Desafios para implantação de Redes Inteligentes no Brasil

Revista ISSN 1806-1877 nº 66 - Março de 2012
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EletroEvolução - Sistemas de potência
ISSN 1806-1877 - nº 66 - Março de 2012
Conselho editorial:
Saulo José Nascimento Cisneiros (PR) - CIGRÉ/ONS
José Henrique Machado Fernandes - ELETRONORTE
João Guedes de Campos Barros - CEPEL
Jerzy Zbigniew Leopold Lepecki - CIGRÉ
Dourival de Souza Carvalho Junior - EPE
Paulo Gomes - ONS
José Sidnei Colombo Martini - USP/POLI
José Wanderley Marangon Lima - UNIFEI
Hélio Moreira Valgas - ENERGY CHOICE
João Batista Guimarães Ferreira da Silva - DAMP ELECTRIC
Paulo Cesar Fernandez - CEs A/ELETROBRÁS
José Antonio Jardini - CEs B/USP/POLI
Luiz Augusto Barroso - CEs C/PSR
Orsino Oliveira Filho - CEs D/CEPEL
Ricardo Cavalcanti Furtado - CONSULTOR
Evanise Neves de Mesquita - CONSULTORA
projeto gráfico e edição:
Flávia Guimarães
impressão:
Rona Editora
tiragem:
1.000 exemplares
eletroevolução – sistemas de potência
é publicada pelo Comitê Nacional Brasileiro de Produção e
Transmissão de Energia Elétrica (CIGRÉ-Brasil)
diretoria cigré-brasil:
Antônio Varejão de Godoy
Diretor Presidente
Josias Matos de Araújo
Diretor 1º Vice-presidente
Saulo José Nascimento Cisneiros
Diretor 2º Vice-presidente
Antonio Simões Pires
Diretor Financeiro
Sérgio do Espírito Santo
Diretor Administrativo
endereço:
CIGRÉ-Brasil
Praia do Flamengo, 66 – Bloco B – Sala 408 – Flamengo
Rio de Janeiro – RJ – CEP 22210-903 – Tel: (21) 2556.5929
cigre@cigre.org.br
sumário
75 Lista dos Comitês de Estudo
Representantes Brasileiros
4 Editorial
4 Artigo convidado
9 notícias
18 SyMPOSIUM BOLOGNA
Strategic Environmental Assessment for
Power Developments
23 SyMPOSIUM BOLOGNA
Brazilian Experience on Long Distance
Transmission Systems and Future
Trends/Challenges
30 Symposium Recife
Performance and Risk Assessment of
Electric Power System
37 XIV ERIAC
Análisis de la Influencia del Desequilibrio
de la Red y de las Condiciones de Falta en
el Cálculo de Huecos de Tensión Utilizando
los Métodos de Componentes Simétricas y
Componentes de Fase
44 XXI SNPTEE
Técnicas para Avaliação da Vida Útil Residual em
Máquinas Tipo Francis como Critério para
Modernização da Usina Hidrelétrica
54 XXI SNPTEE
Inclusão de Medições Fasoriais na Estimação
de Estados com Presevação da Estrutura dos
Estimadores Convencionais
62 XXI SNPTEE
Análise de Baterias de íon-lítio para Siatemas de
Geração Suprindo Pequenas Comunidades
Isoladas
69 XXI SNPTEE
Desafios para o Projeto de uma Subestação de
4800 MVA de Potência Instalada e 63 KA de
Corrente de Curto-circuito no Setor 230 KV
Março
06 a 08 – São Paulo –SP
Curso Power System Dynamics –
Prof.Prabha Kundur – C2
26 a 28 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ
Workshop Integração e Operação de
Usinas Eólicas – C2
19 e 20 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ
Planejamento da Expansão de Sistemas
Considerando o Aumento de Fontes
Renováveis e o Atendimento a Grandes
Centros Urbanos - NovasTecnologias – C1
Abril
24 e 25 – São Paulo – SP
1º CMDT – Colóquio sobre Materiais
Dielétricos e Técnicas Emergentes de
Ensaios e Diagnóstico – D1
Maio
A definir – Belo Horizonte – MG
Estado da Arte em tecnologias para
Monitoramento de LT´s – B2
20 a 23 – Rio de Janeiro – RJ
XII SEPOPE – Simpósio de Especialistas em
Planejamento da Operação e Expansão
Elétrica – CIGRE- Brasil
27 a 29 São Paulo – SP
V SMARS – Seminário de Meio Ambiente
e Responsabilidade Social do Setor
Elétrico – C3
Junho
11 – São Paulo – SP
Workshop Internacional sobre Cabos
Isolados (Cabos Supercondutores e
Mitigação de Campos Magnéticos em
Linhas Subterrâneas) – B1
Julho
16/17 ou 17/18 – A definir (RJ ou SP)
III SINREM – Simpósio Nacional de
Regulação,Economia e Mercados de
Energia Elétrica – C5
Agosto
23 a 31 – Paris –França
44ª Sessão Bienal – CIGRE Paris
Outubro
21 a 24 – Angra dos Reis – RJ
V ENAM – Encontro Nacional de Máquinas
Rotativas – A1
Novembro
18 a 21 – Florianópolis – SC
XI STPC – Seminário Técnico de Proteção e
Controle – B5
26 a 29 – Brasília – DF
XII EDAO – Encontro para Debates de
Assuntos da Operação – C2
Calendário de eventos
2012
Revista ISSN 1806-1877 nº 66 - Março de 2012
Artigos do Symposium
Bologna,do Symposium
Recife,XIV ERIAC e
do XXI SNPTEE
Linha de 230kV da Copel
Foto:Adriano Aparecido Dellallibera

ELETROEVOLUÇÃO março 2012 54 ELETROEVOLUÇÃO março 2012
Artigo convidadoeditorial
Em 2011 o Comitê Nacional Brasileiro do
Cigré (Cigré-Brasil), incansável na busca de
seu objetivo de promover o intercâmbio e o
desenvolvimento tecnológico da engenharia
no Brasil, completou 40 anos, um marco em
sua história!
OPaísbuscahojeconsolidarocrescimento
sustentado da sua economia e desenvolver
novas fontes de geração de energia, de
forma limpa e renovável, para garantir o
abastecimento. A estimativa é de que o
crescimento médio anual da demanda total
de eletricidade será de 4,5% ao ano,passando
de 472 mil GWh em 2011 para 736 mil GWh
em 2021. Isso sem falar em outros grandes
desafios como a transmissão em longas
distâncias, implantação das redes inteligentes
de energia e a integração energética com os
países vizinhos.
Neste contexto,o Cigré-Brasil,por meio de
seus Comitês de Estudo, promove a difusão
do conhecimento com a organização de
seminários, fóruns e eventos que possibilitam
a realização de intercâmbios nacionais
e internacionais, na busca incessante do
aprimoramento técnico para aplicação nas
empresas do setor.
É importante salientar que o Cigré-Brasil
possui um patrimônio físico, financeiro e
técnico consolidado, que permite oferecer o
suporte necessário para o desenvolvimento
dos profissionais de engenharia do nosso País.
Dentro deste contexto,no ano de 2011 foram
realizadas por meio do Fundo de Viagens 66
viagens internacionais,correspondendo a uma
realização orçamentária de R$ 377.384,53.Este
valor é representativo,pois representa 29% do
total das despesas realizadas no ano de 2011.
A Diretoria do Cigré-Brasil busca exercer
uma gestão alinhada aos princípios de
excelência da qualidade para que se possa
perenizar a produção e o compartilhamento
contínuo do conhecimento coletivo.Tudo em
prol do desenvolvimento e do fortalecimento
do setor elétrico brasileiro.
Antônio Simões Pires
Diretor Financeiro do Cigré-Brasil
Conhecimento e crescimento
Smart Grid Program
Challenges for its Deployment in Brazil
Josias M. de Araujo - Eletronorte l Ildo Wilson Grudtner - MME l Roberto Caldas - CEPEL
Marcelo C. de Araujo - Eletronorte l Marcos Franco Moreira - MME l Landulfo Alvarenga - CEPEL
Hugo Lamin - ANEEL l Agnes Maria Costa - MME l Fabio C. de Souza - CEPEL l Paulo Henrique S. Lopes - ANEEL
Adrimar V. Nascimento - MME l Fernando H. Oliveira - EPE l Márcio V. P. Alcântara - ANEEL
Thiago Guilherme F. Prado - MME l Geraldo Pimentel - ONS l Maria A.B. Ferrano - Eletrobras
SUMMARY - The deployment of smart grids is not yet
mature in the world and in Brazil. The first pilot programs
to test the technology are now beginning to emerge. The
smart grids have been adopted in restricted locations such
as neighborhoods or small towns, to put into practice its
concepts and measure the gains that can be achieved. The
lack of regulation for the development of smart grids is
one of the reasons why there are different technologies
in the market today. The diversity of products and services
available to electricity distribution companies may seem
positive as long as it provides competition and accelerates
the development of the sector but it is also seen as a risk by
experts. The Ministry of Mines and Energy of Brazil – MME
has established a Working Group to analyze and identify
the actions needed to support the establishment of public
policies for the deployment of a Brazilian Program to Smart
Grid. This article aims to present an approach to the Smart
Grid Program in Brazil and some issues identified by the
Working Group, that are important for the establishment of a
Brazilian Program of Intelligent Networks.
KEYWORDS - Smart Grids, Policies and deployment.
1. 0 Introduction
In order to divulge to the concept of smart grids in Brazil,
the first step on the task of identifying the main challenges
to be faced is to identify the driving factors that would justify
its implementation, namely: to seek, like other countries, the
role that grids must play in the country. In the United States,
some of main reasons to modernize the electric grid are:
the need for increased security of the energy supply and
the need to conform to the energy trading format (demand
for energy measurement systems that meet the free choice
of the supplier). In Europe in general, as well as attending
to the structure of the free market, there are concerns with
the reconfiguration of the energy matrix, increasing the
penetration of alternative energy sources.
In Brazil, it is not expected that the dissemination of the
concept of smart grids is driven by the pursuit of a cleaner
energy generation or by the modernization of generation
and transmission, since 90% of the national matrix is
already coming from renewable sources and the Brazilian
interconnected system already incorporates many of the
characteristics expected for a “Smart Grid” in electric power
generation and transmission. In this regard, Brazil has its own
state of art solutions, either in methodologies for electro
energetic optimization or tools for supervision and control,in
real time, of the National Interconnected System.
Regarding the electricity sector, the technologies
within the smart grid (smart metering in particular) allow
the application of different tariffs and create the possibility
of more consumption profile control among consumers. In
this context, it enables more energy efficiency and demand
management, resulting in postponement of investments in
both network and generation expansion,which results in low
tariffs.
In general, the smart grids deployment should be an
initiative of the electricity distribution companies. However,
there are some actions that need to be taken by the National
Electric Energy Agency - ANEEL, in order to coordinate the
employment of new technologies that seek benefits for the
entire power sector.
