This document summarizes presentations about future missions to Mars and investigations by the Cassini and Juno spacecraft. It discusses how various organizations like NASA, SpaceX, and Mars One are planning missions to colonize Mars in the coming decades. This includes rovers exploring the surface, delivering cargo and supplies, and eventually sending crews. The document also provides an overview of Cassini's findings at Saturn like liquid water under the ice of Enceladus and methane seas on Titan. Finally, it outlines the goals of the Juno mission to Jupiter to determine the planet's deep structure and composition.

1. Colonizing Mars and Investigations
with Cassini and Juno
Daniel Webb
Galaxy Forum 2014

2. Road Map
• Mars
– Future Missions to
Ultimate Goal
– Missions Outside of
NASA
– Terraforming Possible?
• Saturn
– Cassini Spacecraft
– Enceladus
– Titan
• Jupiter
– Juno

9. Why Mars is not fun to live on
• It’s pretty cold
– 70°F at best
– -225°F
– Approx. -76°F to -50°F for our respective location

10. Why Mars is not fun to live on
• It’s pretty cold
• Its atmosphere is escaping

12. Why Mars is not fun to live on
• It’s pretty cold
• Its atmosphere is escaping
• Less atmosphere = Lots of radiation!
• Little Oxygen

13. Organizations Targeting Mars
• Nasa
– Mars Exploration Missions

14. NASA Mars Exploration
• Opportunity
– Rover exploring minerals
• Curiosity
– Rover laboratory
• MAVEN
– Atmosphere evolution
• Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
– Finding evidence of past water

15. Mars Exploration Future
• InSight
– Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations,
Geodesy and Heat Transport
– Systems that can drill hundreds of meters below
the surface

17. Mars Exploration Future
• InSight
– Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations,
Geodesy and Heat Transport
– Systems that can drill hundreds of meters below
the surface
• Astrobiology Field Laboratory
– Search for past or present life

18. Organizations Targeting Mars
• Nasa
– Mars Exploration Missions
• SpaceX

19. SpaceX
• “The reason SpaceX was created was to
accelerate development of rocket technology,
all for the goal of establishing a self-
sustaining, permanent base on Mars.”
• Falcon 9
– Reusable rocket
• Falcon Heavy Weight
– Able to carry heavy loads of supplies

21. Organizations Targeting Mars
• Nasa
– Mars Exploration Missions
• SpaceX
• Mars One

22. Mars One
• Detailed plan for a capsule based colony
2018- Comsat Mission
2020- Rover Launched
2022- Cargo and Supplies Launched
2023- Outpost Operational
2024- Crew One Launched
2025- Crew One Arrival
2026- Crew Two Departure

24. Organizations Targeting Mars
• Nasa
– Mars Exploration Missions
• SpaceX
• Mars One
• Inspiration Mars Foundation
– Not actually landing on Mars

25. Terraforming?
• What must be done?
– Atmospheric Pressure Increase
– Increase of Greenhouse Gases
– Surface Temperature Increase
– Melt Polar Ice

26. SATURN

27. Cassini-Huygens
Spacecraft
• Launched in 1997
• Arrived in 2004
• Size of a bus
• Orbits Saturn, taking data
from of Saturn and its
satellites
• Landed Huygens probe on
Titan in 2005

29. Enceladus
• Frozen Ice Moon
– ~100% Albeito
• Possible Tidally Heated
• Plume ejects particles
that came from liquid
saltwater from beneath
the crust.

30. Titan
• Smaller than it looks
• Very thick atmosphere
• Has a hydrological
system of methane
• Huygens probe found
spongey ground
MS-ESS1-3: Analyze and interpret
data to determine scale properties of
objects in the solar system

31. JUPITER AND JUNO

32. Jupiter
• Gas Giant (1.9x1027kg, radius 70,000km)
• Mostly Hydrogen
• Lacks well defined solid surface
• Very bright in the night sky
• Has 67 moons, 4 of which discovered by
Galileo
– Io, Ganymede, Europa, Calypso
HS-ESS1-4: Use mathematical or computational representations to predict them
motions of orbiting objects in the solar system

33. JUNO 2016
• Juno will improve our
understanding of the solar
system's beginnings by revealing
the origin and evolution of
Jupiter.
• Determine how much water is in
Jupiter's atmosphere, which
helps determine which planet
formation theory is correct (or if
new theories are needed)
• Look deep into Jupiter's
atmosphere to measure
composition, temperature,
cloud motions and other
properties
• Map Jupiter's magnetic and
gravity fields, revealing the
planet's deep structure

34. Thank You