Acoustic Analysis Project 1

TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Site Study
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Site Selection Reasons
1.2.3 Measured Drawings
1.3 Methodology
1.3.1 Identification of Existing Conditions
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Acoustics
2.1.1 Sound
2.1.2 Amplitude, Wavelength & Frequency
2.1.3 Common Sound in Decibels
2.1.4 Acoustics in Architecture
2.1.5 Acoustics Standard ANSI (2008) S12.2-2008
3.0 PRECEDENT STUDY
3.1 Introduction to Building
3.2 Statistical Analysis Method/Questionnaire
3.3 Formula for Acoustic Analysis Calculation
4.0 CASE STUDY
4.1 Site Study and Zoning
4.2 External Noise Source
4.3 Interior Noise Sources
4.3.1 SPACE 1: Gymnasium
4.3.1.1 Existing Equipment
4.3.1.2 Cooling System
4.3.1.3 Human noise

4.3.2 SPACE 2: Physiology Room
4.3.2.3 Human noise
4.4 Tabulation & Interpretation of Data
4.5 Acoustic Fixtures and Specifications
4.6 Gymasium calculation
4.6.1 Calculation of sound intensity of indoor noise source
4.6.2 The calculation of sound level
4.6.3 Analysis & Evaluation
4.6.4 Sound reduction index calculation
4.6.5 Reverberation Time Calculation
4.7 Acoustic Analysis
4.8 PHYSIOTHERAPY CALCULATION
4.8.2 The calculation of sound level
4.8.4 Sound reduction index calculation
4.9 Acoustic Analysis for Physiotherapy
5.0 References

ABSTRACT
This report consists of the study of how acoustics affects the environment and we chose to
conduct at SOSCO Rehabilitation Centre, Melacca as our case study. In order to carry out the
performance evaluation, we’ve requested the proper floor plans from the facilities
management that govern the site buildings, and also produced elevations and sections for
the ease of data collection. Collection of acoustics data is carried out at the functioning hour
of the building to quantify and qualify the existing condition of the site. All the data and
drawings collected were then further used to carry out an analysis to study the performance
of the building. A list of figures are used as well and a list of references is provided at the end
of the report for the ease of navigation. Additionally, photographs were also taken on site to
further identify acoustics sources of the chosen area.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Acoustics study on buildings and spaces within is crucial as considerations of maintaining and
having good quality noise control. Some key spaces that requires critical acoustics control
are galleries, concert halls, restaurants and many other spaces.
In short, this project is design to expose and introduce us acoustics requirement in a
suggested space. In a group of 7, we have chosen SOSCO Rehabilitation Centre, Melacca, as
our site study. We have conducted several site visits to ensure the success of the project
outcome. Measurement and calculations of acoustic readings and site measurement are
done during the visits and after the visit respectively. Lastly, we concluded the analysis based
on the results of our findings and observations.

1.1 Objectives and Aim
1. To observe and understand acoustics and its characteristics.
2. To understand acoustic requirement in a suggested place.
3. To determine the different types of acoustics throughout this project.
4. To determine the characteristics and function of sound within the intended space.
5. To critically report and analyze the space and suggest remedies to improve acoustic
qualities within the space.
The primary objective of this project is to impart the understanding of acoustics and
characteristic and requirement in a suggested space, thereby determine their functions and
various factors affecting it. With the data collected and the relevant knowledge, an analysis
is to perform to evaluate the suggested space with a critical mindset. Besides that,
understanding the acoustics elements and existing arrangement helps in determining the
acoustics characteristics that is reflected in the data collection by using certain methods or
calculations. Backed up with precedent studies, drawing comparison with the site study, our
precedent studies will aid in achieving all the objectives above.

1.2 Site Study
Case Study: SOCSO Rehabilitation Center, Melacca.
Identification of space: Gymnasium rehabilitation space and physiotherapy room.
Address: Pusat Rehabilitasi Perkeso
Lot PT 7263 [H.S (D) 18923]
Bandar Hijau, Hang Tuah Jaya,
Melaka, 75450, Malaysia.

1.2.1 Introduction
SOCSO Rehabilitation Centre is located at Bandar Hijau, Hang Tuah Jaya, Melacca. It is
a rehabilitation centre that consists of an administration block and 5 extended wings.
Namely, the Gymnasium, Vocational, Physiotherapy, Hydrotherapy and the Speech and
Audio therapy.
Under SOCSO’s "Return to Work" program, disabled patients undergo physical and
vocational rehabilitation in order to rejoin the workforce. The architect, Anuar Aziz Architect,
called this process the "Journey to Healing," where the patients will heal physically and
mentally, and lead a normal working life after the rehabilitation process.
The allied health institute will provide the skilled personnel. This green certified complex was
designed with ‘nature’ and ‘spirituality’ integral to the healing process. A universal access-
for-all concept and Malaysian Standard for disabled access is applied throughout.
The concept of the building is each building is given a different identity according to
functions and ease of way finding. Calming and soft colors are utilized throughout the
complex.
1.2.2 Site Selection Reasons
Based on observation, the building provides sufficient functional spaces to conduct out an
analysis on acoustics conditions. The gymnasium space and the physiological therapy space
with specific function would help us develop an understanding on how noise is controlled to
achieve comfort for users based on different programs and functions.
In terms of acoustics properties, the gymnasium space and the physiological therapy space
can be categorized into semi enclosed space, though the gymnasium has a higher ceiling
space compared to the other. Numerous noise producing elements are spotted within the
spaces ranging from electronic equipments, to human activities.