In order to drive the dealing of these issues nationally,
the Brazilian Government, through the Ministry of Mines
and Energy (MME), established a Working Group to analyze
and identify the basic actions needed to support the
establishment of public policies for the deployment of a
Brazilian Program of Intelligent Electric Grid - “Smart Grid”.
Accordingly, the MME Normative Resolution No. 440 of 15
April 2010 established as topics to be studied: (a) the state
of the art of such “Smart Grid”programs,in Brazil and in other
countries, (b) propositions to adequate regulations and
general standards of public electric energy distribution, (c)
identification of resources for financing and incentives for the
production of equipments in the country, and (d) regulation
of new possibilities to act in the market, which includes the
possibility of users operating both as generators of energy
(distributed generation) and consumers.
The Working Group included the participation of
representatives of institutions like the Ministry of Mines
and Energy - MME (in the overall coordination role), the
Energy Research Company – EPE (Empresa de Pesquisa
Energética), the Research Center of Energy – CEPEL (Centro
de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica),the National Electric Energy
Agency – ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica), the
National Electric System Operator – ONS (Operador Nacional
do Sistema), the Board of Electric Energy Trading – CCEE
(Câmara de Comercialização de Energia Elétrica),the National
Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality
– INMETRO (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização
e Qualidade Indsutrial), the National Telecommunications
Agency - Anatel (Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações)
and the Brazilian Electric Power Company – ELETROBRAS
(Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras). Experts also were invited
from companies and industry associations, manufacturers,
universities and international government agencies.
This article presents some of the common challenges to
spreading intelligent grids worldwide that must be faced in
Brazil. For better understanding, they were grouped under
the following aspects: technology, markets, funding sources
and regulation.
2. 0 Technology
The technological base that supports the concept of
smart grids is composed of three elements: equipment for
measurement and driving,telecommunications infrastructure
and computer systems that execute the functions of control,
forecasting and information processing.
In the measurement field, the challenge is to replace the
current plant of electromechanical meters,about sixty million
units, with electronic meters, which is essential to meet
the required functions by intelligent grids. This challenge
presents itself both to the industry and for utilities, including
the responsibility of the regulating agent in establishing
the requirements for measurement and the approval of the
equipment by the institute of legal metrology, besides the
need for adequately addressing their impact in electricity
tariff.
Issues related to communication systems pose challenges
such as the choice for using shared resources (services
provided by telecommunications companies) or proprietary
systems (distribution utilities own and manage their Telecom
infrastructure),the coexistence of technologies with different
performances depending on the geographic characteristics
of a particular service area or on the configuration of
distribution networks. In the case of using radio frequencies,
the choice of using frequency spectrum allocation reserved
for private use on intelligent network solutions will require
strong support from the regulator,compared to the existence
of different actors in the telecommunications industry.
The security of the information that will travel by various
systems is another point of fundamental importance. Private
data will be traveling across communication networks, and
their protection must be guaranteed by all agents that have
access to that information and their responsibility should be
clearly defined.
From the viewpoint of computational tools, we can
consider that there are challenges to be addressed in different
horizons.In the short term,we can highlight the concern about
the adequacy of systems for handling large amounts of data.
In the medium and long term, it will be needed to develop
models that adequately represent a system with significant
Artigo convidado

Artigo convidadoArtigo convidado
participation of distributed generation and energy storage
(in batteries for electric cars, for example), involving degrees
of uncertainty higher than those in current systems. On the
other hand, the validation of the developments involved,
through experimental research before their introduction in
the field, will be a fundamental step.Accordingly, appropriate
laboratory infrastructure should be complemented or created
in the country.
Still on the technological aspect, we should consider the
challenges associated with the increased number of small
generators scattered throughout the distribution network as
well as agents that alternate between the role of consumption
and generation: the increasing complexity of operating the
distribution system, which will have a bi-directional flow
of energy, the need for changing the procedures of the
distributors to operate, manage and protect their networks,
increasing of the the complexity to control the level of supply
voltage due to load variations and supply coming from the
consumer; changes in the levels of short-circuiting of the
networks driving the need to revisit protection schemes;
possible increase in harmonic distortion in the network, the
need to review the planning of operation to accommodate
the intermittent generation, inherent to some alternative
energy sources such as solar radiation and wind.
Andfinally,weshouldapproachtheissueofinteroperability
between systems and equipments on the distribution
systems level, which poses the challenge of integrating
multiple measurement solutions, telecommunications and
information technology, a challenge not only in Brazil, as
in other countries. Brazilian utilities are already looking for
flexible solutions that enable compatibility with products
from multiple vendors and technologies, such as automation
systems, measurement, corporate systems, etc. It is observed
that this issue is also related to characteristics of the business
models adopted in each country. Experiments are known
in the United States, for example, where local utilities are
deploying solutions based on single suppliers with long-
term contracts, while in several countries in Europe, there are
rules that come to define the standardization of the physical
layer of communication (DLMS / COSEM: “Device Language
Message Specification”/“Companion Specification for Energy
Metering” establishing rules based on existing standards for
data exchange between meters).
As distribution utilities need to work with large volumes
of data, it will be needed to use system architectures that
enable efficient data processing and information security.
Moreover,these models and the communication shall comply
with open standards in an attempt to achieve interoperability
between systems.
As for the substation automation, Brazil lies in a favorable
technological condition for adoption of international
standards such as IEC 61850 (Communication Networks and
Systems for Power Utility Automation), which specifies a data
model that not only facilitates the design of engineering
automation, but also represents an important step towards
interoperability. In other aspects, as a data model for control
center it is recommended to use IEC 61970 (CIM - Common
Information Model) and IEC 61968 (Application Integration
at Electric Utilities - System Interfaces for Distribution
Management) to the distribution level. On the security of
information, a possible recommendation would be the
adoption of the specification IEC 62351 (Communication
Network and System Security).The Models and specifications
defined by the standards cited began to be adopted in Brazil
recently and there are still some hurdles to overcome in order
for these to popularize among dealers and manufacturers of
surveillance systems. In the case of IEC 61850, the savings
in engineering design have been fully justifying its use. The
wide use of other standards would be a consequence of
the requirements for interoperability, which would mean a
gradual implementation as long as systems migration occur.
3.0 Market
The current model for selling power to the distribution
segment, should be examined before the introduction of
the figure of the agent consumer – one that is connected to
the distribution network, and either consumes or produces
energy - and before the many mechanisms proposed for
its support (Feed-in Tariff, Quota, Net Metering, Energy
Certificates). Which among them is more appropriate to the
Brazilian reality?
Parallel to the analysis of a market model aimed at
microgeneration, it should be considered, right from the
start, the design of a pricing structure that allows signalling
to consumers served at low voltage, the variations in the
cost of power supply during the day, which will encourage
better management of its consumption. Alternatives should
be considered for different regions, classes and levels of
consumption.
Still under the aspect of regulation we should study new
business opportunities within the distribution area,and if the
opportunities would be given to utilities or new agents for
the electricity sector.
4. 0 Financing
The challenge on this issue is to define the responsibilities
of participation in the costs of implementing the features
to be provided by intelligent networks, which should be
carefully assessed. The simple transfer of deployment costs
for the consumer does not seem to be a viable option, given
the existing questions regarding current costs of energy
supply. In addition, investment costs, which are part of the
utility’s obligations and that are already embedded in rates of
energy distribution, could also be included in the transfer to
the consumer under the argument that they are part of the
national deployment of intelligent networks in the country.
In parallel, we should encourage the involvement of
agents of promotion, research and financing, with the goal
of providing viable projects for performance evaluation of
proposed solutions; researches to develop new technologies
and computational tools,and implementation of laboratories
that allow the modeling of new alternatives of generation
and storage, of charges behavior and control of electrical
systems.
5.0 Regulation
The great challenge regarding regulation is the
dimension of the work to be made. It covers not only the
revision of current legislation of the electricity sector, as well
as the updating of legal instruments pertaining to electrical
systems. It requires the participation of many agents such as
industries, utilities, regulatory bodies and metrology, among
others,as well as the approval of society.It’s a job that requires
coordination and that is time consuming.
In this process of adaptation, there are different paths. In
some cases you may see a simplification of legislation related
to energy trading, and, on the opposite side, an increase
of complexity in the rules for connection and operation of
distribution systems. One example is the ongoing work
to make it viable to sell energy from micro generators. The
changes already identified predict alterations in various
instruments of regulation and standardization:simplifications
in the rules and procedures of trade are being proposed,
and simplifications on the requirements of measurement
systems, but an increase in complexity in the Proceedings
of Distribution is expected, especially regarding the rules of
connecting and operating the system. Another challenge
related to regulation is the regulatory approval of equipment
and procedures that meet the new legislation. It should be
considered that this activity is chronologically later than the
development of new standards or the updating of old ones.
6. 0 The National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL)
and the Smart Grids
Smart Grid is a wide concept and it involves a variety of
technologies. The ANEEL already regulated some issues and
others are still under analysis.Below are detailed some ANEEL
actions
related to smart grids. For the regulation process,
ANEEL adopts a clear attitude that encourages the society
participation. In this sense, technical meetings, seminars and
mainly public hearings are held.
6.1. Geographic Information System (GIS)
In December 2008, when the first version of the Brazilian
Distribution Code (PRODIST) was approved by the Normative
Resolutionnº345/2008,theAgencyregulatedthedeployment
of Geographic Information System - GIS. Subsequently, the
regulation was introduced in the Normative Resolution No.
395/2009.According to the rules,the distributions companies
must use GIS systems to record all the information about
assets and their electrical parameters, which include the
structural topology of all distribution systems.
6.2. Power Line Communications (PLC)
In August 2009, the Normative Resolution nº 375/2009
was issued, which regulates the use of distribution systems
as a way to transport digital and analog signals (the PLC
technology). The resolution states that the distribution
company has only the freedom to make private use of PLC in
the electricity distribution activities, but the company must
follow rules to share the distribution systems with a third
body (commercial service of Internet, video, voice, among
others).
6.3. Micro generation
Regarding micro generation that is also related to smart
grids, the Regulatory Agency currently conducts studies
to reduce the barriers for small power generators. A Public
Consultation was held (CP nº. 015/2010), which is still under
analysis of the contributions sent by the society. For 2011,
there are plans for conducting another public hearing in
order to adopt the final rules.
6.4.Smart metering
Considering the use of smart meters in low voltage
units, ANEEL promoted in 2008 the Smart Metering
International Seminary. Then, the Agency introduced the
Public Consultation No. 015/2009. From October 2010 to
January 2011 the Public Hearing AP nº 043/2010 was held
in order to obtain additional information concerning the
minimum requirements for meters (the definition of the
standard meter).The AP 043/2010 is still under analysis of the
contributions and a resolution must be published in 2011.For
the second half of 2011, there are plans to hold a new public
hearing,which will deal with the replacement plan (timelines
and targets for the companies).
6.5. Differentiated Rates
The possibility of applying time-of-use tariffs for low
voltage consumers is also under consideration. The ANEEL
established the Public Consultation No. 011/2010 and the
Public Hearing No. 120/2010. The objective is to obtain
additional information about the proposal to change the
methodology for setting the pricing structure applied to the
electricity distribution sector in Brazil, which includes the
definition of price signals in low voltage.The AP nº 120/2010
is still analyzing the contributions and a resolution must be
published in 2011.
