1. Living beings are made up of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of organisms. 2. Cells carry out three vital functions - nutrition, interaction, and reproduction. Nutrition allows cells to obtain energy and matter for growth and maintenance. 3. There are two main types of nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophs like plants can produce their own food via photosynthesis, while heterotrophs obtain organic nutrients from other living or dead organisms.

2. 1. The living beings unit
a. Levels of organization of living beings
b. The cell
2. Living beings nutrition
3. Cellular metabolism
4. Authotrophic nutrition
5. Heterotrophic nutrition

5. Living beings have important common characteristics:
1. They all are made up of the same chemical
substances: biomolecules
2. They all are made up of one or more cells. A cell is
the basic structural and functional unit in all
organism: it is the smallest unit that can carry out
the 3 vital functions: nutrition, interaction and
reproduction
3. They carry out the 3 vital functions.

6. http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media
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7. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
a. Levels of organization of living beings
1. ATOM
◦ The smallest unit of an element that has the
chemical properties of that element.
◦ It’s made up of subatomic particles: neutrons,
protons and electrons.
Ex: A hydrogen atom
2. MOLECULE
◦ Two or more atoms that are joined by chemical
bonds.
◦ Molecules that made up living beings are called…
…

8. … BIOMOLECULES! ☺ and there are two types:
Inorganic:We can find them in living things but also,
1. Inorganic:
in no living things.
1. WATER: Livings being are made up of a high
percentage of water. (63% of our body’s mass)
2. MINERAL SALTS: They have different functions in
the body
Structural Bones (Calcium: Ca)
Allow organs to function correctly Muscles (Potassium: K)
Cell regulation

9. … BIOMOLECULES! ☺ and there are two types:
2. Organic: We can find them ONLY in living beings. They all
Organic:
have a carbon skeleton (some carbon atoms bonded to
hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms)
a. CARBOHYDRATES:
Basic unit: monosaccharides
Functions: To store “energy” (starch & glucose) and structural
(cellulose)
MONOSACCHARYDES Ex. Glucose
CARBOHYDRATES Ex. Sucrose
DISACCHARYDES
Or GLUCIDES Lactose
Ex. Starch
POLYSACCHARIDES
Cellulose

10. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
a. Levels of organization of living beings (cont.)
BIOMOLECULES! ☺
2. Organic:
Organic:
b. LIPIDS:
Basic unit of some of them: fatty acids.
Functions: To store “energy” (fats), structural (cholesterol),
hormones, etc…
Ex: Fats, cholesterol & oils.
c. PROTEINS:
Basic unit: amino acids.
Functions: structural (collagen), to carry oxygen (haemoglobine),
metabolism (enzymes), etc…
Ex: Collagen, haemoglobine, enzymes, antibodies...

11. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
a. Levels of organization of living beings (cont.)
BIOMOLECULES! ☺
2. Organic:
Organic:
d. NUCLEIC ACIDS:
Basic unit of some of them: nucleotides.
Functions: To store the genetical information
Ex: DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) & RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

12. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
a. Levels of organization of living beings (cont.)
3. ORGANELLES
◦ Specialized subunit inside a cell that has a specific
function, and is usually surrounded by its own
membrane.
◦ Ex: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
complex, vacuoles…
◦ … you’ll stydy it in the next point The cell

13. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
a. Levels of organization of living beings (cont.)
ALIVE LEVELS
4. CELL
◦ The smalles unit that can perform the three vital
functions of all organisms: nutrition, interaction and
reproduction.
◦ There are 2 types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

14. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
a. Levels of organization of living beings (cont.)
5. TISSUE
◦ Is a set of the same type of cells from the same
origin and with specific function.
◦ There are only tissues in Plants and Animal kingdom.

15. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
a. Levels of organization of living beings (cont.)
6. ORGAN
◦ Is a group of tissues that perform a common
function.
ANIMAL PLANTS

16. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
a. Levels of organization of living beings (cont.)
7. ORGAN SYSTEM
◦ It’s a group of organs that perform a common
function.
◦ Ex: digestive system, circulatory system, nervous system…

17. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
a. Levels of organization of living beings (cont.)
8. ORGANISM
◦ Any complete living being
PLANT
ALGAE
BACTERIA
FUNGI
ANIMAL
PROTOZOA