1.2.3 Measured Drawings
Figure 1 Floor Plan of Physiotherapy Room

Figure 2 Floor plan of Gymnasium Room

2.0 Precedent study
2.1. INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
Bahcesehir University (BAU) Office, Besiktas Campus
Figure 3.1a: Bahcesehir University Besiktas Campus
Located in Istanbul, Turkey, the Bahcesehir University is a well-known private educational
institution with its main campus located at the edge of the Bosporus in Besiktas. The
university consists of eight faculties: a school of language, two vocational schools and four
institutes that provide post graduate education, with an average of 17,000 registered
students studying at the university.
The space that we chose to study is the Faculty of Architecture & Design of Bahcesehir
University. Position on the side of the shore, the buildings are formed in the shape of long,
narrow rectangular prisms sited very close and are interconnected to one another. These
buildings face the garden on the shore and sea with one of their narrow sides, and a high
traffic artery of the city with the other.
The office occupies half of the 1st floor of
Block B and faces sea on the East, and other
two neighboring buildings (buildings A and C)
on the north and south. There are two
different types of office spaces in the faculty.
Open-offices with semi-enclosed partitions in
the central area and are used by the
teaching/research assistants; the closed
offices surrounding the central area from
three sides, shared by two or three academic
staff. Closed offices, with regard to their
orientation as A and B, create 2 subgroups within closed office type.

2.1.2.1 ACOUSTIC COMFORT/NOISE CONTROL
Measurements regarding the environmental noise in the space were taken in the
morning (10.00-10.11), noon (13.00-13.12) and afternoon (16.26-16.36) times of a working
day, with the windows tightly shut. These periods were decided in reference to the standard
working hours of the users. Sound level meter and sound pressure equipment were set in
the middle of the office and central area 150cm above the ground level and then used for
comparison with the standards IEC 60651 and IEC 60804.
Placement of equipment for acoustic analysis
2.3.1.2 ACOUSTIC COMFORT
Acoustics data of Office A close to neighboring building

Acoustics data of Office A campus side
Acoustics data of Office B

Acoustics data of Office C
2.4 Conclusion
Through the data taken in the precedent study of the Bahcesehir University Besiktas
Campus, the result was shown that the environmental noise appeared to influence the
perception of environmental quality. Mentioned by the occupants, they show dissatisfaction
of acoustic privacy and noise control due to the fact that they are not that well maintained
as it is affect by environmental elements.
The findings shown a slightly higher environmental sound intensity compared to
optimum human condition, the poor choice of materials for sound buffering is one of the key
faults of providing bad acoustic control

3.0 Research Methodology
Sound and Acoustic analysis plays a role in the acoustic design performance, sound and
noise level of the noise. The analysis might involve in design fine tuning in order to achieve
the standards from ANSI, IEC and ISO. A simple and fairly effective method of diagnostics can
be performed with acoustical equipment.
Description of Equipment
(a) Acoustic Measuring Equipment (Digital Sound Level Meter)
Figure 3.2.1.1: Sound Level Meter
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Measurement 30 – 130 dB
Resolution 0.1 dB
Measured Quantities
Linearity Characteristics of “A” frequency weighting network meet IEC
61672 class 2.
Under 94 dB input signal, the accuracy are:
31.5 Hz ± 3.5 dB
63 Hz ± 2.5 dB
125 Hz ± 2.0 dB
250 Hz ± 1.9 dB
500 Hz ± 1.9 dB
1 K Hz ± 1.4 dB
2 K Hz ± 2.6 dB
4 K Hz ± 3.6 dB
8 K Hz ± 5.6 dB
Power Supply Alkaline or heavy duty DC 1.5V battery (UM3, AA) x 6 PCs.
Or equivalent.
DC 9V adapter input. (AC/ DC power adapter is optional).
Dimension 245mm x 68mm x 45mm
Weight 489g
Table 3.2.1.2: General Specification of Sound Level Meter

(b) Smartphone [OnePlus One]
An additional recording device is used as a result comparison with the digital sound level
meter. A median result is then obtained and will be averaged in the recordings table.
(c) Measuring Tape
The tape is used to measure a constant height of the position of the sound meter and the
grids established for the area, which is at 1m and 1.5m respectively. The height is taken on
one person as reference to obtain an accurate reading.
(d) Camera [a7ii Sony]
The camera is used to record pictures on the source of sound in the cafe and its surrounding.

3.2 Data Collection Method
The sound level meter is placed at the same height of 1m for each point in order to obtain an
accurate reading. This is done to ensure the consistency of the measurements taken. The
readings were recorded on a plotted plan with 1.5m x 1.5m gridlines. Noises produced by us
students are kept to the minimum to obtain the best sound reading result.
Procedure
1. Push the Power Switch to switch on the device.
2. Record the dB value by holding the Noise Indicator at 1m height, approximately at
waist height (ear level while sitting).
3. Record the data displayed on the device.
4. Repeat 2 and 3 until all data are completed.
Figure 3.2.2.1: Position of Noise Indicator at 1 meter
3.3 Formula for Acoustic Analysis Calculation
Calculation for Reverberation Time:
Reverberation time (RT) is a measure of the amount of reverberation in a space and equal to
the time required for the level of a steady sound to decay by 60dB after the sound has
stopped. The decay rate depends on the amount of sound absorption in a room, the room
geometry, and the frequency of the sound.
Reverberation Time Formula: RT = (0.16 x V) divide by A
Where,
V = Volume of space
A = Total absorption (Material Covering Area x Absorption Coefficient)

4.0 CASE STUDY
4.1 Site Study and Zoning
4.2 External Noise Source
Located in a fairly remote part of Bemban, Malacca, the SOCSO Rehabilitation Centre is
located between Jalan Kolej Yayasan Saad and Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan. Since Kolej Yayasan
Saad is located before SOCSO Rehabilitation Centre, vehicle circulation in front of our site is
quite minimal as the other end only consists of a solar farm and an undeveloped road end.
Contrastingly, the back of SOCSO Rehabilitation Centre is the North-South highway where
many high-speed vehicles pass by the site.
But through our observation, SOCSO Rehabilitation Centre is surrounded by lush and thick
greeneries, thus constant audible sound ranges just around 50 to 55 dB, an optimum sound
range for the disables to concentrate on their trainings without any unnecessary
disturbances.
Annotated plan to indicate noise sources