6.6. Prepayment
The Regulatory Agency is studying the possibility of

NotíciasArtigo convidado
setting a Public Hearing to debate the procedures to be
adopted by the distribution companies who choose the
prepayment system for low voltage consumers.
6.7. Other topics
There is still need for studies to verify the feasibility of
regulation of other topics, such as the integration of electric
cars to the distribution networks, new services delivered by
the distribution companies, new possibilities of consumers
actions on the market, etc.
7.0 Facing Challenges
It is worth noting that the creation of the MME working
group was a positive action in order to balance the
expectations created in the potential benefits related to
intelligent grids.Many of the challenges presented have direct
connection to the role of government bodies and regulatory
authorities, such as the integration of public policies
(renewable energy x hybrid electric vehicles), analysis of
impacts on different sectors of the economy, enlightenment
of society, among others.
The numerous challenges listed above have shown the
complexity and breadth of the subject, and considering
the different degrees of maturity of solutions to presented
problems,one must consider that the features to be provided
by intelligent networks should be treated in a progressive
fashion, attributing priorities for their introduction, and
that the fullness of capability to be provided by intelligent
networks must be achieved in the long term.
The application of resources from funding agencies
to evaluate the concept of intelligent networks should
be stimulated and guided considering the importance
of pilot projects and the creation of laboratories. The wide
dissemination of results of projects involving intelligent
networks should be encouraged, especially those financed
by public funding agencies, so that benefits are reverted
to society at large. It is necessary to reduce the information
asymmetry between the consumer and the utilities.It is crucial
that awareness campaigns are carried out to consumers so
they can participate intensively from the beginning on the
implementation of a “Smart Grid”, as it is done in other public
services (mobile telephony, cable TV, Internet etc.).
According to the Brazilian legislation (Law nº 9.991/2000),
the utilities companies from the power sector must apply
annually a minimum percentage of their net revenue in
research and development projects (R&D), what is regulated
by ANEEL (Normative Resolution nº 316/2008). On the smart
grids field, there is a specific call for an R&D Strategic Project,
which is the Project nº 11/2010: the Brazilian Smart Grid
Program which is currently developed by several companies
with a planned investment of approximately R$ 9 million.
The Project nº 011/2010 was answered by some power
companies (in particular by the distribution companies), and
they established a group of 37 companies that began the
implementation on January 2011. The project was divided
into six research blocks: Smart Metering; Automation; Micro
generation and Electric Vehicles;IT and Telecom;Public Policy;
and the Consumer Perspective.It is expected that the project
be completed until September 2011. The project goal is the
creation of a national plan for technology migration in the
Brazilian power sector, including:
• Features and requirements, with emphasis on smart
metering;
• Standardized technologies and methodologies;
• Public policies for R&D, manufacturing and finance,
including the development of the equipment and services
chain; and technological lines;
• Needs of appropriate legislation and regulation;
• Development of a Training Program for Manpower to
the power sector in Brazil;
• The role of consumers and the ways of their effective
integration.
The electrical energy companies begin to develop projects
to test the concepts of intelligent networks.Cemig,the utilitie
that operates in the Southeast, has launched a project in the
city of Sete Lagoas, near Belo Horizonte, the capital of Minas
Gerais state, which provides for the installation of more than
90,000 smart meters, substation automation and network
and use of a bidirectional communication system. Another
major project is being implemented by Eletrobras in Parintins,
city of Amazonas state in the North. Approximately 17,000
consumers will receive smart meters.
The final observation is that many actions aimed at
overcoming these challenges are already in progress:
technology solutions and systems are already being
submitted, the review of regulatory instruments is already
being studied and new resolutions are already being
developed by regulatory agencies, the research institutes are
already preparing laboratories, the academic community has
begun to publish articles and theses related to the theme
and pilot projects are mushrooming in different regions,
under the coordination of different utilities.
8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Working Group MME - Smart Grid, Brasil, 2011.
No período de 01 a 02 de setembro de 2011 foi realizado
no auditório da Eletrobrás Eletronorte, em Brasília, o Curso sobre
Linhas deTransmissão em Corrente Contínua – HVDC,que contou
com a presença de 137 participantes. O evento foi promovido
pelo Comitê de Estudos – B2 – Linhas Aéreas do CIGRÉ-Brasil e
contou com o apoio da Eletronorte.
O curso sobre Linhas de Corrente Contínua – HVDC teve
por finalidade introduzir as tecnologias existentes e os mais
recentes avanços aplicados as linhas de transmissão em corrente
contínua, em fase de acentuada expansão em todo o mundo
e, em especial, no Brasil. Segundo o coordenador do Comitê de
Estudo B2, Ruy Menezes,“o curso visou atender uma demanda
do setor elétrico,pois corrente contínua é um tema apaixonante
e desafiador. Este é um assunto que precisa ser debatido
constantemente,principalmente,com o surgimento de inúmeros
empreendimentos”.
No curso foram apresentados os seguintes tópicos:
• Teoria Básica da Transmissão e da Conversão CA/CC e CC/
CA – Histórico – Tipos de LTs de Corrente Contínua;
• Critérios de Projeto para Linhas de Corrente Contínua;
• Sobretensões e Coordenação de Isolamento de LTs de Cor-
rente Contínua;
• Efeitos Elétricos de LTs de Corrente Contínua: Corona, Gra-
dientes, Perdas Corona, RI, RA, Campo Elétrico ao Nível do Solo e
Corrente Iônica;
• Cálculo Mecânico de LTs de Corrente Contínua;
• Torres para LTs de Corrente Contínua;
• Fundações para LTs de Corrente Contínua;
• Aspectos Especiais de Projeto,Locação e Meio Ambiente de
LTs de Corrente Contínua;
• Otimização de LTs de Corrente Contínua – Conversão de
Linhas CA em CC – Comparação Econômica CA e CC;
• Comparação de Alternativas de Cabos Condutores para o
Bipolo 2,± 600 kVColetora Porto Velho – Araraquara 2;
• Otimização Global de um Sistema de CC (LT e Conversoras);
• Aterramento de Sistemas de Corrente Contínua – Linha de
Eletrodo;
• Aspectos de Confiabilidade de Sistemas de Corrente Con-
tínua – HVDC;
• Isoladores e Cadeias para LTs de Corrente Continua – Pecu-
liaridades e Ensaios;
• Isoladores Poliméricos para LTs de Corrente Contínua;
• Aspectos Operativos e de Manutenção de LTs de Corrente
Contínua.
Após a realização do curso,foi circulado entre os participantes
o questionário de Avaliação, que foi considerado “Bom / Ótimo”
para 91% dos participantes, o demonstra o sucesso da iniciativa.
Dentre as avaliações destacamos os seguintes depoimentos:
O engenheiro eletricista Sidney Santana Matos disse que “o
encontro foi uma ótima oportunidade para conhecer melhor a
tecnologia.A maioria de nós (engenheiros) trabalha com corrente
alternada e estudar possibilidades de trazer esses avanços para o
nosso meio é muito importante”.
O engenheiro mecânico Milton Diniz afirmou que “todos
os eventos idealizados pelo CIGRÉ possuem um caráter de
atualização de pesquisas, integração dos fabricantes com os
pesquisadores e dados teóricos dos assuntos. Essa mescla de
profissionais é o que torna os cursos mais interessantes”.
Por fim o CE-B2 agradece a Diretoria, a secretaria do CIGRÉ-
Brasil,ao Comitê Organizador do presente curso,composto pelos
engenheiros José Henrique M. Fernandes, João Félix Nolasco e
JoséAntonioJardini,bem comoaEletronorte,pelo apoio recebido
durante a organização e realização do Curso Sobre Linhas de
Transmissão em Corrente Contínua – HVDC.
Comitê de Estudo B2 Realiza com Sucesso Curso sobre Linha
de Transmissão em Corrente Contínua

bienal paris 2010 NotíciasNotícias
O Comitê Israelense do Cigré realizou no período de
23 a 29 de outubro de 2011,em Tel Aviv,Israel,as atividades
anuais do Comitê.Estiveram presentes representantes de 24
paises.
A participação brasileira nestes eventos tem qualificado
o Brasil como um dos países que sempre tem importantes
contribuições nos temas de ambiente. O Cigré-Brasil foi
representado por Arilde Sutil Gabriel (Copel), José Antonio
Bulcão (Eletrobras Furnas) e Mírian Regini Nuti (consultora),
que participaram das reuniões dos grupos de trabalho, da
reunião do Comitê e do Simpósio.Na reunião do Comitê,foi
apresentado um relato das atividades do CE C3 do Brasil e a
organização do V SMARS – Seminário de Meio Ambiente e
Responsabilide Social do Setor Elétrico,que será realizado no período de 27 a 29 de maio de 2012,em São Paulo.
O Simpósio foi realizado no dia 27 na cidade de Tel Aviv, em um auditório no Dan Tel Aviv Hotel, com cerca de 80 participantes.
Dentre os temas tratados ressalta-se a importância dos SUPER GRID, presente em duas palestras do Simpósio (MedGrid e Super Grid),
para a qual o Brasil teria contribuições significativas devido as características dos nosso sistema elétrico.Ressalta-se ainda que os artigos
apresentados no Simpósio se encontram disponíveis no site do Cigré-Brasil (www.cigre.org.br em“Eventos Realizados”)
O Simpósio contou com 3 palestras,14 apresentações de papers selecionados de 9 diferentes países e 6 sessões posters.O Brasil
foi representado com 2 papers,um de Alquindar Pedroso,da COPPE-UFRJ,e o outro do colega do Cigré-Brasil José Antonio Bulcão,da
Eletrobrás-Furnas.
Ficou clara a importância das interconexões de longa distância de grande complexidade, ministradas por Jean Kowal (MedGrid),
sob o título “The MedGrid Initiative for a Sustainable Development of Mediterranean Countries”e por Giovanni de Santi (JRC Director,
European Comission),sob o título“The European Supergrid and the role of HDVC interconnections”.
Outros pontos de destaque da reunião foram os seguintes:a apresentação feita pelo Dr.Lambrozo,da França,sobre o estado da arte
da questão de campos elétrico e magnéticos;o convite feito pela IAIA (International Association of Impact Assessment) para a realização
de uma mesa redonda no congresso internacional dessa associação a realizar-se em maio de 2012;a realização de um Colóquio sobre
Efeitos de Campos Elétricos e Magnéticos,em 2013,pelo Comitê Japonês do Cigré;cabe destacar que pela terceira vez consecutiva um
membro do Cigré-Brasil será um dos relatores da sessão bienal de Paris em 2012.
A reunião anual em 2011 do SC B4 - Elos de Corrente Contínua e
Eletrônica de Potencia ocorreu na Austrália, no período de 15 a 21 de
outubro, nas cidades de Melbourne e Brisbane. Como de praxe, junto
com a reunião administrativa do SC B4,ocorreram também reuniões de
diversos Working Groups, aproveitando-se a oportunidade da presença
dosváriosmembrosdoSC,alémdeumColóquiosobreotema“Enhancing
the Transmission Networks”nos últimos dois dias.Dentre outros eventos,
foi também programada uma visita técnica a uma das subestações
da interligação em HVDC de Basslink. Houve ainda a realização de um
Tutorial de um dia.
