SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  20
Jaycris C.
Agnes
Made Easy for
Anatomy and
Physiology Students
2.
Skeletal System
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the discussion the students must be able to:
• Enumerate the major roles of skeletal system and its parts,
• Explain the process of bone formation, remodelling, repair and
aging; and
• Acclaim the roles of skeletal system to human survival.
Topic Outline:
I. Function of Skeletal System
a. Bones
b. Cartilages
c. Tendons and Ligaments
d. Joints
II. General Features of Bone
a. Parts of Bone
b. Bone Cells
c. Bone Surface Markings
d. Bone Ossification, Remodelling and Repair
e. Types of Bones
III. General Consideration of Bone Anatomy
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
3.
a. Division of Human Skeleton
IV. Bone and Calcium Homeostasis
V. Articulation
VI. Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System
I. Function of the Skeletal System
A. Bones
Mechanical
• Protection — bones can serve to protect internal organs, such as the skull protecting
the brain or the ribs protecting the heart and lungs.
• Structure — bones provide a frame to keep the body supported.
• Movement — bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints function together to
generate and transfer forces so that individual body parts or the whole body can be
manipulated in three-dimensional space. The interaction between bone and muscle is studied
in biomechanics.
• Sound transduction — bones are important in the mechanical aspect of overshadowed hearing.
Synthetic
• Blood production — the marrow, located within the medullary cavity of long bones and
interstices of cancellous bone, produces blood cells in a process called hematopoiesis.
Metabolic
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
4.
• Mineral storage — bones act as reserves of minerals important for the body, most
notably calcium and phosphorus.
• Growth factor storage — mineralized bone matrix stores important growth factors such
as insulin-like growth factors, transforming growth factor, bone morphogenetic proteins and
others.
• Fat storage — the yellow bone marrow acts as a storage reserve of fatty acids.
• Acid-base balance — bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or
releasing alkaline salts.
• Detoxification — bone tissues can also store heavy metals and other foreign elements, removing
them from the blood and reducing their effects on other tissues. These can later be gradually
released for excretion.
• Endocrine organ — bone controls phosphate metabolism by releasing fibroblast growth factor –
23 (FGF-23), which acts on kidneys to reduce phosphate reabsorption. Bone cells also release a
hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) and fat
deposition. Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to
boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat.
B. Cartilage
• Cartilage provides a model for bone growth and formation, provides a smooth cushion between
adjacent bones, and provides firm and flexible support.
C. Tendons and Ligaments
• Tendons attach muscles to bones, and ligaments attach bones to bones.
D. Joints
• Joints allow movement between bones.
II. General Features of the Bone
A. Parts of Bone
Major Parts of the Bone:
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
5.Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
Compact Bone
Compact bone makes up the
outer layer of all bones. Although
it looks dense and solid, It is full
of holes for nerves and blood vessels.
Spongy Bone
Spongy bone contains flat
and needlelike structures
that resist stress. Red bone
marrow may fill the open
spaces in some bones.
Central Cavity
Central cavities in long
bones usually contain
yellow bone marrow (fat).
Outer Membrane
An outer membrane
covers most of a long bone.
The inner portion of a membrane
contains cells that build up and
breakdown bone.
6.
B. Bone Cells
There are several types of cells constituting the typical bone:
 Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
7.
• Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
• Bone-destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
C. Bone Surface Markings
Bones have characteristic surface markings
Structural features adapted for specific functions
There are two major types of surface markings:
1) Depressions and openings
Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves or form joints
2) Processes
Projections or outgrowths that form joints or serve as attachment
points for ligaments and tendons
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
8.
D. Bone Ossification, Remodelling and Repair
 Bone Ossification
The formation of bone during the fetal stage of development occurs by two
processes: Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
Intramembranous ossification
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
9.
Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull but also the
mandible, maxilla, and clavicles; the bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue
rather than from cartilage. The steps in intramembranous ossification are:
1. Development of ossification center
2. Calcification
3. Formation of trabeculae
4. Development of periosteum
Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification, on the other hand, occurs in long bones and most of the rest of the bones in
the body; it involves an initial hyaline cartilage that continues to grow. The steps in endochondral
ossification are:
1. Development of cartilage model
2. Growth of cartilage model
3. Development of the primary ossification center
4. Development of the secondary ossification center
5. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
 Remodelling
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
10.
Bone remodelling consists of removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new
bone by osteoblasts.
 Repair
During bone repair, cells move into the damaged area and form a callus, which is replaced by
bone.
E. Types of Bone
Long Bones
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
11.
• Greater length than width and are slightly curved for
strength
• Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges
Short bones
• Cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and
width
• Carpal, tarsal
Flat bones
• Thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates
of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of
spongy bone tissue
• Cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulae
Irregular bones
• Complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any
of the previous categories
• Vertebrae, hip bones, some facial bones,
calcaneus
Sesamoid bones
• Protect tendons from excessive wear and tear
• Patellae, foot, hand
III. General Consideration of Bone Anatomy
A. Division of Human Skeleton
• The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones
• Bones of the skeleton are grouped into two principal divisions:
Axial skeleton
 Consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body
 Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum
(breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
 Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities), plus the
bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
12.Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
13.Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
14.
IV. Bone and Calcium Homeostasis
1. Osteoclasts remove calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to increase.
2. Osteoblasts deposit calcium into bone, causing blood calcium levels to decrease.
3. Parathyroid hormones increases bone breakdown, whereas calcitonin decreases bone
breakdown.
V. Articulations
An articulation, or joint, is a place where two bones come together.
A. Kinds of Joint based on movement:
 Synarthrosis - non movable joints
 Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable joints
 Diarthrosis - freely movable joints
B. Kinds of Joint based on structural connection:
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
15.
 Fibrous Joints - consist of two bones that are united by fibrous tissue and that are
united by fibrous tissue and that exhibit little or no movement.
 Sutures are fibrous joints between the bones of skull.
 Syndesmoses are fibrous joints in which the bones are separated by some distance and
are held together by ligaments. An example is the fibrous membrane connecting most of
the distal parts of the radius and ulna.
 Gomphoses consist of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments. The joint
between a tooth and its sockets is a gomphosis.
 Cartilaginous Joints - unite two bones by means of cartilage. Only slight movement can
occur at these joints
.
 Examples are the cartilage in the epiphyseal plates of growing long bones and the
cartilages between the ribs and the sternum.
 Synovial Joints - are freely
movable joints that contain
synovial fluid in cavity
surrounding the ends of
articulating bones.
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
16.
• Kinds of Synovial Joints:
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
17.
C. Types of Movement
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
18.Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
19.
VI. Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints
1. Bone matrix becomes more brittle and decreases in total amount during aging.
2. Joints lose articular cartilage and become less flexible.
______________________________________________________________________________
Submitted to
Ms. Jaydee S.M. de Leon
Anatomy and Physiology Professor
Bibliography:
• en.wikipedia.org/Bone%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free
%20encyclopedia.htm
• en.wikipedia.org/Human%20skeleton%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free
%20encyclopedia.htm
• John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
20.
• Starr, Cecie. (2008) Human Biology 7th
Edition. Thomson Learning.
• Bryan H. Derrickson; Tortora, Gerard J. (2005). Principles of
anatomy and physiology. New York: Wiley
• Seeleys et al, Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. 6th
edition
Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC

Contenu connexe

Tendances (20)

The skeleton system overview
The skeleton system overview The skeleton system overview
The skeleton system overview
 
The Skeletal System - Chapter 6
The Skeletal System - Chapter 6The Skeletal System - Chapter 6
The Skeletal System - Chapter 6
 
Basics of skeletal system
Basics of skeletal systemBasics of skeletal system
Basics of skeletal system
 
Skeletal System Notes
Skeletal System NotesSkeletal System Notes
Skeletal System Notes
 
APU4.3 Skeleton System (Bone Formation & Growth)
APU4.3 Skeleton System (Bone Formation & Growth)APU4.3 Skeleton System (Bone Formation & Growth)
APU4.3 Skeleton System (Bone Formation & Growth)
 
Anatomy of bone and Cartilage
Anatomy of bone and CartilageAnatomy of bone and Cartilage
Anatomy of bone and Cartilage
 
LT4.1 Introduction to the Skeletal System
LT4.1 Introduction to the Skeletal SystemLT4.1 Introduction to the Skeletal System
LT4.1 Introduction to the Skeletal System
 
Lecture bone structure & markings #2clas
Lecture bone structure & markings #2clasLecture bone structure & markings #2clas
Lecture bone structure & markings #2clas
 
Bone physiology and calcium homeostasis
Bone physiology and calcium homeostasisBone physiology and calcium homeostasis
Bone physiology and calcium homeostasis
 
Bone ppt
Bone pptBone ppt
Bone ppt
 
Bone phisiology
Bone phisiologyBone phisiology
Bone phisiology
 
Bone presentation
Bone presentationBone presentation
Bone presentation
 
Anatomy of bones
Anatomy of bones Anatomy of bones
Anatomy of bones
 
The Human Skeleton
The Human SkeletonThe Human Skeleton
The Human Skeleton
 
Gross structure of adult long bone
Gross structure of adult long boneGross structure of adult long bone
Gross structure of adult long bone
 
Skeletal System
Skeletal SystemSkeletal System
Skeletal System
 
APU4.1 Skeleton System Introduction
APU4.1 Skeleton System IntroductionAPU4.1 Skeleton System Introduction
APU4.1 Skeleton System Introduction
 
Bone Growth & Development by Kerstin Karen Vicente, RN
Bone Growth & Development by Kerstin Karen Vicente, RNBone Growth & Development by Kerstin Karen Vicente, RN
Bone Growth & Development by Kerstin Karen Vicente, RN
 
BONE BONE
BONE BONEBONE BONE
BONE BONE
 
Bone introduction 2
Bone introduction 2Bone introduction 2
Bone introduction 2
 

Similaire à Skeletal System Hand Out

Parts of adult & young bone, 123
Parts of adult & young bone, 123Parts of adult & young bone, 123
Parts of adult & young bone, 123Fati Naqvi
 
Bonetissuetoskeletalsystemppt 110126162139-phpapp02
Bonetissuetoskeletalsystemppt 110126162139-phpapp02Bonetissuetoskeletalsystemppt 110126162139-phpapp02
Bonetissuetoskeletalsystemppt 110126162139-phpapp02IICCAA
 
1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx
1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx
1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptxthiru murugan
 
Anatomy and Physiology on the musculoskeletal system
Anatomy and Physiology on the musculoskeletal system Anatomy and Physiology on the musculoskeletal system
Anatomy and Physiology on the musculoskeletal system DR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
 
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiology
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologyThe musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiology
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
 
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formation
Bones and its structure in detail with  two different form of bone formationBones and its structure in detail with  two different form of bone formation
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formationbhartisharma175
 
Muskloskeletal physiology mbbs 4 batch [6]
Muskloskeletal physiology mbbs 4 batch [6]Muskloskeletal physiology mbbs 4 batch [6]
Muskloskeletal physiology mbbs 4 batch [6]Ayub Abdi
 
Skelton system poster
Skelton system posterSkelton system poster
Skelton system posterPankajGujjar
 
Bone tissue to skeletal system ppt
Bone tissue to skeletal system pptBone tissue to skeletal system ppt
Bone tissue to skeletal system pptDevron Jeko
 
Chap07 Bone Tissue
Chap07 Bone TissueChap07 Bone Tissue
Chap07 Bone Tissuekevperrino
 
Anatomy of the Bones by Dr Niazur Rahman
Anatomy of the Bones by Dr Niazur RahmanAnatomy of the Bones by Dr Niazur Rahman
Anatomy of the Bones by Dr Niazur RahmanS M Niazur Rahman
 

Similaire à Skeletal System Hand Out (20)

skeletal system
skeletal systemskeletal system
skeletal system
 
Parts of adult & young bone, 123
Parts of adult & young bone, 123Parts of adult & young bone, 123
Parts of adult & young bone, 123
 
Bonetissuetoskeletalsystemppt 110126162139-phpapp02
Bonetissuetoskeletalsystemppt 110126162139-phpapp02Bonetissuetoskeletalsystemppt 110126162139-phpapp02
Bonetissuetoskeletalsystemppt 110126162139-phpapp02
 
Dental crown & bridge courses
Dental crown & bridge coursesDental crown & bridge courses
Dental crown & bridge courses
 
