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Google and IPv6
A content provider's perspective




Steinar H. Gunderson
Senior Software Engineer




                                   1
IPv4 is running out

• We've said it for years, but now it's actually happening
     APNIC: April 2011
     RIPE: July 2012? September 2011?


• “Just reclaim unused address space”
     Not so easy, sorry


• “But NAT will save us!”
     We're in this situation despite NAT everywhere




                                                             2
Carrier Grade NAT / Large Scale NAT (CGN/LSN)

• From this…




            192.0.2.2                         192.0.2.3




 10.0.0.2               10.0.0.3   10.0.0.2           10.0.0.3




                                                                 3
Carrier Grade NAT / Large Scale NAT (CGN/LSN)

• …to this




             10.1.0.2                         10.1.0.3




 10.0.0.2               10.0.0.3   10.0.0.2              10.0.0.3




                                                                    4
Large Scale NAT (cont.)

• Bad for ISPs
     Expensive
     Complex


• Bad for consumers
     Multi-hop NAT ⇒ no working UPnP
     Will BitTorrent work? Skype?


• Bad for content providers
     Breaks assumption “one IP = one residential unit”
     …geolocation will get harder
     …abuse will get harder (blacklist one IP, block 100 users?)




                                                                    5
Large Scale NAT (cont.)


   However, at this point LSN is pretty much inevitable




   But IPv6 will help us restrict the pain to the long tail

                                                              6
Google and IPv6
A brief history




                  7
July 2007: First beginnings

• IPv6 at Google started as a 20% project
     No mandate from above


• You don't need to do everything at once

• …but you need to do it properly!
     Please don't break your users
     Please don't spread the impression that “IPv6 is unreliable” (it isn't)




                                                                                8
March 2008: ipv6.google.com

• ipv6.google.com: IPv6-enabled load balancer
     Everything else was IPv4
     Yet, effect from day one


• 6PE mesh

• Work your way in from the outside
     And then iterate
     Fold IPv6 into your normal upgrade cycles




                                                  9
January 2009: Google over IPv6

• We can't turn on www.google.com AAAA to everybody
     Would break ~0.03% of users (May 2011 numbers; more in 2009)
     Side note: Norway is somewhat better (thanks, Tore)




• But we can turn it on for some users
     Maintain whitelist of networks with good IPv6 connectivity to us




                                                                         10
August 2009: IPv6 on Android

• Support IPv6 on 802.11 interface since Android 2.1 (Eclair)
     Now part of Android conformance tests


• Relatively wide application support
     Browser, sync, Maps…


• Not quite ready for IPv4 crash yet, but getting there




                                                                11
February 2010: YouTube over IPv6




                                   12
…and more

• March 2010: Fully dual-stacked backbone
     Remember: Started around January 2008


• June 2010: Crawling IPv6-only web sites


• Unknown future point: All services over IPv6




                                                 13
World IPv6 day




                 14
World IPv6 day: Basic idea

• Google over IPv6 has drawn lots of enthusiasm
     ~100 participating organizations
     ~75% of the native IPv6 Internet


• …but limited scaling potential

• World IPv6 day is June 8th, 2011 (0000–2359 UTC)
     ISOC-sponsored event
     Turn on IPv6 for everybody, for one day only


• So far: 220+ participating organizations!
     Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, Akamai, Limelight…




                                                     15
Want to join?

• Content providers: Excellent opportunity to test your systems
     Dual-stack your web site for the day, register on the w6d site
     Experience: Tends to build lots of enthusiasm
     But please don't deploy non-production quality IPv6 just for one day



• ISPs: Point your users to test-ipv6.com


• Of course, feel free to keep it on afterwards if there were no problems
     VG, APDM, Heise: Anticlimax




                                                                             16
Summary




          17
Questions?
sesse@google.com




                   18

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Google and IPv6: Steinar H. Gunderson, Software engineer, Google

  • 1. Google and IPv6 A content provider's perspective Steinar H. Gunderson Senior Software Engineer 1
  • 2. IPv4 is running out • We've said it for years, but now it's actually happening  APNIC: April 2011  RIPE: July 2012? September 2011? • “Just reclaim unused address space”  Not so easy, sorry • “But NAT will save us!”  We're in this situation despite NAT everywhere 2
  • 3. Carrier Grade NAT / Large Scale NAT (CGN/LSN) • From this… 192.0.2.2 192.0.2.3 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 3
  • 4. Carrier Grade NAT / Large Scale NAT (CGN/LSN) • …to this 10.1.0.2 10.1.0.3 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 4
  • 5. Large Scale NAT (cont.) • Bad for ISPs  Expensive  Complex • Bad for consumers  Multi-hop NAT ⇒ no working UPnP  Will BitTorrent work? Skype? • Bad for content providers  Breaks assumption “one IP = one residential unit”  …geolocation will get harder  …abuse will get harder (blacklist one IP, block 100 users?) 5
  • 6. Large Scale NAT (cont.) However, at this point LSN is pretty much inevitable But IPv6 will help us restrict the pain to the long tail 6
  • 7. Google and IPv6 A brief history 7
  • 8. July 2007: First beginnings • IPv6 at Google started as a 20% project  No mandate from above • You don't need to do everything at once • …but you need to do it properly!  Please don't break your users  Please don't spread the impression that “IPv6 is unreliable” (it isn't) 8
  • 9. March 2008: ipv6.google.com • ipv6.google.com: IPv6-enabled load balancer  Everything else was IPv4  Yet, effect from day one • 6PE mesh • Work your way in from the outside  And then iterate  Fold IPv6 into your normal upgrade cycles 9
  • 10. January 2009: Google over IPv6 • We can't turn on www.google.com AAAA to everybody  Would break ~0.03% of users (May 2011 numbers; more in 2009)  Side note: Norway is somewhat better (thanks, Tore) • But we can turn it on for some users  Maintain whitelist of networks with good IPv6 connectivity to us 10
  • 11. August 2009: IPv6 on Android • Support IPv6 on 802.11 interface since Android 2.1 (Eclair)  Now part of Android conformance tests • Relatively wide application support  Browser, sync, Maps… • Not quite ready for IPv4 crash yet, but getting there 11
  • 12. February 2010: YouTube over IPv6 12
  • 13. …and more • March 2010: Fully dual-stacked backbone  Remember: Started around January 2008 • June 2010: Crawling IPv6-only web sites • Unknown future point: All services over IPv6 13
  • 15. World IPv6 day: Basic idea • Google over IPv6 has drawn lots of enthusiasm  ~100 participating organizations  ~75% of the native IPv6 Internet • …but limited scaling potential • World IPv6 day is June 8th, 2011 (0000–2359 UTC)  ISOC-sponsored event  Turn on IPv6 for everybody, for one day only • So far: 220+ participating organizations!  Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, Akamai, Limelight… 15
  • 16. Want to join? • Content providers: Excellent opportunity to test your systems  Dual-stack your web site for the day, register on the w6d site  Experience: Tends to build lots of enthusiasm  But please don't deploy non-production quality IPv6 just for one day • ISPs: Point your users to test-ipv6.com • Of course, feel free to keep it on afterwards if there were no problems  VG, APDM, Heise: Anticlimax 16
  • 17. Summary 17