Nos últimos anos a
coordenação do CE B4
tem envidado esforços
para que um maior
número de membros
possa participar das
atividades no exterior,
viabilizando a ingresso
de membros brasileiros
nos WGs. Neste sentido
foi formada a maior
delegação do CE B4, na
história recente, que participou de reunião de SC em ano impar. Esta
delegação, com 6 integrantes, foi composta pelo seu Coordenador e
Secretário, respectivamente Sergio do Espirito Santo (Furnas) e Wo Wei
Ping (Cepel), além de seus membros: John Graham (ABB), Carlos Gama
(Alstom Grid),Marcio Szechtman (Dual) e José Jardini (USP).
AsreuniõesdeWGsserealizaramemsalasdoMelbourneConvention
and Exhibition Centre,na cidade de Melbourne,nos dias 15 e 16/10. Ao
todo houve reuniões de 16 WGs, dos quais 11 tiveram participação de
delegados brasileiros.
No dia 17/10 foi realizada a reunião administrativa do SC B4 também
no Melbourne Convention Centre,que foi conduzida pelo Coordenador
do SC B4, Bjarne Andersen, e seu Secretário, Stig Nilsson, com uma
audiência de cerca de 80 participantes. Normalmente esta reunião é
restrita aos membros regulares do SC B4,de forma que apenas o Sérgio
do Espirito Santo teria assento. Por uma gentileza do Coordenador do
SC B4, foi permitido que os demais integrantes da delegação brasileira
também participassem desta reunião como convidados, permitindo
assim o acesso às notícias mais recentes da indústria do HVDC e FACTS.
Os principais temas discutidos referem-se às atividades dos vários
WGs,e os projetos na área de HVDC e FACTS em execução pelo mundo.
Um tópico debatido, de responsabilidade do CE B4, foi a reunião do SC
B4 do ano de 2013, que será realizada no Brasil. O coordenador do CE
B4 Sérgio do Espírito Santo fez uma apresentação mostrando o estágio
de preparação deste evento,que consistirá em reuniões e seminário em
Brasília, além de visita técnica às conversoras HVDC da transmissão do
Madeira em PortoVelho.
Em seguida,no dia 18.10,foi realizada a visita técnica à conversora de
LoyYang,umdosextremosdainterligaçãoemHVDCdeBasslink,localizada
a cerca de 170 km de Melbourne.Este elo em corrente contínua conecta
o sistema elétrico do estado deVictoria ao da ilha daTasmânia,através de
um cabo submarino de cerca de 300 km. Consiste num monopolo com
retorno metálico de 500 MW em 400kV, em operação comercial desde
2005.Atualmente opera na maior parte do tempo alimentando a ilha de
Tasmânia,mas foi projetado com capacidade bidirecional.
O seminário “HVDC and Power Electronics – Enhancing the
TransmissionNetworks”foisediadonoNovoteldacidadedeBrisbane,nos
dias 20 e 21.10, com uma platéia de cerca de 120 participantes. Foram
apresentados 33trabalhos,dos quais 2 foram de autoria do representante
brasileiro Marcio Szechtman,abordando,primeiro no Painel de Abertura,
o tema de“Planning of HVDC Projects – Challenges towards a Succesfull
Implementation”e “Key Issuses in the Design Review of Madeira HVDC
Transmission System”,em co-autoria com a equipe do ONS.
Com base em todas as discussões e apresentações realizadas nas
referidas atividades,podem ser destacadas as seguintes conclusões:
•HáumexpressivoaumentodeprojetosdeHVDCcomousodecon-
versores VSC,principalmente em conexões de fazendas eólicas off-shore,
em alimentação de plataformas em alto mar e em interligações de siste-
mas de baixa potência de curto;
• Esta tendência também se verifica na área de FACTS com o aumen-
to significativo de projetos de STATCOM,se comparado a SVCs;
• Para Nelson River 3 foi identificada a necessidade de elevação de
níveis de potência de curto no lado dos inversores,o que indicaria o uso
dos tradicionais compensadores síncronos, caso se opte por bipolo do
tipo LCC.Por outro lado,a Manitoba Hydro está estudando uma maneira
para possibilitar uma solução estática que evite o uso de síncronos,pro-
vavelmente um bipolo deVSC;
• A ideia da implementação de HVDC grids,com cabos subterrâneos
e uso de conversores VSC,está amadurecendo a passos largos diante da
crescente dificuldade de instalação de linhas aéreas,em especial na Eu-
ropa;
• No entanto, existe a expectativa de que os HVDC grids se concreti-
zem efetivamente em algumas décadas,quando novos desenvolvimen-
tos tecnológicos em disjuntores DC (mais rápidos e econômicos),cabos
(tensões mais elevadas) e conversoresVSC (menores perdas) viabilizarem
economicamente estas redes de forma inequívoca;
• O SC B4 tem tido especial atenção em HVDC grids ao criar vários
WGs dedicados a diferentes aspectos deste assunto:controle e proteção,
filosofias de controle,modelagem para simulação e confiabilidade,entre
outros;
• A experiência brasileira no Projeto de Transmissão do Madeira des-
pertou alto interesse da plateia,particularmente quanto às questões de
múltiplos agentes compartilhando instalações elétricas adjacentes e o
gerenciamento de modelos computacionais de distintos provedores de
equipamentos,em estudos de tempo real.
1.Agregação ao CE A1 de novos participantes através de
campanha de sensibilização durante eventos como SNPTEE,
ERIAC e ENAM. O Comitê tem 62 participantes oriundos de
28 empresas, representando fabricantes de equipamentos
e sistemas, consultores, produtores de energia, centros de
pesquisa e universidades.
2.Participantes em Grupos de Trabalho nacionais: GT de
monitoramento (14 participantes), GT de modernização e
repotenciação de hidrelétricas (6 participantes) e GT de estudo
de envelhecimento de parafusos (4 participantes).
3.ParticipaçãoemGruposdeTrabalhoInternacionais:21membros
participam de 12 dos 20 GTs em funcionamento, sendo que 2
GTs são coordenados por membros do CE A1 do Cigre-Brasil.
4.Participação em congressos nacionais:ERIAC em Maio e SNPTEE
emOutubro,seguidosdereuniãodoCEA1,aprimeiraemFozde
Iguaçucom25participantes,asegundaemFlorianópoliscom30
participantes.O tema de reunião de Foz foi o aprofundamento
do estudo do acidente da hidrelétrica de Sayano na Rússia,
ocorrido em agosto de 2009,com a apresentação da política de
segurança das empresas geradoras.O tema da reunião de Foz,
sempre ligado à segurança das instalações,abordou o assunto
dos sistemas de proteção contra incêndio, com as opiniões
diversas dos fabricantes e usuários.
5.Participação em reunião internacional do SC A1 em Beijing,
associada a um seminário organizado pelo Comitê Nacional
da China, aonde foi notória a força da engenharia chinesa
pelo numero dos trabalhos apresentados (72% do total) e pela
qualidade dos mesmos. Apesar de ter uma matriz energética
baseada fortemente no carvão, os esforços para sair desta
dependência são notórios, com investimentos pesados em
geração eólica (40 GW instalados) e em tecnologia associada
(geradores de imãs permanentes).
6.Organização do V ENAM em parceria com a Eletronuclear
e com o apoio de todas as empresas do grupo Eletrobrás,
com destaque para a própria Eletrobrás, Furnas e Cepel, a ser
realizado de 21 a 25 de Outubro de 2012.
Simpósio“Long–distance and Cross-border Electric Power System Interconnections:Strategic
needs,Sustainability,Environmental and Social Issues”e Reunião Anual do Study Committee C3
Notícias do Comitê de Estudos B4
Participação do CE B4 na reunião anual do SC B4 na AustráliaDestaques do CE A1 em 2011

NotíciasNotícias
Revista do CIGRÉ-Brasil de publicação trimestral nos
meses de Março, Junho, Setembro e Dezembro para
profissionais que atuam em Sistemas Elétricos de
Potência. A Revista publica artigos de alta qualidade,
apresentados em eventos nacionais e internacionais
doCIGRÉedoCIGRÉ-Brasil,artigosescritosporGrupos
de Trabalho e Comitês Técnicos do CIGRÉ-Brasil,
além de artigos convidados.A revista tem circulação
nacional e no âmbito do Mercosul.Tem uma tiragem
de 1.000 exemplares e estádisponível para download
pelos associados. Os seus leitores estão espalhados
por cerca de 60 empresas e universidades e mais
de 600 especialistas do setor. A data para envio de
Anúncios é até o primeiro dia do mês anterior ao da
publicação. Os custos para publicação de anúncios
em4coresnaRevistaEletroEvoluçãosãoosseguintes:
Página Inteira (220mmx307mm) R$ 4.000,00
Meia página (210 mmx 50,5mm) R$ 3.000,00
Contracapa R$ 5.000,00
Verso Capa R$ 4.500,00
Verso Contracapa R$ 4.300,00
Data para envio:
Até o primeiro dia do mês anterior
ao da publicação.
eletroevolucao@cigre.org.br
PUBLICAÇÃO DE ANÚNCIOS NA ELETROEVOLUÇÃO – Sistemas de Potência
Em Novembro de 2011 foi realizada em Sidnei na Austrália a reunião e o colóquio internacional do comitê de estudo C5
“Mercados de Eletricidade e Regulação”.O Brasil foi representado pelo Secretário do C5,engo João Carlos Mello.O tema do
colóquio foi“Drivers for Regulatory and Market Design Changes”e incluiu um workshop abordando“Distúrbios de Mercado”.
No colóquio foram realizadas 12 apresentações de diversos mercados cobrindo os seguintes tópicos:“Reliability Security of
Supply”,“Generation Transmission Investment”,“Impact of new technology”,“Market Design”,“Retail markets”e“Market Design
and large scale wind resources”.No workshop de“Distúrbios de Mercado”foram apresentados casos referentes a 6 países –
Estados Unidos,Nova Zelândia,Coréia do Sul,Irlanda,Inglaterra e Austrália.A oportunidade de avaliar e conhecer questões em
outros mercados internacionais é sempre muito salutar para em especial para os membros do C5 do comitê brasileiro.
Como o evento é organizado nesta edição pelos Comitês
de Estudos A1 e D1, o nome passará a ser Encontro Nacional de
Máquinas Rotativas,Materiais eTecnologias Emergentes de Ensaios,
conservando sua sigla de ENAM. A coordenação do evento é da
ELETRONUCLEAR com a participação da ELETROBRAS, FURNAS e
CEPEL.Oeventoserárealizadode21a25deOutubro2012noHotel
Vila Galê em Angra dos Reis.