1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx
1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx
1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx
 
Bone
BoneBone
Bone
 
Anatomy and Physiology on the musculoskeletal system
Anatomy and Physiology on the musculoskeletal system Anatomy and Physiology on the musculoskeletal system
Anatomy and Physiology on the musculoskeletal system
 
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiology
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologyThe musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiology
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiology
 
Human skeleton
Human skeletonHuman skeleton
Human skeleton
 
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formation
Bones and its structure in detail with  two different form of bone formationBones and its structure in detail with  two different form of bone formation
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formation
 
A and P Osseous tissue
A and P Osseous tissueA and P Osseous tissue
A and P Osseous tissue
 
AHP Unit2.pptx
AHP Unit2.pptxAHP Unit2.pptx
AHP Unit2.pptx
 
Muskloskeletal physiology mbbs 4 batch [6]
Muskloskeletal physiology mbbs 4 batch [6]Muskloskeletal physiology mbbs 4 batch [6]
Muskloskeletal physiology mbbs 4 batch [6]
 
Skeletal system
Skeletal systemSkeletal system
Skeletal system
 
Skelton system poster
Skelton system posterSkelton system poster
Skelton system poster
 
Bone tissue to skeletal system ppt
Bone tissue to skeletal system pptBone tissue to skeletal system ppt
Bone tissue to skeletal system ppt
 
Bone tissue
Bone tissueBone tissue
Bone tissue
 
Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Chapter 6
Chapter 6
 
Chap07 Bone Tissue
Chap07 Bone TissueChap07 Bone Tissue
Chap07 Bone Tissue
 
Anatomy of the Bones by Dr Niazur Rahman
Anatomy of the Bones by Dr Niazur RahmanAnatomy of the Bones by Dr Niazur Rahman
Anatomy of the Bones by Dr Niazur Rahman
 

Plus de Jaycris Agnes

Bio 034 hand-out 2 - Characteristics of Life & Chemistry of Life
Bio 034 hand-out 2 - Characteristics of Life & Chemistry of LifeBio 034 hand-out 2 - Characteristics of Life & Chemistry of Life
Bio 034 hand-out 2 - Characteristics of Life & Chemistry of LifeJaycris Agnes
 
Bio 034 hand-out 1 - Timeline of Biology
Bio 034 hand-out 1 - Timeline of BiologyBio 034 hand-out 1 - Timeline of Biology
Bio 034 hand-out 1 - Timeline of BiologyJaycris Agnes
 
Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection
Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection
Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection Jaycris Agnes
 
Types of Chemical Reaction - Classroom Discussion
Types of Chemical Reaction - Classroom DiscussionTypes of Chemical Reaction - Classroom Discussion
Types of Chemical Reaction - Classroom DiscussionJaycris Agnes
 
Resume Sample For Teachers
Resume Sample For TeachersResume Sample For Teachers
Resume Sample For TeachersJaycris Agnes
 
Infectious diseases of the circulatory system
Infectious diseases of the circulatory systemInfectious diseases of the circulatory system
Infectious diseases of the circulatory systemJaycris Agnes
 
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Terrestrial EcosystemTerrestrial Ecosystem
Terrestrial EcosystemJaycris Agnes
 
Hypersensitivity with AIDS .
Hypersensitivity with AIDS .Hypersensitivity with AIDS .
Hypersensitivity with AIDS .Jaycris Agnes
 
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Terrestrial EcosystemsTerrestrial Ecosystems
Terrestrial EcosystemsJaycris Agnes
 
Microbiology drill 2
Microbiology drill 2Microbiology drill 2
Microbiology drill 2Jaycris Agnes
 
Anatomy and physiology reviewer
Anatomy and physiology reviewerAnatomy and physiology reviewer
Anatomy and physiology reviewerJaycris Agnes
 
Teaching with visual symbols report
Teaching with visual symbols reportTeaching with visual symbols report
Teaching with visual symbols reportJaycris Agnes
 
Gene Mutation - Genetics
Gene Mutation - GeneticsGene Mutation - Genetics
Gene Mutation - GeneticsJaycris Agnes
 

Plus de Jaycris Agnes (18)

