Presented by Michael Blummel at the ILRI Livestock live talk seminar, Nairobi, 26 September 2012

1. Feed the Future: Using crop by-
products to intensify and sustain
food production
Michael Blümmel
ILRI Livestock live talk seminar,
Nairobi, 26 September 2012 1

2. Topics
 Why target by-products as feed resources
 Differences in feed/fodder quality matter that matter
for productivity, fodder market studies
 How to improve by-product based feed/fodder
resources: exploiting variation, enhance variation,
value addition
 Effect of improved feed/fodder resources on
livestock productivity and environment 2

3. Why by-products
 Already the most important feed resource in target
systems, targeting strongly suggest their
importance will further increase
 They do not compete for land and water and
therefore not for food-production
 Entry point for increasing overall productivity of
mixed systems
 Short delivery pathways, well defined public and
private partners with global reach
 Good acceptability in an environment increasingly
reserved against livestock 3

4. CR becoming more important
Kahsay Berhe (2004) study in Yarer Mountain area
 Cultivated land has doubled at the expense of
pasture in 30 years
 Switch in source of nutrition for livestock from
grazing to CR

5. Sorghum stover trading in
Hyderabad
5

6. Type and cost of sorghum stover
traded monthly 2004-2005 in
Hyderabad, India
Stover type Price IR / kg DM
Andhra 3.52b
Andhra Hybrid 3.15cd
Ballary Hybrid 3.54b
Raichur 3.89a
Rayalaseema 3.23c
Telangana (Local Y) 3.06d
Blümmel and Parthasarathy, 2006 6

7. Relation between digestibility and
price of sorghum stover
4.2
y = -4.9 + 0.17x; R2 = 0.75; P = 0.03
Stover price (IR/kg DM) 4.0
Premium Stover
3.8 “Raichur”
3.6
3.4
3.2
Low Cost Stover
3.0 “Local Yellow”
2.8
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Stover in vitro digestibility (%)
Blümmel and Parthasarathy, 2006 7

8. Stover digestibility and grain yield in new
sorghum cultivars release-tested in
India between 2002 and 2008
7000
6000
Grain yield (kg/ha)
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Kharif: y = 1473 + 44.2x; r = 0.17; P=0.05
Rabi: y = 9208 -132x; r = -0.47; P < 0.0001
0
34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64
Stover in vitro organic digestibility (%)
8
Blümmel et al. 2010

9. Targeted genetic enhancement
towards higher food-feed-fodder
quality
 Recurrent selection in pearl millet: about 2-3% digestibility in 2-yeas
cycle (Bidinger et al. 2010)
 Hybrid maize production: about 7 to 9% digestibility (Zaidi et al. 2012;
Berhanu et al. 2012)
 Brown mid rib sorghum: about 2-3% digestibility (Srinivas et al.,
2012a/b)
 Stay green introgression in sorghum: about 3-4% digestibility (Blümmel
et al 2012).
9

10. Importance of value
addition to basal diet,
feed processing,
densification,
fortification
10

11. Feed block manufacturing: supplementation,
densification
Ingredients %
Sorghum stover 50
Bran/husks/hulls 18
Oilcakes 18
Molasses 8
Grains 4
Minerals, vitamins, urea 2
Courtesy: Miracle Fodder and Feeds PVT LTD
11

12. Relation between digestibility and
price of sorghum stover
4.2
y = -4.9 + 0.17x; R2 = 0.75; P = 0.03
Stover price (IR/kg DM) 4.0
Premium Stover
3.8 “Raichur”
3.6
3.4
3.2
Low Cost Stover
3.0 “Local Yellow”
2.8
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Stover in vitro digestibility (%)
Blümmel and Parthasarathy, 2006 12

13. Comparisons of high and low quality
sorghum stover based feed blocks
in commercial dairy buffalo
Block High Block Low
CP 17.2 % 17.1%
ME (MJ/kg) 8.46 MJ/kg 7.37 MJ/kg
DMI 19.7 kg/d 18.0 kg/d
DMI per kg LW 3.6 % 3.3 %
Milk Potential 16.6 kg/d 11.8 kg/d
13
Anandan et al. (2009a)

14. Supplementation and processing of
sweet sorghum bagasse and
response in sheep
Control
Concentrat
Chaffed e
Mash Pellets Block SSBRL
DMI (g/kg LW) 52.5 a 55.6 a 42.1 b 41.5 b
ADG (g / d) 132.7 a 130.4 a 89.5 b 81.3 b
Processing ($/t) 5.9 7.0 5.2 1.7
Transport
($/t/100km) 6.6 5.8 5.2 13.5
Anandan et al. (2012)
14

15. Feed intensification,
greenhouse gases and
natural resource usage
15

16. Across herd milk yields (3.61 kg/d) in India
and scenario-dependent ME needs for
total milk production (81.8 million t/y)
ME required (MJ x 109)
Milk (kg/d) Maintenance Production Total
3.61 (05/06) 1247.6 573.9 1821.5
6 (Scenario 1) 749.9 573.9 1323.8
9 (Scenario 2) 499.9 573.9 1073.8
12 (Scenario 3) 374.9 573.9 948.8
15 (Scenario 4) 299.9 573.9 873.9
16

17. Effect of increasing average daily milk yields on
overall methane emissions from dairy in India
2.5
current herd average milk yield of 3.61 l/d
2.0
Methane produced (Tg)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 3 6 9 12 15
Daily milk yield per animal (liter)
(Blϋmmel et al. 2009) 17

18. Livestock revolution: Impact on energy
and feed requirements
(2005-06) 2020 2020 (fixed LP
Milk (million tons) 81.8 172 172
yield/day (kg) 3.6 5.24 6.76
Numbers (000) 69759 89920 * 69759
Metabolizable energy requirements (MJ x 109)
Maintenance 1247.64 1608.22 1247.6
Production 573.94 1075.00 1075.00
total 1821.58 2683.22 23266.6
Feed Req.( m tons) 247.50 364.57 315.6
* Calculated based on CAGR
18

19. Summary
 Intuitively “small differences” in feed/fodder quality
have significant implication for livestock
productivity
 These differences can be exploited in a wide range of
key crops and basal diets and/or generated
 Combining improved basal diets with supplementation
and feed processing can result in economically and
environmentally significant level of productivity
19

20. Outlook
 In some ways, a proof-of-concept element to
presented approaches/findings
 CRP’s, particularly 3-7, are will providing good
frameworks for larger scale put-into-practice
 With regards to CRP 3-7 focused employment
of heath + breed + feed technology will enable
and enforce presented approaches
20