TEMÁRIO
• Cálculo e projeto: métodos de cálculo de dimensionamento,
da maquina ou dos seus componentes,modelagem,ensaios simu-
lados;
• Materiais usados na fabricação garantindo a sustentabilidade:
escolha e ensaios de materiais,ensaios de tipo,pesquisa de novos
materiais;
• Gestão da operação e da manutenção:estudo de casos,apre-
sentação de melhorias,estudos dos custos e benefícios;
• Técnicas de ensaios, focando principalmente as emergentes
ligadas a aplicação de novas tecnologias;
• Técnicas de monitoramento, envolvendo vibrações, tem-
peraturas, oscilações, descargas parciais, cavitação, vazão, visando
aplicação a algoritmos de diagnóstico e prognóstico, benefícios
apurados na gestão dos ativos; deverão ser consideradas tam-
bém tecnologias de sensores,de sistemas de monitoramento e de
gestão de dados;
• Divulgação paralela das ações das empresas geradoras com a
proteção sócia ambiental,através de exposições e palestras proferi-
das junto à sociedade local.
NOTÍCIAS DO CE C5
NOTÍCIAS DOVENAM
ORGANIZAÇÃO E COORDENAÇÃO

NotíciasNotícias
21ª edição do SNPTEE reafirma importância do evento
A 21ª edição do Seminário Nacional de Produção
e Transmissão de Energia Elétrica (SNPTEE),realizada
entre os dias 23 e 26 de outubro de 2011,no Costão
do Santinho Resort, em Florianópolis, mostrou, mais
uma vez, a importância do evento para o setor
elétrico brasileiro.O evento deste ano foi organizado
pela Eletrosul.
A cerimônia oficial de abertura do XXI SNPTEE
aconteceu na noite de domingo de 23.10, com a
presençadeváriasautoridades,entreelas,osecretário
executivo do Ministério de Minas e Energia, Márcio
Zimmermann, representando o ministro Edison
Lobão, o diretor de Transmissão da Eletrobras, José
Muniz Lopes, representando o diretor presidente,
José da Costa Carvalho Neto, o diretor presidente
da Eletrosul, Eurides Mescolotto, o diretor geral do
Operador Nacional do Sistema, Hermes Chipp, e o
presidente do Cigré-Brasil,AntônioVarejão de Godoy.
“Este é um evento fundamental. O País inteiro
deveria estar de olhos voltados para cá, pois
estamos construindo aqui o futuro do Brasil.Quero
que cada participante se sinta importante por
fazer parte deste momento”, afirmou o presidente
da Eletrosul, anfitriã do evento, ao dar boas
vindas ao grande público presente na abertura.
Foi consenso entre as autoridades presentes na
abertura do seminário que a produção técnica e
científica apresentada nos três dias de evento é
de extrema importância para o desenvolvimento
do setor elétrico.
ExpoSNPTEE apresenta as mais recentes
inovações do setor
Na noite de domingo foi aberta, também, a
ExpoSNPTEE, que reuniu mais de 50 expositores,
entre concessionárias de geração, transmissão
e distribuição, fabricantes de equipamentos,
fornecedores de serviços e instituições de
pesquisa, apresentando as mais recentes
inovações tecnológicas do setor. Um coquetel
de boas vindas aos participantes marcou a
abertura da feira. A feira atraiu a atenção de
todos os congressistas que, nos intervalos das
sessões técnicas, aproveitavam para conhecer as
novidades do setor e do mercado.
Presidente da Eletrobras abriu trabalhos
técnicos
A palestra de abertura do Seminário Nacional de
Produção eTransmissão de Energia Elétrica (SNPTEE),
uma das novidades introduzidas na programação,
foi um dos pontos altos do evento. Mais de 1,6 mil
pessoas lotaram o auditório para acompanhar a
apresentação do presidente da Eletrobras, José da
Costa Carvalho Neto,sobre os Desafios da Geração e
da Transmissão no Brasil.
Carvalho Neto mostrou os avanços do sistema
elétrico na última década e as perspectivas
para os próximos 20 anos, no que diz respeito à
confiabilidade elétrica (redução do índice de falhas),
universalização do acesso à energia, modicidade
tarifária e ampliação das fontes renováveis na matriz
energéticabrasileira.Hoje,oBrasiljátemumaposição
privilegiada em relação à média mundial. Quase
metade da matriz (45,5%) é de fontes renováveis,
enquanto no mundo essa participação é de apenas
13%,aproximadamente.
“As bases para o crescimento sustentável do setor
elétrico brasileiro jáestão bem consolidadas”,afirmou
o executivo.No entanto,ele salientou que hádesafios
a serem superados.Um deles é dominar a tecnologia
de energia solar fotovoltaica, que deverá ser uma
das apostas do Brasil como fonte complementar,
inclusive,em sistemas de geração distribuída.
Produção técnica de qualidade
Depois da palestra do presidente da Eletrobras,
começaram as sessões técnicas de apresentação
dos trabalhos selecionados entre cerca de 1,6
mil submetidos, abrangendo as áreas de geração,
transmissão, operação, manutenção, equipamentos,
comercialização, proteção e controle, planejamento,
telecomunicações, eficiência energética, inovação
tecnológica e meio ambiente.
Aproximadamente 2 mil profissionais
participaram dos três dias de plenárias técnicas,
nas quais foram apresentados 493 trabalhos, que
se traduzem em importantes contribuições para o
setor. Ao final dos debates, cada um dos 15 Grupos
de Estudo registrou suas constatações a respeito
dos temas que devem entrar na pauta de discussões
do dia a dia do setor elétrico e podem nortear o
planejamento das empresas. São preocupações
comoanecessidadedeaprimoraragestãodosativos
de geração; de desenvolver sistemas de proteção e
automação para atender a disseminação da geração
distribuída; de haver estímulo governamental para
o desenvolvimento da geração solar; de investir
em fontes renováveis com baixa emissão de
carbono como energia complementar, entre outras
considerações. Essas e as demais constatações
técnicas do XXI SNPTEE,também servirão de subsídio
para a definição dos temas do próximo seminário
a ser realizado em 2013, em Brasília, tendo como
anfitriã a Eletronorte.
Os autores dos três trabalhos eleitos como
melhores em cada Grupo de Estudo foram
homenageados na solenidade de encerramento
do seminário. Os primeiros colocados dos grupos
receberam um cristal alusivo ao evento e o direito de
participar do sorteio de uma viagem e inscrição na
Bienal Paris do Cigré, que será realizada em agosto
de 2012.
Painéis Técnicos
Outra inovação de sucesso no XXI SNPTEE
foram os Painéis Técnicos, realizados nos 15 Grupos
de Estudo, na tarde do último dia do evento, que
reuniram especialistas para debater assuntos atuais,
de extrema relevância para o setor,tais como energia
eólica e Usina de Belo Monte.
Evento teve momentos de descontração e
integração
A organização do XXI SNPTEE proporcionou
momentos de descontração e integração aos
participantes. Já na abertura do evento, após o
cerimonial, o Grupo Engenho apresentou o ritmo
musical da Ilha de Santa Catarina. Em seguida, os
participantes foram recebidos com um coquetel
nos salões da ExpoSNPTEE, onde cada empresa
expositora também se encarregou de atrair o público
para seus estandes.
Uma das festas mais comentadas, sem dúvida,
foi a Mini Oktoberfest. Em pleno mês de outubro,
período das mais famosas festas de Santa Catarina,
os participantes do SNPTEE puderam experimentar
as delícias da comida típica alemã, embalados pelo
animado ritmo germânico de uma tradicional banda
catarinense. Para encerrar a 21ª edição do SNPTEE
com chave de ouro, foi oferecido um jantar em um
dos locais mais famosos e bonitos de Florianópolis:o
parador de praia P12,em Jurerê Internacional.

bienal paris 2010Notícias Notícias

SyMPOSIUM BOLOGNASyMPOSIUM BOLOGNA
Systems; (vi) dissemination of conclusions (Target
Groups:Electric Utilities,Authorities,and Regulators).
This paper presents a summary of this work and
focuses on SEA studies for generation and transmission
planning processes.
2.0 UNDERSTANDING SEA
Over the last few years,the electric utility infrastruc-
ture, as with the majority of other infrastructures, has
experienced a great deal of difficulty with the authori-
zation and social acceptance of projects,essentially de-
riving from:(i) reduced public support,due to increased
environmental sensitivity;(ii) the problem of identifying
– given the restricted territorial spaces – specific layouts
that meet quality standards for safeguarding public
and environmental health; (iii) the limitations of urban
development linked to the buffer belts (visual impact
and perceived health threat due to the close proxim-
ity) of the power lines;(iv) poor integration of electricity
planning and regional/environmental planning; and,
(v) increasingly complex planning, public consultation
and governmental authorization processes associated
with assessing and permitting lines and plants.
Therefore,the problems posed by the development
of electricity systems are of a twofold nature: on the
one hand, the complex planning and authorization
procedures; and, on the other, the need to take into
referring to the environmental assessment of plans
drawn up for a geographically established area and
(iii) a sector environmental assessment, designed
for specific economic activities, such as energy. The
latter is a common type, mainly due to the demands
of multilateral financing agencies, who have required
the use of this type of instrument within certain
situations.
Several experts have indicated that SEA studies are
able to promote sustainability,emphasising the role of
SEA in not only promoting sustainable development
but especially its ability in furthering more harmonized
and environmentally-sensitive integrated plans and
policies [2],[3],[4].
The Working Group - WG C3-06, at CIGRÉ, was
created in 2006 to analyse and indicate the Strategic
Environmental Assessment (SEA) procedures and
methods to be applied to the development of power
systems. The scope of work of this WG has included
the following tasks: (i) collection and analysis of
legislation and technical standards regarding SEA in
different countries, with specific reference to Power
Systems development; (ii) collection and analysis of
practical experiences (literature and/or “case studies”);
(iii) synthesis and benchmarking of standards and
experiences; (iv) identification of critical issues; (v)
definition of criteria and recommendations for the
standardisation of methodologies applicable to Power
Strategic Environmental Assessment for
Power Developments
SUMMARY - This paper focuses on the SEA studies
for generation and transmission planning process as a
result of the WG C3-06 report [1].This Working Group,
named Strategic Environmental Assessment, is part of
the Cigré SC C3 – System Environmental Performance.
Commonly some misunderstandings between EIA
and SEA objectives and main procedures are observed.
One possible reason is that SEA shares its original
route and common principles with EIA.However,there
are some aspects that provide significant differences
between these two instruments of environmental
planning. The first aspect is related to the decision-
making process.While EIA is normally used at the end
of the decision making cycle, with a limited number
of feasible alternatives, SEA is meant to occur at earlier
stages of the decision making cycle, when a broad
range of potential alternatives can be considered.
The perspective and level of detail is another
important aspect. The perspective of SEA focuses on
a sustainability agenda rather than focusing on the
treatment of specific symptoms of environmental
degradation. Unlike EIA, SEA uses a broad perspective
with a low level of detail to provide a vision and overall
framework. SEA is a tool for identifying and analysing
opportunities and alternatives rather than assessing
impacts.
Beyond the difference between SEA and EIA, there
are also two fundamentally different ways to approach
SEA. One is the EIA-based approach.This type involves
applying the same kind of assessment procedures as
one would do in a traditional EIA, only to a broader
scope. The second one is the sustainability-based
SEA. In case one it attempts to study the carrying
capacities of the environment and the collective desire
of the stakeholders for preferred levels and kinds of
development in a region.
