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International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
               www.ijmer.com         Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4318-4322       ISSN: 2249-6645

                                                     On The Zeros of Polynomials
                                                                               M. H. Gulzar
                          Department of Mathematics University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India

Abstract: In this paper we extend Enestrom             -Kakeya theorem to a large class of polynomials with complex
coefficients by putting less restrictions on the coefficients . Our results generalise and extend many known results in this
direction.
(AMS) Mathematics Subject Classification (2010) : 30C10, 30C15

Key-Words and Phrases: Polynomials, Zeros, Bounds

                                                    I.        Introduction and Statement of Results
                   Let P(z) be a polynomial of degree n. A classical result due to Enestrom and Kakeya [9] concerning the
bounds for the moduli of the zeros of polynomials having positive coefficients is often stated as in the following
theorem(see [9]) :
                                                                     n
Theorem A (Enestrom-Kakeya) : Let P( z )                           a
                                                                    j 0
                                                                              j   z j be a polynomial of degree n whose coefficients satisfy

                      0  a1  a2  ......  an .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in the closed unit disk z  1 .
  In the literature there exist several generalisations of this result (see [1],[3],[4],[8],[9]). Recently Aziz and Zargar [2]
relaxed the hypothesis in several ways and proved
                                 n
Theorem B: Let P( z )       a
                             j 0
                                        j   z j be a polynomial of degree n such that for some k  1 ,

                      kan  an1  ......  a1  a0 .
Then all the zeros of P(z) lie in
                                        kan  a0  a0
                     z  k 1                                           .
                                                         an
For polynomials ,whose coefficients are not necessarily real, Govil and Rehman [6] proved the following generalisation of
Theorem A:
                                 n
Theorem C: If P( z )        a
                             j 0
                                        j   z j is a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n,
such that
                          n   n1  ......  1   0  0 ,
where    n  0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in
                                                n
                             2
                  z  1 (            )(  j ) .
                             n             j 0
  More recently, Govil and Mc-tume [5] proved the following generalisations of Theorems B and C:
                                  n
Theorem D: Let P( z )       a  j 0
                                            j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.

If for some k  1,
                     k n   n1  ......  1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in
                                                                              n
                                      k n   0   0  2  j
                                                                             j 0
                 z  k 1                                                             .
                                                              n




                                                                   www.ijmer.com                                                        4318 | Page
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
               www.ijmer.com         Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4318-4322       ISSN: 2249-6645
                              n
Theorem E: Let P( z )       a
                             j 0
                                            j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.

If for some k  1,
                     k n   n1  ......  1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in
                                                                             n
                                     k n   0   0  2  j
                                                                         j 0
                 z  k 1                                                       .
                                                              n
M.H.Gulzar [7] proved the following generalisations of Theorems D and E.
                              n
Theorem F: Let P( z )      a
                             j 0
                                            j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.

If for some real number   0 ,
                   n   n1  ......  1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
                                                                         n
                              n   0   0  2  j
                                                                       j 0
             z                                                                 .
                  n                                    n
                                 n
Theorem G: Let P( z )       a
                             j 0
                                            j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.

If for some real number   0 ,
                   n   n1  ......  1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
                                                                         n
                              n   0   0  2  j
                                                                       j 0
             z                                                                 .
                n                                       n
The aim of this paper is to give generalizations of Theorem F and G under less restrictive conditions on the coefficients.
More precisely we prove the following :
                             n
Theorem 1: Let P( z )      a
                            j 0
                                        j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n. If

for some real numbers     0 , 0    1,
                   n   n1  ......  1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
                                                                                      n
                              n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j
                                                                                    j 0   .
             z      
                  n                                               n
Remark 1: Taking     1 in Theorem 1, we get Theorem F. Taking   (k  1) n ,   1,Theorem                                1 reduces to
Theorem D and taking   0 ,  0  0 and   1, we get Theorem C.
    Applying Theorem 1 to P(tz), we obtain the following result:
                                  n
Corollary 1 : Let P( z )    a  j 0
                                                j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.

