure:  Services in rural areas difficult to supervise,[object Object],Community failure: Elite capture and social exclusion,[object Object],Fourth challenge: Perception bias: “Women don’t farm.”,[object Object],Governance reforms to improve service provision,[object Object],Decentralization, public sector reforms,[object Object],Knowledge gap: What works where and why?,[object Object]
Gender and Governance in Rural Services Project,[object Object],Goal: ,[object Object],Assess strategies for improving agricultural and rural service delivery,[object Object],with a focus on providing more equitable access to these services, especially for women,[object Object],Approach,[object Object],Comparative study in India, Ghana and Ethiopia,[object Object],All three countries underwent decentralization.,[object Object],Differences in political system, overall governance conditions, socio-economics and gender roles,[object Object],Mix of quantitative and qualitative methods,[object Object]
Research Team and Partner Organizations,[object Object],IFPRI: Afua B. Banful, Regina Birner (coordination), Peter Gaff, Tewodaj Mogues, Nethra Palaniswamy, Zelekawork Paulos, Katharina Raabe, Josee Randriamamonjy, Yan Sun,[object Object],Oxfam: Marc J. Cohen,[object Object],India,[object Object],K. G. Gayathridevi, Institute of Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bangalore; Madhushree Sekher, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai,[object Object],Ghana,[object Object],Felix Asante, Institute of Statistical Social and Economic Research (ISSER), University of Legon, Ghana,[object Object],Ehtiopia,[object Object],Fanaye Tadesse, Economic Policy Research Institute (EEPRI),[object Object],Mamusha Lemma Woldegiorgis, Poverty Action Network Ethiopia,[object Object]
Leah Horowitz,[object Object],† May 23, 2009,[object Object]
Conceptual FrameworkTypes of strategies to make rural service provision gender-responsive ,[object Object]
National / State-level   Ministries (NM),[object Object],National / State-level,[object Object],Political Representatives (NP),[object Object],          Political       Parties (PP),[object Object],Development Agencies / Advocacy NGOs (DA),[object Object],  Local Political Representatives (LP),[object Object],Long route,[object Object],   Community-Based        Organizations (CO),[object Object], Household  Members (HH) ,[object Object],Short route,[object Object],Public Sector,[object Object],Service Providers (PS) ,[object Object],NGO / Private,[object Object],service providers (NG),[object Object],Services,[object Object],AccountabilityFramework                                    based on World Bank (2004),[object Object]
National / State-level   Ministries (NM),[object Object],National / State-level,[object Object],Political Representatives (NP),[object Object],Strategies to make service provision gender-responsive,[object Object],          Political       Parties (PP),[object Object],  Local Political Representatives (LP),[object Object],Long route,[object Object],   Community-Based        Organizations (CO),[object Object], Household  Members (HH) ,[object Object],Short route,[object Object],Public Sector,[object Object],Service Providers (PS) ,[object Object],NGO / Private,[object Object],service providers (NG),[object Object],Services,[object Object],AccountabilityFramework                                    based on World Bank (2004),[object Object]
National / State-level   Ministries (NM),[object Object],National / State-level,[object Object],Political Representatives (NP),[object Object],Strategies to make service provision gender-sensitive,[object Object],Reserving seats for women in local councils,[object Object],          Political       Parties (PP),[object Object],  Local Political Representatives (LP),[object Object],Long route,[object Object],   Community-Based        Organizations (CO),[object Object], Household  Members (HH) ,[object Object],Short route,[object Object],Public Sector,[object Object],Service Providers (PS) ,[object Object],NGO / Private,[object Object],service providers (NG),[object Object],Services,[object Object],AccountabilityFramework                                    based on World Bank (2004),[object Object]
National / State-level   Ministries (NM),[object Object],National / State-level,[object Object],Political Representatives (NP),[object Object],          Political       Parties (PP),[object Object],[object Object]
 Party quota
 Women’s manifestos  Local Political Representatives (LP),[object Object],Long route,[object Object],   Community-Based        Organizations (CO),[object Object], Household  Members (HH) ,[object Object],Short route,[object Object],Public Sector,[object Object],Service Providers (PS) ,[object Object],NGO / Private,[object Object],service providers (NG),[object Object],Services,[object Object],AccountabilityFramework                                   based on World Bank (2004),[object Object]
National / State-level   Ministries (NM),[object Object],National / State-level,[object Object],Political Representatives (NP),[object Object],          Political       Parties (PP),[object Object],Involving women groups in service delivery,[object Object],Quota in user organizations,[object Object],  Local Political Representatives (LP),[object Object],Long route,[object Object],   Community-Based        Organizations (CO),[object Object], Household  Members (HH) ,[object Object],Short route,[object Object],Public Sector,[object Object],Service Providers (PS) ,[object Object],NGO / Private,[object Object],service providers (NG),[object Object],Services,[object Object],AccountabilityFramework                                     based on World Bank (2004),[object Object]
National / State-level   Ministries (NM),[object Object],National / State-level,[object Object],Political Representatives (NP),[object Object],          Political       Parties (PP),[object Object],Creating a gender machinery in the public administration,[object Object],  Local Political Representatives (LP),[object Object],Long route,[object Object],   Community-Based        Organizations (CO),[object Object], Household  Members (HH) ,[object Object],Short route,[object Object],Public Sector,[object Object],Service Providers (PS) ,[object Object],NGO / Private,[object Object],service providers (NG),[object Object],Services,[object Object],AccountabilityFramework                                   based on World Bank (2004),[object Object]
National / State-level   Ministries (NM),[object Object],National / State-level,[object Object],Political Representatives (NP),[object Object],Hiring female service providers,,[object Object],e.g., extension agents,[object Object],          Political       Parties (PP),[object Object],  Local Political Representatives (LP),[object Object],Using gender-specific service delivery approaches,[object Object],Long route,[object Object],   Community-Based        Organizations (CO),[object Object], Household  Members (HH) ,[object Object],Short route,[object Object],Public Sector,[object Object],Service Providers (PS) ,[object Object],NGO / Private,[object Object],service providers (NG),[object Object],Services,[object Object],AccountabilityFramework                                    based on World Bank (2004),[object Object]