Bio 034 hand-out 2 - Characteristics of Life & Chemistry of Life
Bio 034 hand-out 2 - Characteristics of Life & Chemistry of LifeBio 034 hand-out 2 - Characteristics of Life & Chemistry of Life
Bio 034 hand-out 2 - Characteristics of Life & Chemistry of Life
 
Bio 034 hand-out 1 - Timeline of Biology
Bio 034 hand-out 1 - Timeline of BiologyBio 034 hand-out 1 - Timeline of Biology
Bio 034 hand-out 1 - Timeline of Biology
 
Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection
Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection
Ecological Genetics: Adaptation and Natural Selection
 
Types of Chemical Reaction - Classroom Discussion
Types of Chemical Reaction - Classroom DiscussionTypes of Chemical Reaction - Classroom Discussion
Types of Chemical Reaction - Classroom Discussion
 
Resume Sample For Teachers
Resume Sample For TeachersResume Sample For Teachers
Resume Sample For Teachers
 
Infectious diseases of the circulatory system
Infectious diseases of the circulatory systemInfectious diseases of the circulatory system
Infectious diseases of the circulatory system
 
Terrestrial Ecosystem
Terrestrial EcosystemTerrestrial Ecosystem
Terrestrial Ecosystem
 
Hypersensitivity with AIDS .
Hypersensitivity with AIDS .Hypersensitivity with AIDS .
Hypersensitivity with AIDS .
 
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Terrestrial EcosystemsTerrestrial Ecosystems
Terrestrial Ecosystems
 
Microbacterias
MicrobacteriasMicrobacterias
Microbacterias
 
Microbiology drill 2
Microbiology drill 2Microbiology drill 2
Microbiology drill 2
 
Anatomy and physiology reviewer
Anatomy and physiology reviewerAnatomy and physiology reviewer
Anatomy and physiology reviewer
 
Teaching with visual symbols report
Teaching with visual symbols reportTeaching with visual symbols report
Teaching with visual symbols report
 
O.S. - ITE009
O.S. - ITE009O.S. - ITE009
O.S. - ITE009
 
Software- ITE009
Software- ITE009Software- ITE009
Software- ITE009
 
Gene Mutation - Genetics
Gene Mutation - GeneticsGene Mutation - Genetics
Gene Mutation - Genetics
 
Meiosis
MeiosisMeiosis
Meiosis
 
Gene Mutation
Gene Mutation Gene Mutation
Gene Mutation
 

Dernier

Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)
Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)
Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)tazeenaila12
 
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdf
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdfPDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdf
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdfHajeJanKamps
 
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsEntrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsP&CO
 
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês  em formato pptPlano de marketing- inglês  em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato pptElizangelaSoaresdaCo
 
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toLecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toumarfarooquejamali32
 
Trauma Training Service for First Responders
Trauma Training Service for First RespondersTrauma Training Service for First Responders
Trauma Training Service for First RespondersBPOQe
 
Scrum Events & How to run them effectively
Scrum Events & How to run them effectivelyScrum Events & How to run them effectively
Scrum Events & How to run them effectivelyMarianna Nakou
 
Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet- 2024
 Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet-  2024 Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet-  2024
Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet- 2024Stephan Koning
 
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor PresentationMoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentationbaron83
 
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsUpgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsIntellect Design Arena Ltd
 
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.mcshagufta46
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.uk7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.ukaroemirsr
 
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Winbusinessin
 
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig OnlineTo Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Onlinelng ths
 
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the company
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the companyAmazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the company
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the companyfashionfound007
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Lviv Startup Club
 
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003believeminhh
 

Dernier (20)

Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)
Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)
Harvard Business Review.pptx | Navigating Labor Unrest (March-April 2024)
 
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdf
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdfPDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdf
PDT 88 - 4 million seed - Seed - Protecto.pdf
 
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizationsEntrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
Entrepreneurship & organisations: influences and organizations
 
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês  em formato pptPlano de marketing- inglês  em formato ppt
Plano de marketing- inglês em formato ppt
 
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb toLecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
Lecture_6.pptx English speaking easyb to
 
Trauma Training Service for First Responders
Trauma Training Service for First RespondersTrauma Training Service for First Responders
Trauma Training Service for First Responders
 