If for some real numbers    0 , 0    1 and t>0,
                t  n  t n1 n1  ......  t1   0 ,
                     n

then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk




                                                                   www.ijmer.com                                           4319 | Page
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
                www.ijmer.com         Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4318-4322       ISSN: 2249-6645
                                                                                                                n
                                            t n  n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j t j
                                                                                                              j 0
                    z                                                                                               .
                     t n n 1
                                                      t n 1  n
   In Theorem 1 , if we take  0  0 , we get the following result:
                                      n
Corollary 2 : Let P( z )         a
                                  j 0
                                              j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.

If for some real numbers          0             ,
0    1,
                    n   n1  ......  1   0  0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
                                                                                   n
                                                2(1   ) 0  2  j
                                                                                 j 0
                    z      1                                                                  .
                      n                                                n
  If we take      n1   n  0                    in Theorem 1, we get the following result:
                                      n
Corollary 3 : Let P( z )         a
                                  j 0
                                              j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n,
such that
                 n   n1  ......  1   0  0 .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
                                                                                          n
                                               n 1  2(1   ) 0  2  j
                          n 1                                                          j 0
                    z          1                                                                    .
                         n                                              n
  Taking      1 in Cor.3, we get the following result:
                                      n
Corollary 4 : Let P( z )         a
                                  j 0
                                              j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n,
such that
                 n   n1  ......  1   0  0 .
Then P(z) has all its zeros in
                                                                  n
                                               n 1  2  j
                          n 1                                  j 0
                    z          1                                           .
                         n                                 n
 If we apply Theorem 1 to the polynomial –iP(z) , we easily get the following result:
                                  n
Theorem 2: Let P( z )           a
                                 j 0
                                          j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.,

If for some real numbers     0 , 0    1,
                    n   n1  ......  1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
                                                                                                 n
                                n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j
                                                                                               j 0
               z                                                                                         .
                    n                                                n
  On applying Theorem 2 to the polynomial P(tz), one gets the following result:
                                              n
Corollary 5 : Let P( z )                 a
                                          j 0
                                                       j   z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and       Im(a j )   j ,

j=0,1,2,……,n.If for some real numbers                           0 , 0    1 and t>0,
                                                                      www.ijmer.com                                       4320 | Page
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
                 www.ijmer.com         Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4318-4322       ISSN: 2249-6645

                 t n  n  t n1  n1  ......  t1   0 ,
then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk
                                                                                           n
                                        t n  n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j t j
                                                                                         j 0
                   z                                                                              .
                        t n
                        n 1
                                                             t   n 1
                                                                        n

                                                 II.      Proofs of the Theorems
Proof of Theorem 1.
Consider the polynomial
F ( z)  (1  z) P( z)
      (1  z)(an z n  an1 z n1  .......  a1 z  a0 )
      a n z n1  (a n  a n1 ) z n  ......  (a1  a0 ) z  a0
      a n z n1  ( n   n1 ) z n  ......  ( 1   0 ) z   0  i n z n1  i(  n   n1 ) z n
        ......  i(1   0 ) z  i 0
         n z n1  z n  (    n   n1 ) z n  ( n1   n2 ) z n1  ......  (1   0 ) z
                                       
          ( 0   0 ) z   0  i   n z n1  ( n   n1 ) z n  ......  (1   0 ) z   0 .   
Then
              n z n 1  z n  (    n   n 1 ) z n  ( n 1   n 2 ) z n 1  ......  ( 1   0 ) z
 F (z ) 
                                           
               ( 0 -  0 )z   0  i   n z n 1  (  n   n 1 ) z n  ......  ( 1   0 ) z   0   
                                                 1                 1 
             n z       n   n 1   0    n
                                                       1   0   n 1 
          n                                    z                 z      
        z                 n 1                                         
            (1   )                      1                          
                       0     j   j 1 z n j                        
                           j 2
                                                                         

               n z n1  ......  (1   0 ) z   0 .
Thus , for z  1 ,

           n   n z    (    n   n 1 )   0  ( n 1   n  2 )  ......  ( 2   1 ) 
                                                                                                   