National / State-level   Ministries (NM),[object Object],National / State-level,[object Object],Political Representatives (NP),[object Object],Research Approach,[object Object],Surveys ,[object Object],(1) approx. 1,000     households,[object Object],(2) Local politicians,[object Object],(3) CBOs,[object Object],(4) Service providers,[object Object],Case studies,[object Object],          Political       Parties (PP),[object Object],  Local Political Representatives (LP),[object Object],Long route,[object Object],   Community-Based        Organizations (CO),[object Object], Household  Members (HH) ,[object Object],Short route,[object Object],Public Sector,[object Object],Service Providers (PS) ,[object Object],NGO / Private,[object Object],service providers (NG),[object Object],Services,[object Object],AccountabilityFramework                                   based on World Bank (2004),[object Object]
What strategies did the three countries use?And how effective were they?,[object Object]
India,[object Object]
Main strategy: Targeting local politicians33% reservation of seats in local councils,[object Object]
Reservation Policy: Potentials and Challenges,[object Object],Potentials,[object Object],Policy is enforced: Women have a “seat at the table” of political decision-making - Goal in its own right!,[object Object],Challenges,[object Object],Female representation in Gram Panchayats does not necessarily result in better service provision outcomes.,[object Object],Example: Public Works Program in Karnataka,[object Object],Gram panchayat council members have to bargain for the resources to be spent in the village they represent,[object Object],Villages represented by women from scheduled castes get significantly fewer resources,[object Object],Policy implication,[object Object],Find ways to increase bargaining power – or use formula,[object Object]
User organizations in service provision –How inclusive are they?,[object Object]
Ghana,[object Object]
Main Strategy: Gender Machinery in the Public Administration,[object Object],Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs,[object Object],District level gender focal point ,[object Object],Ministry of Food and Agriculture -Women in Agricultural Development (WIAD) Directorate,[object Object],WIAD unit in every district agricultural office - typically headed by a female,[object Object],Extension agents required to provide gender disaggregated reports of farmer interactions,[object Object],Informal female quotas of 30 – 40% for some political appointments,[object Object]
Gender mainstreaming in public administration somewhat evident,[object Object],Gender composition of extension staff(% in sample),[object Object],ISEC / ISSER / EEPRI - IFPRISurveys,[object Object]
Strategy has shown some success in reaching women,[object Object],Extension service example: Female frontline staff serve more female farmers,[object Object]
Strategy has shown some success in reaching women,[object Object],Female extension agents serve relatively more female farmers,[object Object]
Page 26,[object Object],But … despite strategy women’s access to extension service is particularly low,[object Object],Access to agricultural extension (% interacting with agent during the past year),[object Object],ISSER-IFPRI Survey, 2008,[object Object]
Policy implications for Ghana,[object Object],Extension agents need clear targets of number of farmers to reach.,[object Object],Targets should include female to male ratios for specific technologies and not just interactions.,[object Object],Female farmers more likely than men to receive advice on sanitation, water filtration, HIV/AIDS prevention from extension agents,[object Object],Increase proportion of female extension agents as they are more likely to serve women.,[object Object]
Ethiopia,[object Object]
Main Strategies in Ethiopia,[object Object],Gender machinery,[object Object],Ministry of Women’s Affairs—at federal, regional, and district levels,[object Object],Women’s affairs departments in sectoral ministries (e.g. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development)—at three tiers of government,[object Object],Gender-specific design of service packages,[object Object],Quota to reach rural men and women with services,[object Object]
Strategy 1: Set quota to reach minimum percentage of women with services,[object Object],EEPRI-IFPRI Survey, 2009,[object Object]
Strategy 2: Tailor rural services to gender-specific needs,[object Object],“Women’s development package”,[object Object],Offered by extension agents,[object Object],Focuses on sheep, goats, poultry, home gardening, and beekeeping,[object Object],Inappropriate for many female household heads,[object Object],Often earn income by providing weeding services,[object Object],Often busy with sharecropping arrangements,[object Object],Perception bias influences program design,[object Object]
Perception Bias: “Women Don’t Farm”,[object Object]
Satisfaction with agricultural extension(percent of respondents),[object Object]
Adoption of new technologies“During the past two years, did you start to use some farming practice for the first time, such as a new variety, new crop, new input, new cultivation technique, new breed, etc.?”,[object Object]
Strategy 3: Women in Leadership Positions in User/Service Associations,[object Object],All water committees include female members,[object Object],But: In three of four case study sites, water committee heads are men,[object Object],Receive limited technical training,[object Object],No training on “soft skills:”,[object Object],Community mobilization to maintain water systems and pay fees,[object Object],Community education and persuasion to use improved sources,[object Object],Limited technical and other support from district government ,[object Object]

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Unifem workshop final

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Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Gender machinery includes public sector agencies in national and local govenmernt that are set up to promot gender equity. No official quotas but general sensitivity. Political parties promise to appoint females. But only 8%
  2. Ghana has highest proportion of extension staff being female. May be result of sensitivity of need to pay special attention to gender of workforce. awareness of gender issues.
  3. Continuing with the extension example, female staff better able to reach female farm
  4. Ghana is the only one of the countries where there was least bias against the perception that women
  5. Last three bullets to be oriented to speak to Strategy 3