Contributions: Maarten van Ginkel (ICARDA); Keith Shepherd (ICRAF); Patrick Dugan (WorldFish); Deborah Bossio (IWMI); Nteranya Sanginga,(CIAT‐Nairobi TSBF); Boru Douthwaite (CPWF); Tony Simons (ICRAF); Paula Bramel (IITA); Alain Vidal (CPWF)

1. Land
Water
Ecosystems
Contributions:
Maarten van Ginkel (ICARDA); Keith
Shepherd (ICRAF); Patrick Dugan
(WorldFish); Deborah Bossio (IWMI);
Nteranya Sanginga,(CIAT‐Nairobi
TSBF); Boru
TSBF); Boru Douthwaite (CPWF);
(CPWF);
Tony Simons (ICRAF); Paula Bramel
(IITA); Alain Vidal (CPWF)

2. Drivers of Land & Water
Drivers of Land & Water Use
Drivers of Land & Water Use
Other Water Pressures
Urbanization ‐ Cities are projected to use 150%
more water in 2025, encroach on ag land
more water in 2025, encroach on ag
Agriculture – I
A i l Increased water use and land
d dl d
expansion behind production increases
Population & Diet food grain production
Population & Diet – food grain production
projected to increase by 100% by 2050
Energy – Hydropower and biofuels compete for
Hydropower and biofuels compete for
Hydropower and
water and land
Climate Change Shifting patterns of water
Climate Change – Shifting patterns of water
availability –
availability – potential yields decline in Africa

3. Limits – Reached or Breached
Land degradation – li it
L dd d ti limits productivity
d ti it
River basins closed – Colorado, Murray Darling, Yellow,
Indus, Amu Darya ……… no additional water left
I d A D dditi l t l ft
Groundwater overdraft – in agricultural breadbaskets
Fisheries – ocean and freshwater at a limit, aquaculture
will become more prevalent
will become more prevalent
Livestock – limit on extent of grazing land, more will
come from mixed and industrialized production
f d d d l d d

4. Water Scarcity 2000
1/3 of the world’s population live in basins that have to deal with water scarcity

5. Land Health
Widespread degradation is reducing productivity,
impeding development, damaging the environment
The capacity of land to sustain delivery of essential
The capacity of land to sustain delivery of essential
ecosystem services (the benefits people obtain from
ecosystems)

6. Land degradation & Soil nutrient depletion
Limit land and water productivity
Li i l d d d i i
Soils from northern Tanzania

7. MP Addresses Interrelated Global
Challenges
h ll
• Water Scarcity
Water Scarcity
• Land Degradation
Agricultural research
has a central role in
delivering solutions
delivering solutions

8. Global initiatives and accompanying investments
are urgently needed for nine billion to be
adequately nourished by 2050:
Soil and Water: Restore and enhance soil fertility with organic
compost and manure fertilizers; nitrogen fixing crop rotations; and
reduced tillage practices; rainwater retention, groundwater
recharge rates and water utilization through agro-ecological
h t d t tili ti th h l i l
farming practices and improved land rights for farmers.
Biodiversity and ecosystem services: Promote the
y y
diversification and integration of crops and livestock under a Multi-
Functional Agricultural System.
Energy and people: Invest public funds in participatory
agro-ecological research and extension to build scientific and
traditional knowledge.

9. IPCC 2008
IPCC 2008
• "the relationship between climate change and
freshwater resources is of primary concern and
p y
interest"; so far, "water resource issues have not been
adequately addressed in climate change analyses and
p y ; , g
climate policy formulations"; and, according to many y
experts, "water and its availability and quality will be
the main pressures, and issues, on societies and the
g
environment under climate change".
• CC Adaptation is about water

10. From GCARD 2010 White Paper
p
“… regions could either become self –sufficient and
meet their nutrition, health and food needs, or
, ,
become a potential hot spot for poverty because of:
()
(i) shortage of irrigated land,
g g ,
(ii) shortage of water,
( )
(iii) adverse effects of agro‐chemicals used on their land
g
and the proportionate increased need of water each
year and contaminating of subsoil water, ……”