4.3 Interior Noise Sources
4.3.1 SPACE 1: Gymnasium
Inside the SOCSO Rehabilitation Centre’s gymnasium space, we noticed some of the key
activities of patients exercising and trainings with their nurses’ guidance.
From our observation, we noted that the music produced by the speakers have quite a high
sound intensity level in our chosen analysis space, whereas the sound from the gym
equipment and air diffusers are moderate, but noticeable.
Sound produced by human activities are considered low as patients tend to train individually
and independently according to their own pace, thus there was not much human interaction
in the area unless by-standing nurses come to aid.

Some of the most significant noise produced are the electronic equipment present in our
chosen gymnasium area. The one component that constantly produces noise are the
speakers located on corner walls of the room, blasting catchy beats to motivate the patients.
Occasional rings from the phone can be heard as well for the nurses to communicate any
reports of situations. Lastly, electronic gym equipment such as the treadmills can be quite
noticeable when used by patients during operating hours of the day, whereas other
equipment such as the bicycle and lifting training produces little to none noises.

Though moderate, yet noticeable, the noise generated through air diffusers are located at
higher walls can be heard constantly. Noise produce from the air diffusers are related by the
velocity settings of the AHU panels, and for the gymnasium, it was considered set slightly
above average due to the fact that users will experience body heat during a workout. Thus
the higher velocity of conditioned air caused a slightly higher intensity of sound level, yet it is
still not till extend which will distract the users.

4.3.1.3 Human noise
Human interactions are considered low in the gymnasium due to the fact that most users
attended as independent individuals, and not as groups. As so, human communications such
as chats and discussions are very faint, thus overall human noises are low. Only a few
grudges sounds can be heard during their activities.

4.3.2 SPACE 2: Physiology Room
The other chosen area of SOCSO Rehabilitation Centre’s is the Physiology room, located a
block away from the gymnasium. Comparison wise, the sound intensity level of the
Physiology room is slightly higher than the gymnasium, but with dissimilar factors.
From our observation, we noticed that the room ceiling is much lower than the gymnasium,
thus noise reflection is closer and more obvious. The most significant noises are produced by
human noises due to the fact that this particular room consists of many patients interacting
with their nurses. The sound from electronic equipment and air diffusers are too moderate
yet noticeable as well.

Unlike the gymnasium, the physiology room consists of numerous of specialized equipment
that measures and records the patients’ performance, although those are seldom used and
only used on critical phases only, thus they do not contribute much to the noise level of the
area. Other electronic equipment are the phones and computers which occasionally rings
when used by nurses to communicate with other departments.

The ceiling fixed air diffusers present in the physiology room has the similar moderate yet
noticeable noise produced, but not till extend which will distract and affect the patients and
nurses who are using the facilities as communication is still clearly hearable. Additionally, we
observed that the velocity is not as powerful as the gymnasium as not much vigorous
activities present in this block. Thus, a fainter noise is produced in this area.

4.3.2.3 Human noise
For this room, human noise level is considerably higher than the gymnasium due to the
higher amount of patient and nurse interactions. Usually new patients are introduced to this
area first to familiarize themselves to their trainings, thus many nurses are present to guide
and motivate them to push through their limits, and therefore occasional loud grudges
sound may occur in this area of space.

4.4 Tabulation & Interpretation of Data
The colors present in the table represent the respective zones in the colored plan. The
reading were taken at the level of 1m

4.5 Acoustic Fixtures and Specifications
Item Type Treadmill
Product Name Biodex RTM600
Weight 179kg
Sound Pressure Level 70 – 76 dB
Dimension 218cm x 69cm x 137cm
Placement Floor
Item Type Telephone
Product Name Panasonic KX-550B
Weight 495g
Sound Pressure Level 80dB
Dimension 9.6cm x 15cm x 20cm
Placement Table
Item Type Speaker
Product Name JBL CSS-1S/T
Weight 2000g
Dimension 29cm x 15.9cm x 14.3cm
Placement Wall
–
Product Name Air Diffusers
Placement Wall
Item Type Basin
Sound Pressure Level 40 dB
Dimension 47cm x 55 cm
Placement Wall

Item Type Computer Monitor
Product Name HP V241p LED Monitor
Weight 3, 855g
Dimension 55cm x 40cm x 5cm
Placement Table
Item Type Printer
Product Name HP Deskjet 1000 series
Weight 3,600g
Dimension 42.7cm x 30cm x 15.5cm
Placement Table
Item Type Printer
Product Name HP Officejet 4000 series
Weight 6,000g
Dimension 44.5cm x 33cm x 17cm
Placement Wall

4.6 GYMNASIUM CALCULATION
To obtain the intensity of the sound of each noise source in order
By using formula, SIL = 10 log ( I Io )
Where I = the intensity of sound being measured, (W/m2 )
Io = the intensity of the threshold of hearing, taken as 10-12 W/m2

Air diffuser
The maximum sound power level of the air diffuser is 50dB.
SIL = 10 log (
Iac
Io
)
50 = 10 log (
Iac
Io
)
5.0 = log ( Iac / 1 x 10 -12)
105 = ( Iac / 1 x 10 -12)
Iac = 1 x 10 -12 x 105
Iac = 1 x 10 -7
The air diffuser sound intensity is 1 x 10 -7 W/m2
Treadmill Biodex RTM 600
The maximum sound power level of the treadmill is 76dB.
SIL = 10 log (
Itm
Io
)
76 = 10 log (
Itm
Io
)
7.6 = log ( Itm / 1 x 10 -12)
107.6 = ( Itm / 1 x 10 -12)
Itm = 1 x 10-12 x 107.6
Itm = 1 x 10-4.4
The treadmill sound intensity is 1 x 10-4.4 W/m2