18. Robert Hooke-1665
◦ Coined the word “cell”
◦ Looked at cork cells
Robert Brown -1831
◦ Discovered the "nucleus"
Theodor Schwann - 1838
◦ Cells are unit of biological structure
Mattias Schleiden – ca. 1850
◦ Cells are the fundamental basis of life
Virchow -1858
◦ All cells come from cells

19. 1. Every living organism is made up of at
least one cell.
2. Cells are the basic structural and
functional units of organisms.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

20. CELL
PROCARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
- Larger, 8—100 µm
- Smaller, 1—5 µm
- Membranous organelles
- No organelles
- Nucleus
- No nucleus
- DNA in linear chromosomes
- DNA in circular loop

21. It’s the most primitive type of cell.
It hasn’t got nucleus, so genetic material is
dispersed throughout the cell’s cytoplasm.
BACTERIA are prokaryotic single-celled
organisms

23. They’re more complicated and evolved
They have a nucleus, surrounded by a membrane.
ANIMALS, PROTOZOA, ALGAE, FUNGI and PLANTS
are made up of eukaryotic cells.
We’re going to study 2 differents types of eukaryotic cells:
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT
CELL

24. All Eukaryotic cells have those estructures:
◦ Plasma membrane
◦ Cytoplasm with organelles
◦ Nucleus (with DNA)
Plant
Animal
Cell
Cell

25. 1. Plasma membrane
The cell membrane surrounds the cell
Isolates cytoplasm from environment
Regulates molecular movement into and out
of cell
2. Cytoplasm
This is a gel inside the cell membrane, which
contain all the organelles.
It’s made up of water and
mineral salts.

26. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
b. The cell - EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.)
3. Nucleus
It’s a structure usually located in the center of the
cell.
It’s a home to the cell’s chromosomes*,
surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
* Chromosomes: They are genetic structures that contain
information to make new cells. Basically, the instructions for how
to make new cells, the DNA. They are made up of DNA with
proteins.

27. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
b. The cell - EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.)
4. Endoplasmatic reticulums: Smooth and
Rough
These 2 structures work together producing
important products for the cell.
Smooth E.R Synthesize lipids
Rough E.R. Synthesize proteins (thank to
the Ribosomes)

28. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
b. The cell - EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.)
5. Ribosomes
Site of proteins synthesis
Dark granules, (usually drawn as small circles)
6. Golgi complex
It packs products in the cell to be carried through
the cell in vesicles.

29. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
b. The cell - EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.)
7. Mithocondria
They take the “food” the cell took in (glucose &
fatty acids) and turn them into energy.
The energy is needed to carry out activities.
It’s called cellular respiration
NUTRIENTS + O2 ENERGY + WASTE + CO2 + H2O

30. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
b. The cell - EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.)
8. Vacuoles
These are fluid-filled structures used to store
different substances.
In animal cells there are often many small vacuoles.
In plant cells there is usually only one vacuole, but
it is larger than, even, the nucleus.

31. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
b. The cell - EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.)
9. Lysosomes
• They carry out the digestion of nutrients.
• They are similar to vacuoles, but they have enzymes to do
digestion inside.

32. 1. The living beings unit (cont.)
b. The cell - EUKARYOTIC CELL’S STRUCTURE (cont.)
… and ONLY in PLANT CELLS:
10. Cell wall
A rigid layer, outside the cell membrane
It’s made up of cellulose
It provides these cells with structural support and protection
11. Chloroplast
It’s the organelle where photosynthesis takes place.
It has chlorophyll inside, that helps to capture the energy
from sunlight.

33. 2. Living beings’ nutrition
beings’
All living beings carry out NUTRITION.
They do this in order to get the nutrients they
need …
1. … to renew and maintain their cells, tissues and
organs. They need matter
2. … to get the energy they need to carry out vital
functions, move, produce heat, and allow their
organs to function and their cells to make the
biomolecules that they need.

34. 2. Living beings’ nutrition (cont.)
beings’
HUMAN NUTRITION
Humans take food from the environment, but also,
they take water and O2.
What human systems do take part in the
nutrition?
Only the digestive system
FALSE
Digestive system: to get nutrients from the food
by means of the digestion
Respiratory system: to get O2 and throw out CO2
Circulatory system: to transport nutrients and
gases
Excretory system: to expel waste products.