There are many guidelines that establish the basic
stages of conducting a SEA. These stages are quite
similar from one analysis to another and are intended
to be valid for all plans and programmes whatever their
sector.The following generic stages are usually part of
the process of conducting a SEA study: (i) Screening:
identification of the need for SEA; (ii) Scoping: targets
setting the boundaries for the study; (iii) Identification
and assessment of alternatives scenarios; (iv) Report:
analysis and report preparation and review;(v)Decision:
consultation and decision making; (vi) Monitoring:
measure,report,monitoring and follow-up.
Asaresult,SEAshoulddeliverwhatisintended,namely
an increased likelihood of sustainable development.
According to the international experience and the
work carried out by the WG C3-06, some guidelines
and recommendations for SEA in the power sector are
presented in the paper.
KEYWORDS - Strategic Environmental Assessment
(SEA); Policy, Plans and Programmes (PPP); Power
development; Generation and transmission planning
process;Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
1.0 INTRODUCTION
SEA is a comprehensive concept covering many
forms of environmental evaluation, such as: (i)
environmental assessment for policies, although still
very restricted in its range; (ii) regional assessments,
Dr. R. C. FURTADO (Convenor, Brazil) l F. SERRAN (Secretary, Brazil) l S. COCHART (France) l F. CRESPO (Spain)
C. DOERNEMANN (Germany) l V. DU FOUR (Belgium) l F. HAVENGA (South Africa) l S. MARTIN (Australia) l J. OGLEVIE (USA)
lF. PARADA (Portugal) l H. SANDERS (Netherlands) l Dr. G. SINGLETON (Canada) l T. SMOLKA (Germany)
H. SOIBELZON (Argentina) l M. VAZQUEZ (Spain) l M. CECCARIGLIA (Italy) l W. WANG (China) l J.-L. BESSEDE (France)

SyMPOSIUM BOLOGNA SyMPOSIUM BOLOGNA
and the SEA report are taken into account when
developing the final plan.An official report must follow
the plan clarifying the reasons for its selection, how
the considerations of the environmental report and
public consultation were taken into account and the
monitoring measures to be implemented.
When the plan is implemented, monitoring of
significant environmental effects must be carried out to
ensure that during the course of project development
any unanticipated effects are identified and the
appropriate measures are taken.
3.2.Measurements used in SEA
One of the main steps in developing a SEA
methodology is to develop indicators relevant to
the selected objectives. An indicator is a measurable
variable (quantitative) or a descriptive variable that
permits the criteria to be observed. Underlying data
is essential to the selection of an indicator and the
required data should be available and of satisfactory
quality.The indicators are developed in order for them
to be applied to different plan alternatives.Based on the
adoption of sustainable development goals, countries
and companies are increasingly taking into account
indicators of environmental performance evaluations,
particularly in their policies,plans and programmes.
Although many studies have used indicators,
specific SEAs may expand, reduce or even change
them,depending on the specific conditions.Therefore,
the list of indicators may present significant variations
depending on the country or the type of plan or
programme being studied. The selection of aspects
and indicators depends on the studied areas, and the
list of indicators - such as direct land use,noise level of
installations, number of people living under or nearby
a HV line, etc., can differ from country to country and
may be different for generation and transmission. It is
important to highlight that site-specific conditions are
important in the selection of indicators.
4.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS
As noted in this paper, several advances have
already been made to incorporate SEA methodology
in the power sector.Nevertheless,additional efforts are
needed to fully incorporate SEA studies and concepts
into power sector planning and to ensure that SEA is
not regarded simply as an onerous requirement and
an administrative hurdle.As a result,SEA should deliver
what is intended, namely an increased likelihood of
sustainable development.
According to international experience and work
carried out by the WG C3-06, the following guidelines
already under development, approved along with the
planned ones; e) the identification of sensitivities and
enhancement opportunities; f) the identification of
measures to prevent,reduce,mitigate,compensate and,
if possible, eliminate negative environmental impacts
of the implementation of programmes and plans; g) a
summary of the reasons for choosing the alternatives
for which environmental evaluations have been carried
out.
The environmental report and the draft plan or
programme are then made available to the public
concerned, as well to the authorities with specific
environmental responsibilities, in order to begin
the public consultation phase. Once the public
consultation ends, the promoter must then take into
account these results in the final version of the plan or
programme.
The SEA for transmission has been applied to plans
and programmes,such as National Development Plans.
It has also been applied as the first step of the planning
process for regional and international power system
interconnections. In these cases, the planning process
provides the assessment of a region with the intent to
select a“corridor”for the transmission line.A“corridor”is
understood as the section of territory where technical,
environmental and territorial conditions meet the
requirements for routing power transmission lines and
related plants.
The SEA report for generation should allow
comprehension of the socio-environmental dynamics
of the entire region and of the existing and planned
generation projects, in a sustainable perspective,
as follows [7]: (i) a spatial and temporal evaluation
of the integrated effects of generation projects for
different scenarios; (ii) general guidelines for the
implementation of generation projects, considering
the results of the studies developed for each sub-
region, the areas of fragilities, the use and occupation
of land and regional development; (iii) technical
guidelines to be incorporated in future environmental
studies of generation projects, aiming to support the
environment permitting a process of planned projects
within the scope area of the studies; (iv) a database
comprising all the information generated or obtained
throughout the development of the study.
ConsultationisaveryimportantissueinanySEAand
has been promoted by all countries conducting such
studies. In this way, the draft plan and the SEA report
should be presented to the public for consultation.
The consultation is published in local and regional
newspapers and on local radios,in Orders and Decrees,
on the administration homepage and other means
of communication. The results of public consultations
must put into action all the legislative instruments and
administrative procedures necessary for fulfilling this
Directive. On March 21, 2003, during the Convention
of Assessment of Environmental Impact, better known
as the Kiev Protocol, fellow-members of the United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe signed the
Protocol of Strategic Environmental Assessment. Only
in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium and the Netherlands
a SEA is mandatory for grid development planning or
other plans in the power sector.
There are some countries, such as Brazil, South
Africa, China and Australia, where SEA studies are
not regulated by legislation, and, therefore, are not
mandatory. Some countries have published guideline
documents for undertaking SEA (e.g. South Africa).
In other countries, SEA studies are being developed
voluntarily or through informal agreements.
3.1.Stages of SEA
The following generic stages are usually part of
the process for conducting a SEA study: (i) Screening:
identifying the need for SEA; (ii) Scoping: targets
setting boundaries for the study; (iii) Identification and
assessment of alternative scenarios;(iv) Report:analysis
and report preparation and review; (v) Decision:
consultation and decision making; (vi) Monitoring:
measure,report,monitoring and follow-up.
The first step is to determine if a SEA is actually
needed.The entity responsible for developing the plan
or programme (promoter) consults the authorities,with
specific environmental responsibilities,to confirm if the
plan or programme needs a SEA procedure.
This is followed by a scoping process, which
consists of identifying the issues to be addressed
and the alternatives to be considered. Then, for each
alternative under consideration, the expected impacts
are predicted and the impact significance is identified.
A report is then prepared.The choice of a preferred plan
option in decision making then takes into account the
findings and suggestions of the SEA report.This process
is accompanied by consultations with the authorities
and public participation.Once approved,a monitoring
process is put in place.
Thereportnormallyincludes:a)goalsandobjectives
of the plan or programme; b) a description of the
environmental characteristics of the affected zones,
including an assessment of an alternative for the non-
implementationoftheplan;c)adescriptionofthemajor
environmental impacts caused by the implementation
of the plan or programme, including secondary,
cumulativeandsynergeticimpactsintheshort,medium
and long term; d) a description of short, medium and
long-term scenarios for the region, including projects
account the various economic and social needs
associated with location processes. These problems
are further increased by the difficulty of rendering
energy development requirements complementary
to and not in conflict with the requests for greater
environmental protection. Hence, within this context,
SEA is a planning instrument that deals with questions
involved in establishing sustainability and the problem
of environmental protection.
A number of common misunderstandings have
arisen between the objectives and main procedures
of EIA and SEA. One possible reason for this is that
SEA shares its origins and common principles
with EIA. However, there are certain aspects that
provide significant differences between these two
environmental planning instruments.The fundamental
difference between EIA and SEA can be described
as follows [5]: whilst EIA focuses on the effect of
developmentontheenvironment,SEAaimstointegrate
the concept of sustainability into the formulation of
plans and programmes.
Table 1 presents the differences between EIA and
SEA in South Africa [6].
As well as the above-mentioned differences
between SEA and EIA,there are also two fundamentally
different ways to approach SEA. One is the EIA-based
approach, which involves applying the same kind of
assessment procedures as in a traditional EIA,except on
a broader scope.The second is the sustainability-based
SEA,in which an attempt is made to study the carrying
capacities of the environment and the collective desire
of the stakeholders for a preferred level and type of
regional development. Development plans are only
produced after considering a range of development
options that may fit the limits imposed by the
environment and the collective will of the stakeholders.
3.0 SEA GENERAL STRUCTURE
The SEA legislation developed in 1969 in the US
(with NEPA) stated the necessity to provide analyses
of programmes, activities and regulations brought in
by federal,state and local governments with reference
to the effects these activities may have on the
environment and the conservation and use of natural
resources.
InEurope,eachcountry,withintheEU,hasenactedor
legislated its own version of the SEA Directive 2001/42/
CE. Each country has also created regulations and
guidelinesastohowtheassessmentwillbeadministered,
and how often it will be revised. Each country has
also enacted regulations for its enforcement. The SEA
Directive 2001/42/CE determined that State-Members

Brazilian Experience on Long Distance
Transmission Systems and Future Trends/Challenges
SUMMARY - This presentation is basically
divided in two parts: the first one shows the Brazilian
knowledge and experience on dealing with long
distance transmission systems (800 kVAC and ±600
kVDC), describing the historical reasons for that,
faced problems/challenges and some aspects of the
technical solutions to overcome those problems/
challenges, from planning and operating experience
points of view. In the second part, it will be given an
updated summary of the Brazilian future trends and
technical challenges, regarding the potential use/
need of UHV transmission system technologies, as for
the transmission solution associated to the foreseen
plannedmajorhydropowerplantsintheAmazonregion,
that is,the transfer of high amounts of power (between
6,000 and 10,000 MW) across long distances (of about
3,000 km).The consequent impacts on existing network
(brazilian national interconnected powergrid) are also
considered,by pointing out the needs of:(a) reinforcing
the receiving points of the powergrid to cope with
the integration of huge amounts of new generation
from far away sites in the Amazon region, as well as
(b) the need of investigating procedures for limitation
of short-circuit current levels exceeding existing
equipment withstand ratings.Also,the new challenges
may demand IEC standards deep and general review,
due to the possible special equipment withstand
requirements for higher voltage levels above 800 kV
(UHV). Regarding the 800 kV level for AC transmission,
which has been used for over 40 years worldwide,
the equipment technical specifications were based
mainly on equipment withstand requirements using
extrapolation from 420 and 550 kV levels. For UHV, the
new specifications are pretty much based on modern
system analysis techniques,resulting in recommended
insulation levels for UHV equipment not far above
those for 800 kV. For new long distance transmission
systems,some important features and concerns related
to equipment withstand requirements should also be
deeply investigated as well.