11. MP5 Objectives
• Increasing and safeguarding access to water
and land resources for smallholder women
and men producers
and men producers
• Increased land and water productivity of
crops/livestock/fish/agro forestry
crops/livestock/fish/agro forestry
• Reverse trends of land and water
degradation to support poverty reduction
g pp p y
and productivity gains
• Do above in a way that contributes to
ecosystem resilience and ecosystem services

12. What s new?
What’s new?
• Integration to find new ways of producing
Integration to find new ways of producing
more from less water and land resources
• Integration across scales
Integration across scales
• Beyond crops – fish, livestock, agro‐forestry,
ecosystem services
i

13. Livestock water productivity (Uganda “Cattle Corridor”)
Termites destroy any Community corralling Local organizations
attempt to reseed of cattle for 2 weeks invest in up‐scaling of
degraded pasture permits pasture pasture regeneration
establishment

14. Land Health Surveillance
A science‐based approach
•Identify and locate land health
problems
bl
•Quantify major risks to land health
f k l dh l h
•
•Target land management interventions
•Evaluate outcomes on ecosystem
services

15. Research Highlights: SLM Program
African Digital Soil Map: AFSIS
~18.1 million km2 of
continental SSA
continental SSA
Spatially stratified random
sampling approach
consisting of 60 sites
Soil fertility
recommendation trials
d ti t i l
installed in 5 countries
Eco‐Efficient Agriculture for the Poor

16. New capability for digital soil mapping
al (site‐leve ref
Loca el) C
10 km

17. What s new?
What’s new?
• Underexplored water and land
p
governance opportunities – ie
managing groundwater, and
revitalizing irrigation
g g
• Basin and landscape
implications of actions taken
at farm scale.
• Policies outside of agriculture
and water – implications and
opportunities

18. MP Components
MP Components
1.1. Delivering greater water productivity
1.2. Enhancing and safeguarding water access for
h d f d f
the poor
2.1. Improving Land Health, water quality and
ecosystem services
2.2. Improved Soil management
3. Water and Land management for ecosystem
3 Water and Land management for ecosystem
services

19. Integrative Land, Water, Ecosystem
Topics
• Tradeoff analysis
• P
Payment for environmental services
f i l i
(PES)
• E
Ecosystem services and resilience
i d ili
• Drivers of change
• Scaling out interventions
• Multi‐functional and multiple use
systems
• Political ecology and economy

20. Tradeoffs: Water for crops or water for fish or both?
SURFACE
FLOODED
16
Reduced numbers of fish
14
EVEL
12 produced
10
WATER LE
8
6
4
2
0
Reduced growth period
for fish that remain
20

21. Opportunities

22. An Opportunity – Upgrade Rainfed Lands
• Largest opportunities to reduce poverty and
improve land and water productivity are in
rainfed landscapes (from the Comprehensive
Assessment)
• Wh t? A
What? A range of practices
f ti
– Water harvesting, supplemental irrigation, water
lifting devices
lifting devices
– Soil and water conservation
– Improved soil nutrition
• How? The research question

23. Impact ‐200 million livelihoods improved in 20 years

24. Ag Water&Land Management Solutions
The Target
The Target
200M farmers livelihoods improved across Africa
and S. Asia from water harvesting, soil & water
conservation, water lifting, watershed
management, storage, water productivity
The Output
The Output
Suitable AWM solutions identified tailored for
Particular situation, women and men, communities
The Outcome
Investments in AWM, policy interventions,
improved business models and supply chains,
community empowerment
Partnerships
Producers, development community,
Producers development community
researchers, policy makers, investors

25. Women, Water and Land
Women, Water and Land
• Women and men have
Women and men have
different priorities about
water and land
water and land
• Need to involve women in
the planning, research,
the planning research
implementation cycle

26. Partnerships
• Must cross several scales: local, national, regional,
global ‐ changes at one system level are the key
global changes at one system level are the key
that unlocks the other levels
• Boundary spanning role goes well beyond
agriculture – broader water, climate change,
energy, trade and environment sectors
• New capacity needed, new way of thinking and
g, p
doing, a new cadre of land and water specialists