Scrum Events & How to run them effectively
Scrum Events & How to run them effectivelyScrum Events & How to run them effectively
Scrum Events & How to run them effectively
 
Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet- 2024
 Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet-  2024 Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet-  2024
Building Your Personal Brand on LinkedIn - Expert Planet- 2024
 
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor PresentationMoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
MoneyBridge Pitch Deck - Investor Presentation
 
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking ApplicationsUpgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
Upgrade Your Banking Experience with Advanced Core Banking Applications
 
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
A flour, rice and Suji company in Jhang.
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.uk7movierulz.uk
7movierulz.uk
 
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
Ethical stalking by Mark Williams. UpliftLive 2024
 
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig OnlineTo Create Your Own Wig Online  To Create Your Own Wig Online
To Create Your Own Wig Online To Create Your Own Wig Online
 
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the company
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the companyAmazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the company
Amazon ppt.pptx Amazon about the company
 
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
Borderless Access - Global B2B Panel book-unlock 2024
 
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
Michael Vidyakin: Introduction to PMO (UA)
 
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
The Vietnam Believer Newsletter_MARCH 25, 2024_EN_Vol. 003
 
WAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdf
WAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdfWAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdf
WAM Corporate Presentation Mar 25 2024.pdf
 

Skeletal System Hand Out

  • 1. Jaycris C. Agnes Made Easy for Anatomy and Physiology Students
  • 2. 2. Skeletal System Learning Objectives: At the end of the discussion the students must be able to: • Enumerate the major roles of skeletal system and its parts, • Explain the process of bone formation, remodelling, repair and aging; and • Acclaim the roles of skeletal system to human survival. Topic Outline: I. Function of Skeletal System a. Bones b. Cartilages c. Tendons and Ligaments d. Joints II. General Features of Bone a. Parts of Bone b. Bone Cells c. Bone Surface Markings d. Bone Ossification, Remodelling and Repair e. Types of Bones III. General Consideration of Bone Anatomy Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 3. 3. a. Division of Human Skeleton IV. Bone and Calcium Homeostasis V. Articulation VI. Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System I. Function of the Skeletal System A. Bones Mechanical • Protection — bones can serve to protect internal organs, such as the skull protecting the brain or the ribs protecting the heart and lungs. • Structure — bones provide a frame to keep the body supported. • Movement — bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints function together to generate and transfer forces so that individual body parts or the whole body can be manipulated in three-dimensional space. The interaction between bone and muscle is studied in biomechanics. • Sound transduction — bones are important in the mechanical aspect of overshadowed hearing. Synthetic • Blood production — the marrow, located within the medullary cavity of long bones and interstices of cancellous bone, produces blood cells in a process called hematopoiesis. Metabolic Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 4. 4. • Mineral storage — bones act as reserves of minerals important for the body, most notably calcium and phosphorus. • Growth factor storage — mineralized bone matrix stores important growth factors such as insulin-like growth factors, transforming growth factor, bone morphogenetic proteins and others. • Fat storage — the yellow bone marrow acts as a storage reserve of fatty acids. • Acid-base balance — bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts. • Detoxification — bone tissues can also store heavy metals and other foreign elements, removing them from the blood and reducing their effects on other tissues. These can later be gradually released for excretion. • Endocrine organ — bone controls phosphate metabolism by releasing fibroblast growth factor – 23 (FGF-23), which acts on kidneys to reduce phosphate reabsorption. Bone cells also release a hormone called osteocalcin, which contributes to the regulation of blood sugar (glucose) and fat deposition. Osteocalcin increases both the insulin secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of insulin-producing cells and reducing stores of fat. B. Cartilage • Cartilage provides a model for bone growth and formation, provides a smooth cushion between adjacent bones, and provides firm and flexible support. C. Tendons and Ligaments • Tendons attach muscles to bones, and ligaments attach bones to bones. D. Joints • Joints allow movement between bones. II. General Features of the Bone A. Parts of Bone Major Parts of the Bone: Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 5. 5.Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC Compact Bone Compact bone makes up the outer layer of all bones. Although it looks dense and solid, It is full of holes for nerves and blood vessels. Spongy Bone Spongy bone contains flat and needlelike structures that resist stress. Red bone marrow may fill the open spaces in some bones. Central Cavity Central cavities in long bones usually contain yellow bone marrow (fat). Outer Membrane An outer membrane covers most of a long bone. The inner portion of a membrane contains cells that build up and breakdown bone.
