Presented by Carolyn Opio at the Pilot project on the feasibility of generating carbon credit through dairy productivity gains Second Project Stakeholder Consultation Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, 29 January 2013
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Technical mitigation options in dairy
1. Technical mitigation options in dairy
Pilot project on the feasibility of generating
carbon credit through dairy productivity gains
Second Project Stakeholder Consultation
Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, 29 January 2013
Carolyn Opio
FAO-Rome
2. Main sources of emissions in dairy
10.0
9.0
Post-farm, CO2
8.0
Direct & embedded
Kg CO2e/kg FPCM
7.0 energy, CO2
6.0 LUC - Soybean, CO2
5.0
Feed CO2
4.0
Feed N2O
3.0
2.0 Manure N2O
1.0
Manure CH4
0.0
NENA
World
SSA
W. Europe
E. Europe
Russian Fed.
LAC
E & SE Asia
Oceania
South Asia
Enteric CH4
N. America
3. Mitigation options
Huge variation; significant potential to reduce emissions
Key areas of intervention
CH4 from enteric fermentation
CH4 and N2O from manure management
N2O (manure and synthetic N) from feed production
CO2 from feed production, processing and transport
5. Enteric CH4: improving animal productivity
0.60
0.50
Enteric methane/kg milk
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Milk /cow/day
Improved nutrition, reproductive performance, animal health, management, genetics
o reduces maintenance overhead associated with each unit of product
o fewer animals to produce same quantity of product
6. Enteric CH4: improving diet quality
10,000 40 Improved diet quality
9,000 Increase concentrate ratio in diet
35
8,000
higher quality forages e.g. legumes, silage
30 feed processing
7,000
(grinding, chopping, chemical treatment
Kg milk per animal/year
25
6,000 e.g. urea) - digestibility
Percentage
5,000 20
Grazing mgt to improve quality of
pastures, animal productivity
4,000
15
3,000
10
2,000
5
1,000 • improved feed digestibility
0 0 • Increase in DM intake and utilization
SSA
N. America
East Asia
Oceania
Russian Fed.
LAC
NENA
W. Europe
South Asia
E. Europe
• improved productivity
• reduced methane production per unit of
Average milk yield Share of concentrate in diet output
7. Enteric CH4 :improving feed use efficiency – global
Feed use for maintenance vs. productive functions
0.60
140
0.50 120
100
0.40
MJ.animal-1 year-1
Methane per kg milk
80
0.30
60
40
0.20
20
0.10
0
NENA
SSA
Oceania
LAC
East & SE Asia
South Asia
W. Europe
E. Europe
Russian Fed.
0.00 N. America
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
feed efficiency (kg milk/kg feed)
Maintenance Activity Pregnancy Milk production
better nutrition, management, animal breeding, animal
health
8. Enteric CH4 : improving feed use efficiency
Kaptumo, kenya
0.14
methane per kg milk (kg/kg milk)
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Feed efficency (kg milk/kg dm)
HH survey: 100 HHs
mixed farming, semi-grazing and stall-fed
milk production: 5-15 litres per day
9. Manure N20 and CH4 emissions
N2O emissions
N availability in manure
Climatic conditions – soil type, temperature
CH4 emissions
Quantity of manure produced: animal numbers, feed intake and
digestibility
Methane producing potential of manure
Manure management system
11. Proportion of feed nitrogen retained in dairy
75-95% of N ingested in feed is excreted
12. Manure N20 and CH4: entry points
1. Changes to manure storage and handling techniques:
solid, drylot, slurry, lagoons, etc
2. Feeding practices that influence manure attributes (in turn
determine amount of N excreted and volatile solids that can be
converted to CH4)
protein content of feed ration
digestibility of feed
feed conversion ratio – indicator of feed use efficiency
13. Relationship between productivity and N-excretion
10,000 4.00
9,000 3.50
kg milk per animal per year
8,000
Nex per kg milk protein
3.00
7,000
6,000 2.50
5,000 2.00
4,000 1.50
3,000
1.00
2,000
1,000 0.50
0 0.00
LAC
Oceania
NENA
SSA
East Asia
W. Europe
E. Europe
South Asia
Russian Fed.
N. America
Average milk yield kg of Nex per kg of milk protein
higher milk levels decreases N excreted per kg milk output
o high feed digestibility, high feed conversion ratio
14. Mitigation of CH4 and N2O from manure
Balanced feeding: N-adjusted feeding strategy inline with animal
requirements and physiological stage
Manure management: Transitions between MMS alternatives can
reduce methane and N2O emissions; covering manure storage
anaerobic digesters (biogas production)
waste application: timing and application technique
Benefits
source of energy
fertilizer
environmental benefit: reduction in
leaching, odor, etc
15. Mitigation in feed production, N2O and
CO2
improved pasture management and establishment
optimizing stocking numbers
rotational grazing
fertilization
improved pastures species and fodder banks
Rangeland rehabilitation
improved fertilizer use - organic and synthetic
Precision agriculture to match N to crop demand, soil type, etc
Timing of application – when required by crop
16. Conclusions
Efficiency gains are important
o Reducing emissions per unit of animal product by cutting on “unproductive”
emissions through breeding, animal health, improved nutrition
Implementation of mitigation options will depend on the cost-
effectiveness of technical options
Need to pay attention to emission interactions and trade-offs between
different management strategies and emission types