Telephone Panasonic KX-550B
The maximum sound power level of the telephone is 80 dB.
SIL = 10 log (
It
Io
)
80 = 10 log (
It
Io
)
8.0 = log ( It / 1 x 10 -12)
108.0 = ( It / 1 x 10 -12)
It = 1 x 10-12 x 108.0
It = 1 x 10-4
The telephone sound intensity is 1 x 10-4 W/m2
Speaker JBL CSS-1S/T
The maximum sound power level of the speaker is 106dB
SIL = 10 log (
Is
Io
)
106 = 10 log (
Is
Io
)
10.6 = log ( Is / 1 x 10 -12)
1010.6 = ( Is / 1 x 10 -12)
Is = 1 x 10-12 x 1010.6
Is = 1 x 10-1.4
The speaker sound intensity is 1 x 10-1.4 W/m2

Basin
The maximum sound power level of the basin is 40 dB
SIL = 10 log (
Ib
Io
)
40 = 10 log (
Ib
Io
)
4.0 = log ( Ib / 1 x 10 -12)
104 = ( Ib / 1 x 10 -12)
Ib = 1 x 10-12 x 104
Ib = 1 x 10-8
The basin sound intensity is 1 x 10-8 W/m2
Human Activities
The maximum sound power level of the human activities is around 60 dB.
SIL = 10 log (
Ir
Io
)
60 = 10 log (
Ir
Io
)
6.0 = log ( Ir / 1 x 10 -12)
106.0 = ( Ir / 1 x 10 -12)
Ir = 1 x 10-12 x 106.0
Ir = 1 x 10-6
The human activities sound intensity is 1 x 10-6 W/m2

4.6.2 THE CALCULATION OF SOUND LEVEL
Air diffuser 1 x 10-7 W/m2
Telephone Panasonic KX-550B 1 x 10-4 W/m2
Basin 1 x 10-8 W/m2
Speaker JBL CSS-1S/T 1 x 10-1.4 W/m2
Treadmill Biodex RTM600 1 x 10-4.4 W/m2
Human Activities 1 x 10-6 W/m2
The sound intensity of all indoor noise sources is calculated beforehand. The sound level of
different zones can be calculated using data shown in table above and these formula,
I = I1 + I2 + I3 +…+ In and SIL = 10 log ( I Io ).

Zone 01: Rowling machine zone
Total intensity = 2 x air duct + 1 telephone + 2 human activities
= 2 x ( 1 x 10 -7) + 1 x 10-4 + 2 x (1 x 10-6 )
= 1.022 x 10 -4 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
SIL = 10 log ( 1.022 X 10-4 / 1 x 10-12)
SIL = 80.10 dB

Zone 02: Bike riding area
Total intensity = 3 x air duct + 1 basin + 1 speaker + 2 human activities
= 3 x ( 1 x 10 -7) + 1 x 10-8 + 1 x 10-8 + 2 x (1 x 10-6 )
= 2.320 x 10 -6
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
SIL = 10 log ( 2.320x10-6 / 1 x 10-12)
SIL = 63.65 dB

Zone 03: Multipurpose machine zone
Total intensity = 1 speaker + 2 human activities
= 1 x 10-8 + 2 x (1 x 10-6 )
= 2.010 x 10-6 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
SIL = 10 log (2.01 x 10-6/ 1 x 10-12)
SIL = 63.03 dB

Zone 04: Treadmill area
Total intensity = 3 treadmill + 2 air duct + 1 speaker
= 3 x ( 1 x 10-4.4) + 2 x ( 1 x 10 -7) + 1 x 10-8
= 1.196 x 10-4 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
SIL = 10 log (1.196 x 10-4 / 1 x 10-12)
SIL = 80.78 dB

4.6.3 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
Zone 1: Rowling machine zone
Highest reading: 74dB
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
74 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
7.4 = log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
107.4 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 1 x 10-12 x 107.4
I1 = 1 x 10-4.6 W/m2
Lowest reading: 58dB
SIL = 10 log (
I2
Io
)
58 = 10 log (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
5.8 = 10 log (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
105.8 = (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
I2 = 1 x 10-12 x 105.8
I2 = 1 x 10-6.2 W/m2
Total intensity, I = 1 x 10-4.6 + 1 x 10-6.2 = 2.57 x 10 -5
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
SIL = 10 log (2.57 x 10 -5/ 1 x 10-12)
SIL = 74.10 dB
The sound intensity level at Zone 1 is 74.10 dB.

Zone 2: Bike riding area
Highest reading: 77 dB
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
77 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
7.7 = log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
107.7 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 1 x 10-12 x 107.7
I1 = 1 x 10-4.3 W/m2
Lowest reading: 63 dB
SIL = 10 log (
I2
Io
)
63 = 10 log (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
6.3 = 10 log (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
106.3 = (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
I2 = 1 x 10-12 x 106.3
I2 = 1 x 10-5.7 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
SIL = 10 log (5.21 x 10 -5/ 1 x 10-12)
SIL = 77.17 dB

Zone 3: Multipurpose machine zone
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
71 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
7.1 = log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
107.1 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 1 x 10-12 x 107.1
I1 = 1 x 10-4.9 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I2
Io
)
54 = 10 log (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
5.4 = 10 log (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
105.4 = (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
I2 = 1 x 10-12 x 105.4
I2 = 1 x 10-6.6 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
SIL = 10 log (1.28 x 10 -5/ 1 x 10-12)
SIL = 71.07 dB