35. 2. Living beings’ nutrition (cont.)
beings’
HUMAN NUTRITION
1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

36. 2. Living beings’ nutrition (cont.)
beings’
HUMAN NUTRITION
3. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
4. EXCRETORY SYSTEM

37. 3. Cellular metabolism
METABOLISM: is the set of chemical reactions that
happen inside the cell. There are 2 types:
1. CATABOLISM: Chemical reactions to get more
simple molecules and energy by means of
breaking out biomolecules.
2. ANABOLISM: Chemical reactions to get larger
molecules, to renew cell structures and to grow
structures. Those reactions need energy.

38. 3. Cellular metabolism (cont.)
1. CATABOLISM
Is the set of metabolic pathways that break down
molecules into smaller units and get energy.
* ATP is the energy-coin of the cell
Large molecules such as polysaccharides, lipids and
proteins, are broken down into smaller units such
as monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids,
respectively.
Ex: Cellular respiration (with O2) & Fermentation
(without O2)
NUTRIENTS + O2 ENERGY (ATP + WASTE + CO2 + H2O
ATP)

39. 3. Cellular metabolism (cont.)
1. CATABOLISM: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
It happens inside the
mitochondria .
This process is also
called aerobic
respiration (with
oxygen)

40. 4. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
Autotrophic living beings can
make their own “food” to
grow.
They make organic matter
from inorganic matter, by…
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: They
use the energy from
sunlight.
Chemosynthesis: They use
Chemosynthesis:
the energy from other
chemical reactions.

41. 4. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (cont.)
Autotrophic nutrition occurs in plants, algae and
some bacterias.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
It has the following stages:
1. Nutrients are taken in from the environment. They
are inorganic molecules:
water and mineral salts (absorbed through the
roots) RAW SAP (transport by the xylem)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) which plants take in
directly through the leaves.

42. 4. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (cont.)
2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
It takes place in the chloroplasts of
the plant cell, where the chlorophyll
captures the energy from sunlight.
The water, mineral salts & the CO2
are used to produce organic matter
such as glucose.
Oxygen is realeased to the air
(through stoma)

43. 4. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (cont.)
3. ORGANIC MATTER IS USED:
The organic matter is:
• used in the same cell or
• transported to other organs ELABORATED
SAP (through the phloem)
The organic matter is used:
• To renew their structures.
Ex. To make cellulose (Cell wall)
• To grow
• To carry out the cellular respiration in the
mitochondrion, to release energy (ATP).
http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/tooncell.htm
http://www.sinauer.com/cooper5e/animation1401.html

44. 4. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (cont.)
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

45. 4. AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION (cont.)
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

46. 5. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
Heterotrophic living beings use to feed on organic
matter from other living or dead living beings.
Heterotrophic nutrition occurs in animals, fungi,
protozoas and some bacterias.
They use the organic matter from other living
beings to:
Renew structures and grow
Get energy

47. 5. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:
Animals nutrition

48. 5. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:
Animals nutrition
The digestive process include 4 stages:
1. Ingestion: To take in the food
2. Digestion: to break the complex molecules of the
food in simpler molecules of nutrients. It can be:
Inside the cells of the digestive system.
Intracellular
Ex: Sponges
Digestion
Outside the cells of the difestive system
Extracellular
Ex: Humans
Inside the body
Internal
Ex: humans
Digestion
Outside the body, with chemical substances
External
releases from the body. Ex: fungis, spiders

49. 5. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:
Animals nutrition
The digestive process include 4 stages:
3. Absortion: Nutrients go inside the blood through
Absortion:
the capillary walls.
4. Faecal egestion.
egestion.

50. 5. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:
Animals nutrition
There are different types of digestive systems. It
depends of how evolved the animals are.
Digestive tubes Digestive tube
of a carnivore
Digestive tube
of a ruminant
herbivore
Digestive tube of
a non-ruminant
herbivore
gastrovascular
cavity

51. 5. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:
There are different types of living beings, depending
on what kind of food they take in.
1. HERBIVORES:
• They only eat plants, flowers, fruits…
• Ex: Cow, koala, bees
2. CARNIVORES:
• They only eat animals
• Ex: Lion, cocodrile
3. OMNIVORES:
• They eat animals and plants
• Ex: Humans, pigs

52. 5. HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION:
4. SAPROPHYTES:
• They take in substances from dead organisms or decaying organic
matter…
• They “recycle” the organic matter into inorganic matter, and it’s
available again for plants' nutrition.
• Ex: Fungi, bacteria
5. PARASITES:
• They live in or on another living being and feeds on it.
• Ex: Worms, fungi, bacteria.