KEYWORDS - UHV long distance transmission,
planning, engineering, construction, operating
experience, equipment, specification, tests, erection on
site,future trends.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Brazilian Electric Power System has some
particular features that should be highlighted: the bulk
supplyistypicallyprovidedbylongEHVtransmissionlines
belonging to the national interconnected powergrid,not
onlytoconnectfarhydroelectricpowerplantstothemain
load centers, but also to interconnect power systems of
different regions and from distinct geographical areas.
Due to the long distances between main load centers
and major generation plants, several transmission lines
and substations of 550kV up to 800 kV had to be built in
the country,soon after these voltage levels started to be
used by utilities in other parts of the world.
Considering such a frame as above described, one
of the most important powerplant integrations into
the brazilian national interconnected powergrid refers
to Itaipu hydroelectric powerplant. It is located on
Paraná River,at the border between Brazil and Paraguay
and belongs to a company of the same name of the
powerplant: Itaipu Binacional. It is a power generation
utility, owned by both governments, of Brazil and
Paraguay,in equal shares.Itaipu powerplant has now-a-
days 20 generating units of 700 MW each, resulting in
a 14,000 MW installed rated power capacity enterprise,
enable to produce alone around 100 TWh of energy per
year,at the present the highest in the world.
Taking into account peculiarities of the brazilian
power system at late 70’ and early 80’, it is shown the
context in which the Itaipu transmission system was
conceiveddesigned, in order to integrate into the
Brazilian interconnected transmission grid the power
and energy that were to be generated by the Itaipu
powerplant,foreseen to happen in the middle of the 80’.
As in Brazil and Paraguay the nominal power
frequencies are different from each other, the rated
frequency of half of the generating units (10x700MW),
belonging to Brazil, is 60Hz, while the other half
(10x700MW), belonging to Paraguay, has a rated
frequency of 50Hz. This has been established as a
consequence of an international treaty celebrated
between both countries. However, Brazil has agreed,
by contract, to buy the whole of 50Hz energy, except
that consumed by Paraguay, which means that 80% to
J. AMON FILHO Furnas l P . C. FERNANDEZ Eletrobras
have been proposed for SEA in the power sector:
(i) It is imperative to conduct a SEA for Plans and
Programmes; (ii) In all cases, SEAs should be strategic
and comprehensive studies; (iii) SEA should be
included in national and regional long-term plans
both for generation and transmission; (iv) Define
specific objectives and the scope of the study on
which the assessment will be based and chose an
appropriate method of measurement in accordance
with the environmental authorities; (v) Identify
different alternatives and analyze their effects; (vi)
Include analysis of environmental,social and economic
aspects; (vii) Identify the stakeholders in the earlier
stages of the process;(viii)Take into account the results
of public consultation; (ix) SEA studies should result
in meaningful deliverables, including proposals for
mitigation, compensation and monitoring measures;
(x)Make the results of the study and public consultation
available in a Final Report; (xi) Conduct a monitoring
phase to provide feedback and to identify the value of
lessons learned for the next SEA process.
The WG C3-06 has also made the following
recommendations: (i) an appropriate communication
plan should be established; (ii) modelling tools should
be developed to support the analysis of policies and
plans, as well as decision making; (iii) geographical
Information Systems (GIS) should be used, particularly
to analyze the cumulative and synergetic effects of the
plan or programme; (iv) build capacity and training on
the SEA skills,which should be implemented.
5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Working Group SC C3-06 CIGRÉ.“Strategic Environ-
mental Assessment for Power Developments”.CIGRÉ
Brochure (forthcoming),Paris,France.
[2] Partidário, M.R. (2007). “Guia de boas práticas para
Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica – orientações
metodológicas”. Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente.
Lisbon,Portugal.
[3] Thérivel, R., P. Caratti, M.R. Partidário, A. H. Theodórs-
dóttir and D.Tyldesley (2004). “SEA guidance – Writ-
ing strategic environmental assessment guidance”.
In:Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal,volume
22,number 4,December 2004,pages 259-270,Guild-
ford,Surrey:Beech Tree Publishing,UK.
[4] Sadler,B.(ed.)(2005).‘Strategic Environmental Assess-
ment at the Policy Level: Recent Progress, Current
Status and Future Prospects”. Regional Environment
Centre for Central and Eastern Europe on behalf of
the Czech Ministry of Environment. Prague, Czech
Republic.
[5] CSIR (1996).South African approaches on Strategic
Environmental Assessment. South Africa.
[6] DEAT (2007). “Strategic Environmental Assessment
Guideline”. Integrated Environmental Guideline, In-
formation series 4,Department of Environmental Af-
fairs and Tourism (DEAT),Pretoria,South Africa.
[7] Furtado, R.C., R.C. Cavalcanti, C.F. Menezes, M.R. Nuti,
P.N.Teixeira,E.Breyer and F.Serran (2008).“Methodol-
ogy for Integrated Environmental Assessment of Hy-
drographic Basins”. Proceedings of 2008 CIGRÉ Ses-
sion,pp.C3-210 - C3-222. Paris,France.

The 800 kV AC transmission system interconnects
Foz do Iguaçu substation (close to Itaipu power plant)
to Tijuco Preto substation in São Paulo area (close to
São Paulo metropolitan region), one of the main load
centers of the Brazilian electrical network.Foz do Iguaçu
substation contains both the UHV 800kVAC switchyard
and the ± 600kVDC converter substation (rectifier side).
Together they form one of the biggest substations in
operation worldwide, in terms of power and size. The
three circuits of 800 KVAC, each one of about 895 km
long,are able to transmit to the Brazilian interconnected
network the generated power from the generating
units operating with the nominal frequency of 60 Hz,
and also to interchange energy between the southern
and southeastern geographic regions of the Brazilian
interconnected network as well. Before the existence
of the Itaipu transmission system, these two regional
transmission grids were weakly interconnected, since
they had only few tie-lines using voltage levels of 88kV,
138 kVand 230 kVin the border between the state of São
Paulo (south border of southeastern regional grid) and
the state of Paraná (north border of southern regional
grid).
The electrical requirement for the 800 kVAC
equipment has been defined in the late 70s and early
80s. At that time, the Brazilian network consisted of
several sub-networks weakly connected to each other.
Although each sub-network could be considered as
solidly grounded, the network as a whole could not.
Besides, the 800 kV Brazilian network would not be a
meshed network but a radial one consisting of 3 parallel
circuits.Thus,theplanningengineersatthattimedecided
to adopt conservative requirements for the equipment
of such a new and unknown high voltage level in Brazil,
derived from system simulations under severe operation
and emergency conditions.
Figure 1: Transmission system for Itaipu powerplant
integration into the Brazilian powergrid
In the middle of the 80s the full power of Itaipu
power plant corresponded to more than 35% of the
whole installed power in the Brazilian power network
(now-a-days it corresponds to less than 14%, even
over 90% of the 50Hz produced energy,in average,was
imported by Brazil during the powerplant operation
period.
The building up of the Brazilian knowledge and
experience on dealing with the EHV highest voltage
levels transmission systems have started with the initial
investigation studies, carried out considering the first
engineering alternative for the transmission system
associated with Itaipu power plant, which consisted
of a 800 kVAC five line-transmission-corridor. After
the decision of the government of Paraguay to keep
its electrical network nominal frequency in 50 Hertz,
instead of accepting the Brazilian offer to convert the
whole country electrical network into 60Hz, it became
necessary to review those first investigation studies,
in order to define a transmission system solution of
3 parallel 800kVAC transmission lines and one HVDC
system formed by 2 bipoles of ± 600kVDC.This hybrid-
AC/DC transmission system planned, shown in Figure
1,is one of the most important in the occidental world,
due to its nominal voltage levels,rated power capacity
and importance for the Brazilian electric industry. Its
importance is not only due to the usage of some of
the highest voltage levels in commercial operation
worldwide, but also because of the high capacity of
the transmitted power (rated to 12.600 MW) for a long
distance (about 1,000 km).
Eletrobras-FURNAS, as a power generation bulk
transmission utility, owned by the Brazilian Federal
Government, was responsible for developing the
transmission solution in order to integrate Itaipu power
plant generation into the Brazilian national transmission
network, performing the planning studies, equipment
specification, factory and laboratory tests, erection on
site,commissioningtests(factoryandon-siteacceptance
tests), amongst other tasks. Eletrobras-FURNAS was
createdin1957andstartedtheoperationofthe800kVAC
and ± 600kVDC systems in 1982 and 1984, respectively,
integrating the Itaipu power plant generation into the
‘Brazilian National Transmission Network’, and then,
being the utility detainer of the Brazilian know-how on
transmission issues of such voltage levels[1].
In this sense, the 800kV transmission system, was
conceived for transporting the power of 6.300 MW in
60 Hz and the +/-600kVHVDC transmission system,was
conceived for transporting 6.300 MW in 50 Hz,giving a
total figure of 12,600 MW.
2.0 FIRST PART
2.1. 800 kV AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM -
REMARKABLE ASPECTS
2.2. 600 kV HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM -
REMARKABLE ASPECTS
The ±600 kV HVDC transmission system is rated to
transmit 6.300 MWfrom the generated power produced
by the 10 generating units of 50 Hz owned by the
Paraguayan side of the bi-national Itaipu power plant.
In order to build up the Brazilian know-how on HVDC
transmission,being used for the first time in the country,
the following constrains have been established:services,
equipment and products should be nationalized;
Brazilian enterprises/engineers should take part on the
planning studies, designing, building and operation of
the HVDC transmission system; technology transfer “on
the job training”should be practiced.
The UHV ± 600 kV DC transmission system main
characteristics are as follows:
• Two substations (Foz do Iguaçu the rectifier side
and Ibiúna,the Inverter side);
• Nominal Power:6,300 MW;
• Nominal Voltage:± 600 kV(DC);
• Nominal Current:2,625 A(DC);
• Two Bipoles (± 600 kV);
• Each Bipole composed by two poles;
• Each Pole composed by two 300 kV series-con-
nected convertors.
BothAC/DCrectifyingandDC/ACinvertingprocesses
require great amounts of reactive power and produce
harmonic currents that are not allowed to be injected
into the related AC network.At Foz do Iguaçu substation
AC filters totalizing 1,540 Mvar have been installed.
Because of its vicinities to Itaipu power plant,the needed
reactive power has been mostly supplied by the power
plant itself, performing the filters just the role of not
allowingtheharmoniccurrentsflowintotheACnetwork.