Zone 4: Treadmill area
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
77 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
7.7 = log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
107.7 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 1 x 10-12 x 107.7
I1 = 1 x 10-4.3 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I2
Io
)
62 = 10 log (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
6.2 = 10 log (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
106.2 = (I2 / 1 x 10-12)
I2 = 1 x 10-12 x 106.2
I2 = 1 x 10-5.8 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
SIL = 10 log (5.17 x 10 -5/ 1 x 10-12)
SIL = 77.13 dB

4.6.4 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX CALCULATION
Wall 1
Component Material Colour Finish Surface
Area, m2
Sound
Reduction
Index
(500Hz)
Transmission
Coefficient,
T =
1
log−1 (
R
10
)
Wall Concrete White Smooth 15 50 1 x 10-5
Mirror Glass Transparent Reflective 37.5 26 2.51 x 10-3
Sound Reduction index for each material of wall 1

T0=
(T1 x A1)+ (T2xA2)
A1+A2
T0= (1 x 10-5 x 15.0) + (2.51 x 10-3 x 37.5) / 15.0+37.5
T0= 1.80 x 10-3
R= 10 log (
1
T0
)
R= 10 log (
1
1.80 x 10−3
)
R= 10 log 555.56
R= 27.45 dB
The overall SRI for wall 1 is 27.45 dB

Sound Reduction Index: Wall 2
Area, m2
Sound
Reduction
Index
(500Hz)
Transmission
Coefficient,
T =
1
log−1 (
R
10
)
Wall Concrete White Smooth 33.3 50 1 x 10-5
Door Glass Transparent Reflective 3.0 31 7.94 x 10-4
Window Glass Transparent Reflective 1.2 26 2.51 x 10-3
Sound Reduction index for each material on wall 2

T0=
(T1 x A1)+ (T2xA2)+(T3 x A3)
A1+A2+A3
T0= (1 x 10-5 x 33.3) + (7.94 x 10-4 x 3.0) + (2.51 x 10-3 x 1.2) / 33.3+3.0+1.2
T0= 1.53x10-4
R= 10 log (
1
T0
)
R= 10 log (
1
1.53x10−4
)
R= 10 log 6535.95
R= 38.15 dB

Area, m2
Sound
Reduction
Index
(500Hz)
Transmission
Coefficient,
T =
1
log−1 (
R
10
)

T0=
(T1 x A1)+ (T2xA2)+(T3 x A3)
A1+A2+A3
T0= (1 x 10-5 x 47.7) + (7.94 x 10-4 x 3.0) + (2.51 x 10-3 x 1.8) / 47.7+3.0+1.8
T0= 1.41x10-4
R= 10 log (
1
T0
)
R= 10 log (
1
1.41x10−4
)
R= 10 log 7092.20
R= 38.51 dB

Area, m2
Sound
Reduction
Index
(500Hz)
Transmission
Coefficient,
T =
1
log−1 (
R
10
)
Door Timber Brown Veneer 3.0 24 3.98 x 10-3

T0=
(T1 x A1)+ (T2xA2)
A1+A2
T0= (1 x 10-5 x 19.5) + (3.98 x 10-3x 3.0) / 19.5+3.0
T0= 5.40x10-4
R= 10 log (
1
T0
)
R= 10 log (
1
5.40x10−4
)
R= 10 log 1851.85
R= 32.68 dB

Gymnasium
Compone
nt
Materia
l
Colou
r
Finis
h
Surfac
e
Area,
m2
Absorpti
on
Coefficie
nt
(500Hz)
Sound
Absorpti
on 500Hz
(m2
sabin)
Absorpti
on
Coefficie
nt
(2000Hz)
Sound
Absorpti
on
2000Hz
(m2
sabin)
Wall Concret
e
Whit
e
Smo-
oth
115.5
0
0.05 5.78 0.05 5.78
Ceiling Plaster
Ceiling
Whit
e
Dott
-ed
110.2
5
0.02 2.21 0.04 4.41
Floor Cerami
c Tiles
Blue Smo-
oth
110.2
5
0.01 1.10 0.02 1.10
Door Timber Light
Brow
n
Vene
-er
3.0 0.06 0.18 0.10 0.30
Door Glass Trans
-
paren
t
Refle
- fec-
tive
6.0 0.06 0.36 0.03 0.18
Window Glass Trans
-
paren
t
Refle
- fec-
tive
3.0 0.18 0.54 0.07 0.21
Mirror Glass Trans
-
paren
t
Refle
- fec-
tive
37.5 0.06 2.25 0.03 1.13
People - - - 7 0.46 3.22 0.51 3.57
Total Absorption(A) 15.64 16.68
Sound Absorption of different materials in gymnasium

Reverberation Time when absorption coefficient at 500Hz,
Room volume of Gymnasium, V = 10.5x10.5x5
= 551.25m3
Reverberation Time = (0.16 x V) / A
= (0.16 x 551.25) / 15.64
= 5.64s
Room volume of Gymnasium, V = 10.5x10.5x5
= 551.25m3
= (0.16 x 551.25) / 16.68
= 5.29s

