2. Logical Reasoning
LOGIC
It is a branch of philosophy that concerns
analysis of inferences and arguments.
It is the use and study of valid reasoning.
A proper or reasonable way of thinking
about understanding something.
An inference involves
forming a conclusion that is
based on some evidence.
An argument consists of a
conclusion and its supportive
evidenced.
3. Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Retroduction Reasoning
4. Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
DEDUCTION
It happens when a researcher works from
the more general information to the more
specific.
“top-down” approach
A process of gaining knowledge
Considered to reserve truth.
5. Logical Reasoning
Deductive Argument
Premise 1: All men are mortal.
Premise 2: Socrates is a man.
Premise 1: Every day, I leave for work in
my car at eight o’clock.
Premise 2: Every day, the drive to work
takes 45 minutes. I arrive to
work on time.
.
VALID and SOUND
Conclusion: Socrates is Mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore, If I leave for work at
eight o’clock today, I will be on time.
No new information provides. It only
rearranges information what is already
known into a new statement or
conclusion.
An important point to consider is that for
a deductive argument to be sound, its
premises should be true and the whole
argument should be valid.
6. Logical Reasoning Deductive Argument
Premise 1: The tennis ball is larger than the basketball.
Premise 2: The basketball is larger than the golf ball.
Premise 1: All men are mortal.
Premise 2: Birds are men
VALID and UNSOUND
Premise 1: All cat have six legs.
Premise 2: A tiger is a cat.
For it to be unsound, at least one of its
premises should be false.
Conclusion: Therefore the tennis ball is larger than the golf ball.
Conclusion: Therefore, birds are mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore, a tiger has six legs.
7. Logical Reasoning
Premise 1: All victims of abuse have low self-esteem.
Premise 2: Clowen has low self-esteem.
INVALID and UNSOUND
Premise 1: Some teachers are musicians.
Premise 2: All instructors are teachers.
An invalid deductive argument can never
be sound.
Conclusion: Therefore Clowen is a victim of abuse.
Conclusion: Therefore, all instructors are musicians.
11. A theory may be developed through:
INDUCTION
A form of logical reasoning
in which a generalized is
induced from a number of
specific, observed instances.
It is also called hypothesis construction
because any conclusions made are based
on current knowledge and predictions.
“bottom-up” approach
Logical Reasoning
12. Logical Reasoning
Inductive Form
Premise 1: Victims of abuse who have been observed have low
self esteem.
Premise 1: Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00am and is on time.
Premise 1: All observed women in one area wear heels.
Conclusion: All victims of abused have low self esteem.
Conclusion: Jennifer will always be on time if she will leaves at
7:00am.
Conclusion: All women must wear heels.
Allows conclusion
to be false.
The conclusion states a
generalization that extends beyond
the observations.
Is viewed in terms of degrees of
strength and the probability that the
premises lead to a given conclusion.
15. Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
RETRODUCTION Abductive Reasoning
Is a mode of inference in which events
are explained by postulating (and identifying) mec
hanisms which are capable of producing them.
It is the reasoning process that starts from a set of
facts and derives their most likely explanations.