Motivation & management fundamentals.

1. Management FundamentalsManagement Fundamentals
Concepts, Applications, Skills DevelopmentConcepts, Applications, Skills Development
MotivatingMotivating
12 A

2. Self-Fulfilling ProphecySelf-Fulfilling Prophecy
–Employees will
live up to or
down to their
own
expectations.

3. Performance FormulaPerformance Formula
Ability x motivation x resources
= PerformancePerformance

4. Major Motivation TheoriesMajor Motivation Theories
Classification of Motivation
Theories
1. Content of motivation theories
2. Process motivation theories
3. Reinforcement theory
Specific Motivation Theory
a. Hierarchy of needs theory
b. ERG theory
c. Two-factor theory
d. Acquired needs theory
a. Equity theory
b. Goal-setting theory
c. Expectancy theory
Type of Reinforcement
a. Positive
b. Avoidance
c. Extinction
d. Punishment

5. Self-
Actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
Hierarchy of Needs TheoryHierarchy of Needs Theory

6. Acquired Needs TheoryAcquired Needs Theory
AffiliationAffiliation PowerPower
AchievementAchievement

7. A Comparison ofA Comparison of
Four Content Motivation TheoriesFour Content Motivation Theories
Hierarchy of Needs
(Maslow)
ERG Theory
(Alderfer)
Two-Factor Theory
(Herzberg)
Acquired Needs
Theory (McClelland)
Achievement & power
Achievement &Power
Affiliation
Not classified
Not classified
Motivating needs are
developed through
experience.
Motivators
Motivators
Maintenance
Maintenance
Maintenance
Maintenance factors
will not motivate
employees.
Growth
Growth
Relatedness
Existence
Existence
Unmet needs can be
at any level
simultaneously.
Self-Actualization
Esteem
Social
Safety
Physiological
Needs must be met
in a hierarchy order.

8. Equity TheoryEquity Theory
= Others’ input
(contributions)
Others’ outcomes
(rewards)
Our inputs
(contributions)
=Our outcomes
(rewards)

9. Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory
• Proposes that
employees are
motivated when they
believe they can
accomplish the task
and the rewards for
doing so are worth
the effort.

10. Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory
Expectancy XX
Valence =
MotivationMotivation

11. Clear
objectives
Clear
objectives
Performance
tied to
rewards
Performance
tied to
rewards
44
ConditionsConditions
forfor
Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory
Rewards
have
value
Rewards
have
value
Employees
believe
you
Employees
believe
you

12. Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory
• Through the
consequences for
behavior,
employees will be
motivated to
behave in
predetermined
ways.

13. Avoidance Extinction
Positive Punishment
44
Types ofTypes of
ReinforcementReinforcement

14. Giving PraiseGiving Praise
1. Tell the
employee
exactly what
was done
correctly.
Planning Leading
Organizing Controlling
2. Tell the
employee
why the
behavior is
important.
3. Stop for a
moment of
silence.
4. Encourage
repeat
performance

15. 1. Need1. Need
(Unmet need or want to be satisfied at work)
Content Motivation Theories
Hierarchy of Needs Theory
ERG Theory
Two-Factor Theory
Acquired Needs Theory
2. Motive2. Motive
(Selecting behavior to satisfy need)
Process Motivation Theories
Equity Theory
Goal-Setting Theory
Expectancy Theory
The Motivation ProcessThe Motivation Process
with the Motivation Theorieswith the Motivation Theories

16. (continued)
3. Behavior
(Employee action to satisfy need)
4. Consequence
(Manager behavior and/or natural outcome of
employee action)
Reinforcement Theory
5. Satisfaction or
Dissatisfaction
(The degree to which the need is met and for
how long before dissatisfaction reoccurs,
creating an unmet need)