Type of Occupancy &
activities
Recommended Design Sound
Level (dB)
Recommended
Reverberation Time (s)
Gymnasium 35 1.00
In referring to AS/ZS 2107:2000 standard for sound levels and reverberation times for
building interiors. We found out that the recommended design sound level should be
average 35 dB. The recommended reverberation time is 1.00s.
Zones Sound Pressure Level
(dB)
Reverberation Time(s)
500Hz
Reverberation Time(s)
2000Hz
Zone 1:Rowling
machine zone
74.10
5.64 5.29
Zone 2:Bike riding
area
77.17
Zone 3:Multipurpose
machine zone
71.07
Zone 4:Treadmill area 77.13
From the table above, conclusion had been made. All the 4 zones in the gymnasium
do not meet the minimum requirement of the acoustic standard. From the table above,
Zone 2 has the highest sound pressure level due to the amount of furniture, human activities
and external noise source from outdoor. However, Zone 3 has lowest sound pressure level
due to lacking of human activities and there is no air diffuser locate on the top of the zone.
Recommended reverberation time for gymnasium (<750m3) is 1.00s. However, the
reverberation time in this gymnasium is around 5.00s which does not meet the minimum
requirement. This is due to the materials cannot absorb sounds efficiently or this space is too
large with too less sound absorption materials.
In conclusion, the gymnasium area in this building is huge leap the acoustic standard.
Some improvement should be taken to lower down the sound pressure level in this
gymnasium.

4.8 PHYSIOTHERAPY CALCULATION
To obtain the intensity of the sound of each noise source in order
By using formula, SIL = 10 log ( I Io )
BASIN
The maximum sound power level of the basin is 40 dB
SIL = 10 log (
Ib
Io
)
40 = 10 log (
Ib
Io
)
4.0 = log ( Ib / 1 x 10 -12)
104 = ( Ib / 1 x 10 -12)
Ib = 1 x 10-12 x 104
Ib = 1 x 10-8
The basin sound intensity is 1 x 10-8 W/m2
AIR SUPPLY DIFFUSER
The maximum sound power level of the diffuser is 50dB.
SIL = 10 log (
Iac
Io
)
50 = 10 log (
Iac
Io
)
5.0 = log ( Iac / 1 x 10 -12)
105 = ( Iac / 1 x 10 -12)
Iac = 1 x 10 -12 x 105
Iac = 1 x 10 -7
The air duct sound intensity is 1 x 10 -7 W/m2

TELEPHONE
The maximum sound power level of the telephone is 80 dB.
SIL = 10 log (
It
Io
)
80 = 10 log (
It
Io
)
8.0 = log ( It / 1 x 10 -12)
108.0 = ( It / 1 x 10 -12)
It = 1 x 10-12 x 108.0
It = 1 x 10-4
The telephone sound intensity is 1 x 10-4 W/m2
COMPUTER
The maximum sound power level of the computer is 35 dB.
SIL = 10 log (
Ic
Io
)
35 = 10 log (
Ic
Io
)
3.5 = log ( Ic / 1 x 10 -12)
103.5 = ( Ic / 1 x 10 -12)
Ic = 1 x 10-12 x 103.5
Ic = 1 x 10-8.5
The computer sound intensity is 1 x 10-8.5 W/m2

HP DESKJET PRINTER
The maximum sound power level of the deskjet printer is 50 dB.
SIL = 10 log (
Ip
Io
)
50 = 10 log (
Ip
Io
)
5.0 = log ( Ip / 1 x 10 -12)
105.0 = ( Ip / 1 x 10 -12)
Idp = 1 x 10-12 x 105.0
Idp = 1 x 10-7
The deskjet printer sound intensity is 1 x 10-7 W/m2
HP OFFICEJET PRINTER
The maximum sound power level of the officejet printer is 55 dB.
SIL = 10 log (
Ip
Io
)
55 = 10 log (
Ip
Io
)
5.5 = log ( Ip / 1 x 10 -12)
105.5 = ( Ip / 1 x 10 -12)
Iop = 1 x 10-12 x 105.5
Iop = 1 x 10-6.5
The officejet printer sound intensity is 1 x 10-6.5 W/m2
Human Activity
The maximum sound power level of the human activity is 50 dB.
SIL = 10 log (
Iha
Io
)
60 = 10 log (
Iha
Io
)
6.0 = log ( Iha / 1 x 10 -12)
106.0 = ( Iha / 1 x 10 -12)
Idp = 1 x 10-12 x 106.0
Idp = 1 x 10-6
The human activity sound intensity is 1 x 10-6 W/m2

4.8.2 CALCULATION OF SOUND LEVEL
Calculate to obtain the sound level in different zones to compare with the collected data.
Indoor Noise Sources Sound Intensity (w/m2)
Basin, Ib 1 x 10-8 W/m2
Air Supply Diffuser, Iac 1 x 10 -7 W/m2
Telephone, It 1 x 10 -4 W/m2
Computer, Ic 1 x 10 -8.5 W/m2
HP Deskjet Printer, Idp 1 x 10 -7 W/m2
HP Officejet Printer, Iop 1 x 10 -6.5 W/m2
Human Activity, Iha 1 x 10 -6 W/m2
The sound intensity of all indoor noise sources is calculated beforehand. The sound level of
different zones can be calculated using data shown in table above and these formulas,
I = I1+I2+I3+…+In and SIL = 10 log (
1
10
)
Where I = the intensity of sound being measured, (W/m2)
Io = the intensity of threshold of hearing, taken as 10-12 W/m2

Zone 1 : Robotic Gait Area (Worst case scenario)
(1 x Basin) + (10 x Air Diffuser) + (2 x Telephone) + (1 x Computer) + (1 x Officejet Printer) + (4
x Human Activity)
Total intensity, I = (1 x Ib) + (10 x Iac) + (2 x It) + (1 x Ic) + (1 x Iop) + (4 x Iha)
= (1 x 1 x 10-8) + (10 x 1 x 10 -7) + (2 x 1 x 10 -4) + (1 x 1 x 10 -8.5) +
(1 x 1 x 10 -6.5) + (4 x 1 x 10 -6)
= 2.05 x 10-4 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
= 10 log (2.05 x 10-4 / 1 x 10-12)
= 83.12 dB
Hence, the sound intensity level in this area is 83.12 dB.