At Ibiúna substation, besides AC filters totalizing 2,480
Mvar have been installed, shunt capacitors, totalizing
590 Mvar and 4 synchronous compensators of 300 Mvar
each were defined to supply the needed reactive power
and proper short circuit level.It is important to point out
that there were no existing IEC Standards [2] at that time
for such a huge HVDC transmission system.In this sense,
some aspects and faced problems, from planning and
operating experience points of view, concerning the
UHVAC and UHVDC features and equipment,had to be
deeply investigated since the beginning,such as:
a - comparison between ‘equivalent’ solutions of
HVAC and HVDC systems and between ‘equivalent’
GIS and AIS equipment, in terms of engineering and
economics issues (considering environmental and
regulatory issues);
b - characteristics of HVDC system facilities, such as
the so-called‘Dynamic Performance feature’(concerning
considering the expansion of the Itaipu power plant).
In the beginning of the Itaipu power plant operation,
during the light load period in the late 80’,the generated
power of Itaipu station corresponded to more than 50%
of the dispatched power in the Brazilian interconnected
network.
Therefore, the Itaipu transmission system, in this
context, was of major importance to the Brazilian
electric bulk network.It had to be designed considering,
on one hand, the use, for the first time in the country,
of such high voltage levels, equipment rated power
and all the related technological aspects and, on the
other hand, it was absolutely necessary to assure that
the equipment withstand levels would cope with the
system requirements,as reliably as possible.
These system requirements should consider for
instance, for equipment designing purposes, the worst
conditions regarding switching transients.Also FURNAS
did not apply single phase reclosing on its 800 kV lines
since they comprise the 800 kV AC transmission system
of Itaipu power plant,composed by three parallel radial
circuits with four 800 kV substations (one sending end,
one receiving end and two intermediate) distant 300
km to each other, approximately. Despite secondary
arc extinction is the most important concern on single-
phase auto-reclosing, due to its complex behavior
characteristics, it is quite often analyzed by extremely
generalized criteria or simplified methods, that lead to
mistaken conclusions or not optimized solutions for
single-phase reclosing implementation.
Following this idea of adopting conservative criteria
for defining the equipment withstand requirements
(for such a new and unknown high voltage level in
Brazil at that time), derived from system simulations
under severe operation and emergency conditions, it
was also found necessary to define other requirements
based on rigid premises, such as the maximum
overspeed during total load rejection in the 800 kVAC
system as 1.1 of nominal frequency (66 Hz), instead of
adopting the standard value of 1.05fn (63 Hz).This rigid
overspeed criteria was used to verify the possibilities
of self-excitation regarding the Itaipu generators, and
also to define the withstand requirements of switching
equipment due to overvoltage transients caused by
full load rejection.Finally,as other example,the value of
800 kVwas defined as the‘maximum operating voltage’,
which means only 1.045pu of the nominal operating
voltage (765 kV). In all other Brazilian voltage levels
the maximum operating voltage (non-continuous
operating voltage limit, for emergency operating
conditions) is 1.10 pu of the rated or nominal voltage
value (138kV/152kV; 230kV/253kV; 345kV/380kV;
440kV/484kV;500kV/550kV).

SyMPOSIUM BOLOGNASyMPOSIUM BOLOGNA
impacts caused to the AC systems connected to the
converter substations, both ‘rectifier’ and ‘inverter’
HVDC system sides, in terms of mitigation/elimination
of dynamic electromechanical transients/oscillations);
HVDC transmission system ‘Forced Isolation protection
scheme’ (implemented to give protection against
electrical transients derived from partial or total load
shedding); ‘High MVAr consumption’ operating mode;
‘automatic fast switching’ from one faulted DC line
to another one under unrecoverable short-circuit
conditions in the first line;
c - HVDC reliability features specification (ability
of the system to transmit the rated power under con-
tingency conditions and outages), such as: operation
modes (bipolar/monopolar) and related engineering/
environmental issues; temporary overloading/overcur-
rent capacity;AC System Faults/configurations that may
create commutation failures mainly in the inverter sta-
tion;
d - importance/advantages of analogue/digital sim-
ulation facilities for HVDC/HVAC transmission systems
(necessity/usefulness of simulation tools for HVDC trans-
mission systems in terms of planning/specification/op-
erational optimization and economics);
e - DC switchyard bushing isolation problems and
the implemented mitigation solutions;
f - issues related to filtering requirements (short cir-
cuit level criteria, filter overloading,“active filters” usage
since they are not a sink for harmonics other than their
own,which can be decisive in filtering performance,etc);
g - HVAC shunt and series compensation devices
(and the related inherent aspects in terms of voltage
profile control,overvoltage transients and protection is-
sues);
h - importance of equipment withstanding require-
ments definition in the planning phase, taking into ac-
count the possible/foreseen evolution/expansion of
the AC grid/network (up-grading in short-circuit level
requirements);
i - enterprise staging definition, i.e., intermediate
stages of transmitting power capacity, considering
cost constraints,needs of scaling the power transmis-
sion,time interval between stages,etc (series connec-
tion of converter groups per pole easily allows the
staging of 25%,50%,75%,and 100% of the total rated
power);
j- oil chemistry issues of HVDC converter transformers;
k - possibilities of controlled switching usage.
As the IEC standards at that time did not cover the
requirements for such a bulk transmission system,many
of the equipment requirements had to be considered as
special ones in the equipment specifications.
3.0 SECOND PART:FUTURE TRENDS/CHALLENGES
REGARDING UHVTRANSMISSION IN BRAZIL
Stepping into the future and trying to foresee
possible needs, trends and challenges, regarding the
use of UHV transmission in Brazil [3], we have on one
hand, around 150 GW corresponding to the remaining
Brazilian hydroelectric potential still not used. A high
percentage of it (around 55%) is located in the Amazon
region (see Figure 2),according to the official estimates.
On the other hand, the consumption of energy is
spread all over the country according to the following
geographical distribution:
• Isolated Systems in Amazon Region (2% of total
country’s load consumption). In 2009 a considerable
amount of load demand and area covered by isolated
systems in the Amazon region were integrated into
the national powergrid. And it is foreseen to 2013 the
integration of the major part of the load consumption
in the remaining isolated systems in Amazon area, by
means of a transmission system under construction of
almost 2,000km long.Such transmission corridor will use
voltage levels of 500kV and 230kV, in double circuit of
very tall tower structures, above the Amazon rainforest
tree tops (in order to avoid suppression of the vegetation
along the OH line right-of-way).After it starts operating,
the remaining load consumption in isolated systems in
Brazil will be less than 0.5%of the total.
• Interconnected System in North/Northeast (19% of
consumption).
•InterconnectedSysteminSouth/Southeast/Central-
West (79%of consumption).
Figure 2:Hydropower potential in Brazil.
In Brazil,in a more or less similar way as it happens in
China,thepotentialsforPowergenerationtobeexploited
are distributed in an unbalanced way throughout the
Brazilian territory. In the Amazon region, northern and
north-western regions of the country, there are the
main left hydro potentials (refer to Figure 2), while the
main load centres are located along or near the coast.
The necessity of high growth rates for electricity supply
is another similarity between Brazil and China.Although
the high average grow rate of electricity consumption
in Brazil during the last decades, the average per-capta
consumption is still very low,e.g.,less than half of average
per-capta consumption in countries like Portugal,Spain
and Italy.
For many reasons, since costs, expertise in
design, erection, operation and maintenance, until
the international commitments for climate change
mitigation, the main supply expansion of power for
electricity industry in Brazil for the decade until 2019 will
bethehydropotentialinthecountry(mainlytheexisting
one in the Amazon region),keeping roughly the existing
shares of today among the main primary sources.
In Brazil,around 2030,due to the still expected high
average grow rate of the electricity consumption in
the country (sic), it is foreseen to be left no appreciable
amount of the hydro potential in all country areas,
including the Amazon region. For the time being, and
for the next decade,the hydro potential in the Amazon
region is the most interesting option to be used to cope
with future demand needs (in terms of costs,technology
know-how, accessible means for environmental and
social mitigation measures, etc). Therefore, after 2030
one feasible alternative of high interest for forthcoming
generation expansion is the nuclear option.
It is foreseen that the supply of electricity with hydro
primary source will be expanded in more than 60GW
for the next decade, while the other primary sources
for electricity supply will experience a lower growth
increase rate (nuclear included).
The Amazon region has a lot of water resources on
a quite plain geographic area,that is,without water falls,
and the rivers having huge and sustained water flows.
Thus, generation of electricity can be obtained taking
advantage of the water flow rather than by using the
potential energy (difference in water level provided by
dams). In order to minimize environmental and social
impacts, preliminary prospective studies of the region
suggest,as the more suitable solution,the construction
of hydro powerplant dams with very low height and the
intensive use of“bulb-type”turbines.
Therefore, in terms of the Brazilian power system
growth, it is reasonable to say that it will be necessary
to transport huge amounts of energy,produced mainly
in the Amazon region, to the main load centers of
the country, covering distances of more than 2,000
kilometers.
Consideringsuchaframe,theuseofUHVtransmission
systems (AC overhead lines and/or DC links) seems to
be quite competitive and suitable alternatives, in both
economic and environmental views/aspects.Such non-
conventional technology for transmission (UHV for AC –
higher than 1,000kV or for DC – 800kV or higher) has a
significantly higher capacity for transporting bulk energy,
covering long distances compared to the conventional
transmission technologies available,i.e.,up to the 800kV
level fo AC or 600kVfor DC.The use of UHVtechnology is
interestingundertheeconomicandenvironmentalview
points (for instance,the suppression of vegetation along
the right-of-way is significantly lower compared to the
conventionaltransmissionTechnologies,consideringthe
transport of the same big amount of energy and Power.
In this case,it is not necessary to change the frequency
from the rectifier AC side to the inverter AC side, since
it is just a matter of a set of issues such as: stability, loss
reduction, compactness, environmental friendlyness
and costs to connect the far amazonic future hydro
powerplants to the main load centers.
It is possible to consider still the HVDC multi-terminal
technology for integrating the Amazon hydro potential
into the national powergrid. This multi-terminal HVDC
transmission system is considered non-conventional as
well, and much more complex from the technological
view-point when compared to the point-to-point HVDC
conventional technology.
Other transmissionTechnologies under consideration,
with their technological challenges of today and advan-
tages/disadvantages of each one,are:
a - Half-wave plus: transmission line in alternate
current with about 2,500km point-to-point, which is
impossible to obtain using the conventional AC trans-
mission Technologies,or even using UHV AC systems;
b - HVDC system using the non-conventional
technology VSC (Voltage Source Converter):This tech-
nology is already available in the market worldwide,
but still has higher costs and higher Joule losses com-
pared to the conventional HVDC technology using
thyristors;
c - Segmented AC transmission tehcnology: AC
lines segmented by Power electronic devices (FACTS
- Flexible AC Transmission Systems).The concern with
the use of such technology is regarding costs and reli-
ability.
The first new large hydropower project in the
Amazon region,already under construction,is known as
‘Madeirariverproject’.Itconsistsofanenterprisecomplex
including two hydroelectric power plants situated on
Madeira river:one is‘Santo Antonio’,near PortoVelho city,
the capital of the state of Rondônia and the other one is
‘Jirau’, near the border between Brazil and Bolivia, both
enterprises totalizing an installed power of 6,450 MW.
The complexity inherent to the project has required a lot
of efforts from the federal government in order to obtain
the environment licenses needed to start the process

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