 F ( z)  z                                                                                        
              ( 1   0 )  (1   )  0
                                                                                                   
                                                                                                    
                               n
          (  n   0 )   (  j   j 1 )
                               j 1

           n                                                                                 
                                                                  n
         z   n z       n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j                          
            
                                                              j 0                           
                                                                                                
        0
if
                                                                        n
         n z       n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j                 .
                                                                        j 1
Hence all the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is greater than 1 lie in
the disk
                                                                                    n
                                      n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j
                                                                                  j 0
                   z                                                                         .
                        n                              n
But those zeros of F(z) whose modulus is less than or equal to 1 already satisfy the above inequality. Hence it follows that
all the zeros of F(z) lie in the disk

                                                    www.ijmer.com                                                   4321 | Page
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
               www.ijmer.com         Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4318-4322       ISSN: 2249-6645
                                                                          n
                                  n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j
                                                                        j 0
                  z                                                             .
                     n                               n
Since all the zeros of P(z) are also the zeros of F(z) ,it follows that all the zeros of P(z) lie in the disk
                                                                          n
                                  n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j
                                                                        j 0
                  z                                                             .
                       n                             n
This completes the proof of Theorem 1.


                                                           REFERENCES
[1]  N. Anderson , E. B. Saff , R. S.Verga , An extension of the Enestrom-
     Kakeya Theorem and its sharpness, SIAM. Math. Anal. , 12(1981),
      10-22.
[2] A.Aziz and B.A.Zargar, Some extensions of the Enestrom-Kakeya
     Theorem , Glasnik Mathematiki, 31(1996) , 239-244.
[3] K.K.Dewan, N.K.Govil, On the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem,
     J.Approx. Theory, 42(1984) , 239-244.
[4] R.B.Gardner, N.K. Govil, Some Generalisations of the Enestrom-
     Kakeya Theorem , Acta Math. Hungar Vol.74(1997), 125-134.
[5] N.K.Govil and G.N.Mc-tume, Some extensions of the Enestrom-
     Kakeya Theorem , Int.J.Appl.Math. Vol.11,No.3,2002, 246-253.
[6] N.K.Govil and Q.I.Rehman, On the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem,
     Tohoku Math. J.,20(1968) , 126-136.
[7] M.H.Gulzar, On the Location of Zeros of a Polynomial, Anal. Theory.
     Appl., vol 28, No.3(2012)
[8] A. Joyal, G. Labelle, Q.I. Rahman, On the location of zeros of
     polynomials, Canadian Math. Bull.,10(1967) , 55-63.
[9] M. Marden , Geometry of Polynomials, IInd Ed.Math. Surveys,
     No. 3, Amer. Math. Soc. Providence,R. I,1996.
[10] G.V. Milovanoic , D.S. Mitrinovic and Th. M. Rassias, Topics in
     Polynomials, Extremal Problems, Inequalities, Zeros, World
     Scientific Publishing Co. Singapore,New York, London, Hong-Kong,
     1994.