Zone 2 : Open Therapy Area (Worst case scenario)
(2 x Basin) + (5 x Air Diffuser) + (1 x Computer) + (1 x Deskjet Printer) + (4 x Human Activity)
Total intensity, I = (2 x Ib) + (5 x Iac) + (1 x Ic) + (1 x Idp) + (4 x Iha)
= (2 x 1 x 10-8) + (5 x 1 x 10 -7) + (1 x 1 x 10 -8.5) +(1 x 1 x 10 -7) + (4 x 1 x 10 -6)
= 4.62 x 10-6 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
= 10 log (4.62 x 10-6 / 1 x 10-12)
= 66.65 dB

Zone 3 : Staff Base Area (Worst case scenario)
(1 x Basin) + (2 x Air Diffuser) + (2 x Telephone) + (3 x Computer) + (1 x Human Activity)
Total intensity, I = (1 x Ib) + (2 x Iac) + (2 x It) + (3 x Ic) + (1 x Iha)
= (1 x 1 x 10-8) + (2 x 1 x 10 -7) + (2 x 1 x 10 -4) + (3 x 1 x 10 -8.5) + (1 x 1 x 10 -6)
= 2.01x10-4 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
= 10 log (2.01 x 10-4 / 1 x 10-12)
= 83.03 dB

Zone 4 : Neuro Assessment Area (Worst case scenario)
(1 x Air Diffuser) + (1x Computer) + (1 x Human Activity)
Total intensity, I = (1 x Iac) + (1 x Ic) + (1 x Iha)
= (1 x 1 x 10 -7) + (1 x 1 x 10 -8.5) + (1 x 1 x 10 -6)
= 1.01x10-6 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
= 10 log (1.01x10-6 / 1 x 10-12)
= 60.04 dB

Zone 1 : Robotic Gait Area
Highest Reading : 68 dB
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
68 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
106.8 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 106.8 x 1 x 10-12
I1 = 6.31 x 10-6 W/m2
Lowest Reading : 51
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
51 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
105.1 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 105.1 x 1 x 10-12
I1 = 1.26 x 10-7 W/m2
Total Intensity,
I = (6.31 x 10-6) + (1.26 x 10-7)
= 6.44 x 10-6 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
= 10 log (6.44 x 10-6 / 1 x 10-12)
= 68.09 dB
The sound intensity level at Robotic Gait Area (Zone 1) is 68.09 dB.

Zone 2 : Open Therapy Area
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
68 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
106.8 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 106.8 x 1 x 10-12
I1 = 6.31 x 10-6 W/m2
Lowest Reading : 52
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
52 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
105.2 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 105.2 x 1 x 10-12
I1 = 1.59 x 10-7 W/m2
Total Intensity,
I = (6.31 x 10-6) + (1.59 x 10-7)
= 6.47 x 10-6 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
= 10 log (6.47 x 10-6 / 1 x 10-12)
= 68.11 dB
The sound intensity level at Open Therapy Area (Zone 2) is 68.11 dB.

Zone 3 : Staff Base Area
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
63 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
106.3 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 106.3 x 1 x 10-12
I1 = 2.00 x 10-6 W/m2
Lowest Reading : 51
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
51 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
105.1 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 105.1 x 1 x 10-12
I1 = 1.26 x 10-7 W/m2
Total Intensity,
I = (2.00 x 10-6) + (1.26 x 10-7)
= 2.13 x 10-6 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
= 10 log (2.13 x 10-6 / 1 x 10-12)
= 63.28 dB
The sound intensity level at Staff Base Area (Zone 3) is 63.28 dB.

Zone 4 : Neuro Assessment Area
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
68 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
106.8 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 106.8 x 1 x 10-12
I1 = 6.31 x 10-6 W/m2
Lowest Reading : 56
SIL = 10 log (
I1
Io
)
56 = 10 log (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
105.6 = (I1 / 1 x 10-12)
I1 = 105.6 x 1 x 10-12
I1 = 3.98 x 10-7 W/m2
Total Intensity,
I = (6.31 x 10-6) + (3.98 x 10-7)
= 6.71 x 10-6 W/m2
SIL = 10 log (
I
Io
)
= 10 log (6.71 x 10-6 / 1 x 10-12)
= 68.27 dB
The sound intensity level at Neuro Assessment Area (Zone 4) is 68.27 dB.

4.8.4 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX CALCULATION
Wall 1
Component Material Color Finish Surface
Area,m2
Sound
Reduction
Index
(500Hz)
Transmission
Coefficient, T
T=
𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈−𝟏
(
𝑹
𝟏𝟎
)
Wall Concrete Light blue Smooth 54.36 50 1.00 x 10-5

T0 =
( 𝑇1 𝑥 𝐴1)+(𝑇2 𝑥 𝐴2)
𝐴1+𝐴2
T0 = (1.00 x 10-5 x 54.36) + (2.51 x 10-3 x 1.44) / 54.36 + 1.44
= 4.16 x 10-3 / 55.8
= 7.46 x 10-5
SRI = 10 log (
1
𝑇0
)
= 10 log (1 / 7.46 x 10-5)
= 41.27 dB
Hence, the overall SRI is 41.27 dB.