  • 6. 6. B. Bone Cells There are several types of cells constituting the typical bone:  Osteocytes • Mature bone cells  Osteoblasts Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 7. 7. • Bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts • Bone-destroying cells • Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium C. Bone Surface Markings Bones have characteristic surface markings Structural features adapted for specific functions There are two major types of surface markings: 1) Depressions and openings Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves or form joints 2) Processes Projections or outgrowths that form joints or serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 8. 8. D. Bone Ossification, Remodelling and Repair  Bone Ossification The formation of bone during the fetal stage of development occurs by two processes: Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 9. 9. Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull but also the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles; the bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage. The steps in intramembranous ossification are: 1. Development of ossification center 2. Calcification 3. Formation of trabeculae 4. Development of periosteum Endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification, on the other hand, occurs in long bones and most of the rest of the bones in the body; it involves an initial hyaline cartilage that continues to grow. The steps in endochondral ossification are: 1. Development of cartilage model 2. Growth of cartilage model 3. Development of the primary ossification center 4. Development of the secondary ossification center 5. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate  Remodelling Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 10. 10. Bone remodelling consists of removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts.  Repair During bone repair, cells move into the damaged area and form a callus, which is replaced by bone. E. Types of Bone Long Bones Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 11. 11. • Greater length than width and are slightly curved for strength • Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges Short bones • Cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width • Carpal, tarsal Flat bones • Thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue • Cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulae Irregular bones • Complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories • Vertebrae, hip bones, some facial bones, calcaneus Sesamoid bones • Protect tendons from excessive wear and tear • Patellae, foot, hand III. General Consideration of Bone Anatomy A. Division of Human Skeleton • The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones • Bones of the skeleton are grouped into two principal divisions: Axial skeleton  Consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body  Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column Appendicular skeleton  Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities), plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 12. 12.Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 13. 13.Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 14. 14. IV. Bone and Calcium Homeostasis 1. Osteoclasts remove calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to increase. 2. Osteoblasts deposit calcium into bone, causing blood calcium levels to decrease. 3. Parathyroid hormones increases bone breakdown, whereas calcitonin decreases bone breakdown. V. Articulations An articulation, or joint, is a place where two bones come together. A. Kinds of Joint based on movement:  Synarthrosis - non movable joints  Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable joints  Diarthrosis - freely movable joints B. Kinds of Joint based on structural connection: Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 15. 15.  Fibrous Joints - consist of two bones that are united by fibrous tissue and that are united by fibrous tissue and that exhibit little or no movement.  Sutures are fibrous joints between the bones of skull.  Syndesmoses are fibrous joints in which the bones are separated by some distance and are held together by ligaments. An example is the fibrous membrane connecting most of the distal parts of the radius and ulna.  Gomphoses consist of pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments. The joint between a tooth and its sockets is a gomphosis.  Cartilaginous Joints - unite two bones by means of cartilage. Only slight movement can occur at these joints .  Examples are the cartilage in the epiphyseal plates of growing long bones and the cartilages between the ribs and the sternum.  Synovial Joints - are freely movable joints that contain synovial fluid in cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones. Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 16. 16. • Kinds of Synovial Joints: Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 17. 17. C. Types of Movement Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 18. 18.Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 19. 19. VI. Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints 1. Bone matrix becomes more brittle and decreases in total amount during aging. 2. Joints lose articular cartilage and become less flexible. ______________________________________________________________________________ Submitted to Ms. Jaydee S.M. de Leon Anatomy and Physiology Professor Bibliography: • en.wikipedia.org/Bone%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free %20encyclopedia.htm • en.wikipedia.org/Human%20skeleton%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free %20encyclopedia.htm • John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC
  • 20. 20. • Starr, Cecie. (2008) Human Biology 7th Edition. Thomson Learning. • Bryan H. Derrickson; Tortora, Gerard J. (2005). Principles of anatomy and physiology. New York: Wiley • Seeleys et al, Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. 6th edition Skeletal System: Jaycris C. Agnes 3SED-SC