                                                 www.ijmer.com                                                  4322 | Page

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On The Zeros of Polynomials

  • 1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4318-4322 ISSN: 2249-6645 On The Zeros of Polynomials M. H. Gulzar Department of Mathematics University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India Abstract: In this paper we extend Enestrom -Kakeya theorem to a large class of polynomials with complex coefficients by putting less restrictions on the coefficients . Our results generalise and extend many known results in this direction. (AMS) Mathematics Subject Classification (2010) : 30C10, 30C15 Key-Words and Phrases: Polynomials, Zeros, Bounds I. Introduction and Statement of Results Let P(z) be a polynomial of degree n. A classical result due to Enestrom and Kakeya [9] concerning the bounds for the moduli of the zeros of polynomials having positive coefficients is often stated as in the following theorem(see [9]) : n Theorem A (Enestrom-Kakeya) : Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n whose coefficients satisfy 0  a1  a2  ......  an . Then P(z) has all its zeros in the closed unit disk z  1 . In the literature there exist several generalisations of this result (see [1],[3],[4],[8],[9]). Recently Aziz and Zargar [2] relaxed the hypothesis in several ways and proved n Theorem B: Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n such that for some k  1 , kan  an1  ......  a1  a0 . Then all the zeros of P(z) lie in kan  a0  a0 z  k 1  . an For polynomials ,whose coefficients are not necessarily real, Govil and Rehman [6] proved the following generalisation of Theorem A: n Theorem C: If P( z )  a j 0 j z j is a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n, such that  n   n1  ......  1   0  0 , where  n  0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in n 2 z  1 ( )(  j ) . n j 0 More recently, Govil and Mc-tume [5] proved the following generalisations of Theorems B and C: n Theorem D: Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n. If for some k  1, k n   n1  ......  1   0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in n k n   0   0  2  j j 0 z  k 1  . n www.ijmer.com 4318 | Page
  • 2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4318-4322 ISSN: 2249-6645 n Theorem E: Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n. If for some k  1, k n   n1  ......  1   0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in n k n   0   0  2  j j 0 z  k 1  . n M.H.Gulzar [7] proved the following generalisations of Theorems D and E. n Theorem F: Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n. If for some real number   0 ,    n   n1  ......  1   0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk n    n   0   0  2  j  j 0 z  . n n n Theorem G: Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n. If for some real number   0 ,    n   n1  ......  1   0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk n    n   0   0  2  j  j 0 z  . n n The aim of this paper is to give generalizations of Theorem F and G under less restrictive conditions on the coefficients. More precisely we prove the following : n Theorem 1: Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n. If for some real numbers   0 , 0    1,    n   n1  ......  1   0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk n    n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j  j 0 . z  n n Remark 1: Taking   1 in Theorem 1, we get Theorem F. Taking   (k  1) n ,   1,Theorem 1 reduces to Theorem D and taking   0 ,  0  0 and   1, we get Theorem C. Applying Theorem 1 to P(tz), we obtain the following result: n Corollary 1 : Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n. If for some real numbers   0 , 0    1 and t>0,   t  n  t n1 n1  ......  t1   0 , n then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk www.ijmer.com 4319 | Page