Wall 2
Area,m2
Sound
Reduction
Index
(500Hz)
Transmission
Coefficient, T
T=
𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈−𝟏
(
𝑹
𝟏𝟎
)
Wall Concrete White Smooth 38.25 50 1.00 x 10-5

T0 =
( 𝑇1 𝑥 𝐴1)+(𝑇2 𝑥 𝐴2)
𝐴1+𝐴2
T0 = (1.00 x 10-5 x 38.25) + (7.94 x 10-4 x 3.6) / 38.25 + 3.6
= 3.24 x 10-3 / 41.85
= 7.74 x 10-5
SRI = 10 log (
1
𝑇0
)
= 10 log (1 / 7.74 x 10-5)
= 41.11 dB

Wall 3
Area,m2
Sound
Reduction
Index
(500Hz)
Transmission
Coefficient, T
T=
𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈−𝟏
(
𝑹
𝟏𝟎
)
Wall Concrete White Smooth 45 50 1.00 x 10-5

T0 =
( 𝑇1 𝑥 𝐴1)+(𝑇2 𝑥 𝐴2)
𝐴1+𝐴2
T0 = (1.00 x 10-5 x 45) + (2.51 x 10-3 x 10.8) / 45 + 10.8
= 0.028 / 55.8
= 5.02 x 10-4
SRI = 10 log (
1
𝑇0
)
= 10 log (1 / 5.02 x 10-4)
= 32.99 dB

Wall 4
Area,m2
Sound
Reduction
Index
(500Hz)
Transmission
Coefficient, T
T=
𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈−𝟏
(
𝑹
𝟏𝟎
)
Wall Concrete White Smooth 7.5 50 1.00 x 10-5
Door Timber Light Brown Smooth 1.8 24 3.98 x 10-3

T0 =
( 𝑇1 𝑥 𝐴1)+(𝑇2 𝑥 𝐴2)
𝐴1+𝐴2
T0 = (1.00 x 10-5 x 7.5) + (3.98 x 10-3 x 1.8) / 7.5 + 1.8
= 7.24 x 10-3 / 9.3
= 7.79 x 10-4
SRI = 10 log (
1
𝑇0
)
= 10 log (1 / 7.79 x 10-4)
= 31.09 dB

4.8.5 REVERBERATION TIME CALCULATION
Room volume of Gymnasium, V = 13.5x18x3.1
= 753.3m3
= (0.16 x 753.3) / 21.68
= 5.56s
Room volume of Gymnasium, V = 13.5x18x3.1
= 753.3m3
= (0.16 x 753.3) / 28.09
= 4.29s
Componen
t
Material Color Finish Surfac
e Area,
m2
Absorptio
n
Coefficien
t
(500Hz)
Sound
Absorptio
n
(500Hz)
(m2 sabin)
Absorptio
n
Coefficien
t
(2000Hz)
Sound
Absorptio
n
(200Hz)
(m2 sabin)
Wall Concret
e
White,
Light Blue
Smooth 145.11 0.05 7.26 0.05 7.26
Ceiling Plaster
Ceiling
White Dotted 243 0.02 4.86 0.04 9.72
Floor Ceramic
Tiles
Blue Veneer 243 0.01 2.43 0.02 4.86
Door Timber Light
Brown
Veneer 1.8 0.06 0.11 0.10 0.18
Door Glass Transparen
t
Reflectiv
e
3.6 0.06 0.22 0.03 0.11
Window Glass Transparen
t
Reflectiv
e
12.24 0.18 2.2 0.07 0.86
People - - - 10 0.46 4.6 0.51 5.1
Total Absorption (A) 21.68 28.09

4.9 Acoustic Analysis for Physiotherapy
Type of Occupancy &
activities
Recommended Design
Sound Level (dB)
Recommended
Reverberation Time (s)
Physiotherapy 30 1.00 - 1.25
Table 4.2.6l: AS/NZS 2107:2000
In referring to AS/NZS 2107:2000 standard for sound levels and reverberation times for
building interiors. We found out that the recommended design sound level should be 40-
45dB range. As for the recommended reverberation time is 0.4 to 0.6s.
Zones Sound Pressure
Level (dB)
Reverberation
Time 500Hz (S)
Reverberation Time
2000Hz (S)
1 : Robotic Gait Area 68.09
5.56 4.29
2 : Open Therapy
Area
68.11
3 : Staff Base Area 63.28
4 : Neuro Assessment
Area
68.27
From the summary table above, we can conclude that all the 4 zones in the
Physiotherapy Room exceeds and even doubled up the minimum requirement of the
acoustic standard.
From the table, the Neuro Assessment Area is the one with the highest sound
pressure level. This is because there are 3 sides of walls covering it, where other spaces only
covered by 2 sides of walls. This cause the area become more enclosed and thus with higher
Sound Pressure. Besides, the Staff Base Area is the one having the lowest sound pressure
level. This is due to the fact that they are open space instead of enclosed space like the zone
4, Neuro Assessment Area.
As a conclusion, the Physiotherapy Room is designed in an open plan manners, all the zones
are connected and function as multipurpose. From the table we can understand that, the
sound pressure level in this room is actually greatly higher than the recommended standard.
In a nutshell, improvement such as acoustic ceiling and wall panel can be installed to better
improve the acoustic environment of the office.

5.0 Reference
Z. Maekawa, & P. Lord. (1994). Environmental and Architectural Acoustics. London: E &FN
Spon.
Salvan, G. S. (1999). Architectural Utilies 3. Quezon City: JMC Press.
Sound Is A Pressure Wave. (2015). Retrieved from The Physics Classroom:
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-1/Sound-is-a-PressureWave
Physics Communication Using Waves. (2014). Retrieved from BBC:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/physics/telecommunications/communi
cation_using_waves/revision/5/
M. B. (2010). Acoustics and Architectural Design. Taylor & Francis e-Library: New York
L. M. (2014). Architectural Acoustics. USA: Elsevier Inc.
Brooks, C. N. (2003). Architectural Acoustics. US: McFarland Company, Inc.
Absorption Coefficient Chart - Soundproof Your Home. (n.d.). Retrieved May 31, 2016, from
http://soundproofyourhome.com/absorption-coefficient-chart/

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