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The Closing of the Western Frontier by:  Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS  Chappaqua, NY
Essential Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Key Tensions Native  Americans Buffalo Hunters Railroads U. S. Government Cattlemen Sheep Herders Ranchers Farmers
Key Tensions Ethnic Minorities Nativists Environmentalists Big Business Interests   [mining, timber] Local Govt. Officials Farmers Buffalo Hunters Lawlessness of the Frontier “ Civilizing” Forces [The “Romance” of the West]
the Railroad builders
Railroad Construction
“ The Big Four” Railroad Magnates Charles Crocker Mark Hopkins Leland Stanford Collis Huntington
Promontory Point, UT (May 10, 1869)
the cowboys
The Bronc Buster Frederick Remington
Black Cowboys
the GUNSLINGERS
Colt .45 Revolver God didn’t make men equal. Colonel Colt did!
Legendary Gunslingers & Train Robbers Jesse James Billy the Kid
Dodge City Peace Commission, 1890
the MINERS
Prospecting
Mining Centers:  1900
Anaconda Copper Mining Co. (MT)
Mining (“Boom”) Towns-- Now Ghost Towns Calico, CA
The Cattlemen & the Sheep herders
The Cattle Trails
Land Use:  1880s
New Agricultural Technology “ Prairie Fan” Water Pump Steel Plow [“Sod Buster”]
Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden
The Range Wars Sheep Herders Cattle Ranchers
Minority groups in the West
Regional Population Distribution by Race:  1900
Regional Population Distribution by Race:  1900
Black “Exoduster” Homesteaders
Blacks Moving West
The Buffalo Soldiers on the Great Plains
A Romantic View
The Buffalo Soldiers & the Indian Wars
The “Chinese Question” ,[object Object]
The Tong Wars:  1850s-1920s Began in San Francisco in 1875.
African American & Chinese Populations: 1880-1900
The Farmers
Frontier Settlements:  1870-1890
Homesteads From Public Lands
1887 Land Promotion Poster for the Dakota Territories
What is the Message of this Picture?
The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, SD
Rain Follows the Plow!
Frederick Jackson Turner The Significance of the Frontier  in American Society   (1893)
Newlands Reclamation Act  (1902) Francis Newlands
the plains indians
Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851) Colorado Gold Rush (1859)
Colonel John Chivington Kill and scalp all, big and little! Sandy Creek, CO Massacre November 29, 1864
Capt. William J. Fetterman 80 soldiers massacred December 21, 1866
Treaty of Medicine  Lodge Creek (1867) 2 nd  Treaty of  Ft. Laramie (1868) Reservation Policy
Gold Found in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory! 1874
The Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 Chief Sitting Bull Gen. George Armstrong  Custer
Chief Joseph  I will fight no more forever! Nez Percé tribal  retreat (1877)
Geronimo, Apache Chief:  Hopeless Cause
Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor  (1881)
Susette La Flesche Omaha Indian    lecture tour on Native American issues in the 1870s
Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Assimilation Policy Carlisle Indian School, PA
Arapahoe “Ghost Dance”, 1890
Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless Body Wounded Knee, SD, 1890
Indian Reservations Today
Crazy Horse Monument: Black Hills, SD Lakota Chief
Korczak Ziolkowski, Sculptor Crazy Horse Monument His vision of the finished memorial.
Mt. Rushmore:  Black Hills, SD
the myth & legend of the west
The Traditional View of the West
William “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s Wild West Show
“ Buffalo Bill” Cody & Sitting Bull
Legendary  Female Western Characters Calamity Jane Annie Oakley
The Fall of the Cowboy Frederick Remington
what were the long-term effects of the westward experience?
Destruction of the Buffalo Herds The near extinction of the buffalo.
Yellowstone National Park First national park established in 1872.
National Parks
Conservation Movement John Muir With President Theodore Roosevelt
Sierra Club Founded in 1892

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Closing The Western Frontier