  • 3. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4318-4322 ISSN: 2249-6645 n   t n  n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j t j  j 0 z  . t n n 1 t n 1  n In Theorem 1 , if we take  0  0 , we get the following result: n Corollary 2 : Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n. If for some real numbers  0 , 0    1,    n   n1  ......  1   0  0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk n   2(1   ) 0  2  j  j 0 z  1 . n n If we take    n1   n  0 in Theorem 1, we get the following result: n Corollary 3 : Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n, such that  n   n1  ......  1   0  0 . Then P(z) has all its zeros in n  n 1  2(1   ) 0  2  j  n 1 j 0 z 1  . n n Taking   1 in Cor.3, we get the following result: n Corollary 4 : Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n, such that  n   n1  ......  1   0  0 . Then P(z) has all its zeros in n  n 1  2  j  n 1 j 0 z 1  . n n If we apply Theorem 1 to the polynomial –iP(z) , we easily get the following result: n Theorem 2: Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n., If for some real numbers   0 , 0    1,    n   n1  ......  1   0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk n    n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j  j 0 z  . n n On applying Theorem 2 to the polynomial P(tz), one gets the following result: n Corollary 5 : Let P( z )  a j 0 j z j be a polynomial of degree n with Re( a j )   j and Im(a j )   j , j=0,1,2,……,n.If for some real numbers   0 , 0    1 and t>0, www.ijmer.com 4320 | Page
  • 4. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4318-4322 ISSN: 2249-6645   t n  n  t n1  n1  ......  t1   0 , then P(z) has all its zeros in the disk n   t n  n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j t j  j 0 z  . t n n 1 t n 1 n II. Proofs of the Theorems Proof of Theorem 1. Consider the polynomial F ( z)  (1  z) P( z)  (1  z)(an z n  an1 z n1  .......  a1 z  a0 )  a n z n1  (a n  a n1 ) z n  ......  (a1  a0 ) z  a0  a n z n1  ( n   n1 ) z n  ......  ( 1   0 ) z   0  i n z n1  i(  n   n1 ) z n  ......  i(1   0 ) z  i 0   n z n1  z n  (    n   n1 ) z n  ( n1   n2 ) z n1  ......  (1   0 ) z   ( 0   0 ) z   0  i   n z n1  ( n   n1 ) z n  ......  (1   0 ) z   0 .  Then   n z n 1  z n  (    n   n 1 ) z n  ( n 1   n 2 ) z n 1  ......  ( 1   0 ) z F (z )    ( 0 -  0 )z   0  i   n z n 1  (  n   n 1 ) z n  ......  ( 1   0 ) z   0   1 1    n z       n   n 1   0 n   1   0 n 1  n z z   z  n 1   (1   )   1   0   j   j 1 z n j   j 2     n z n1  ......  (1   0 ) z   0 . Thus , for z  1 , n   n z    (    n   n 1 )   0  ( n 1   n  2 )  ......  ( 2   1 )    F ( z)  z    ( 1   0 )  (1   )  0    n  (  n   0 )   (  j   j 1 ) j 1 n   n  z   n z       n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j     j 0   0 if n  n z       n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j . j 1 Hence all the zeros of F(z) whose modulus is greater than 1 lie in the disk n    n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j  j 0 z  . n n But those zeros of F(z) whose modulus is less than or equal to 1 already satisfy the above inequality. Hence it follows that all the zeros of F(z) lie in the disk www.ijmer.com 4321 | Page
  • 5. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4318-4322 ISSN: 2249-6645 n    n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j  j 0 z  . n n Since all the zeros of P(z) are also the zeros of F(z) ,it follows that all the zeros of P(z) lie in the disk n    n   (  0   0 )  2  0  2  j  j 0 z  . n n This completes the proof of Theorem 1. REFERENCES [1] N. Anderson , E. B. Saff , R. S.Verga , An extension of the Enestrom- Kakeya Theorem and its sharpness, SIAM. Math. Anal. , 12(1981), 10-22. [2] A.Aziz and B.A.Zargar, Some extensions of the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem , Glasnik Mathematiki, 31(1996) , 239-244. [3] K.K.Dewan, N.K.Govil, On the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem, J.Approx. Theory, 42(1984) , 239-244. [4] R.B.Gardner, N.K. Govil, Some Generalisations of the Enestrom- Kakeya Theorem , Acta Math. Hungar Vol.74(1997), 125-134. [5] N.K.Govil and G.N.Mc-tume, Some extensions of the Enestrom- Kakeya Theorem , Int.J.Appl.Math. Vol.11,No.3,2002, 246-253. [6] N.K.Govil and Q.I.Rehman, On the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem, Tohoku Math. J.,20(1968) , 126-136. [7] M.H.Gulzar, On the Location of Zeros of a Polynomial, Anal. Theory. Appl., vol 28, No.3(2012) [8] A. Joyal, G. Labelle, Q.I. Rahman, On the location of zeros of polynomials, Canadian Math. Bull.,10(1967) , 55-63. [9] M. Marden , Geometry of Polynomials, IInd Ed.Math. Surveys, No. 3, Amer. Math. Soc. Providence,R. I,1996. [10] G.V. Milovanoic , D.S. Mitrinovic and Th. M. Rassias, Topics in Polynomials, Extremal Problems, Inequalities, Zeros, World Scientific Publishing Co. Singapore,New York, London, Hong-Kong, 1994. www.ijmer.com 4322 | Page