Forest fire management using gis

2.  Wild fire - destroys human wealth
 Avoid Wild fire
 Using forest fire simulation
Factors
o Wind velocity
o Direction

3.  Application
o Hazard map production
o Forest fire simulation &
Resource management
 Information layers such as
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
 Index of flammability

4.  Natural fire
 Prescribed burning
 the one which starts by human

5.  GIS in fire risk/probability
assessment
 GIS in prescribed burn
planning
 GIS in preventing fire and its
spread
 GIS in fire simulation
 GIS in post fire assessment
and monitoring
 GIS in disaster management

6. Simulation of a phenomenon is the operation that consists of
studying its behaviour in situations generated by virtual data in
order to better understand the behaviour of the phenomenon in
the real world.
 Parameters of forest fire simulation
 Wind
 Vegetation coverage
 Topography
 Fire starting point
 Temperature

7. Combined effect of wind and topography:
wind increases the flame of a burning cell and decreases resistance
to fire.
 If the aspect of a cell is against the wind, the effect of wind is
increased and if it is toward the wind, the effect of wind is decreased
and even sometimes it can be neglected.
 Effect of the wind can be evaluated by determining the angle
between normal vector (perpendicular to the surface) of a cell and
vector of wind direction.

8. Combined effect of wind, topography and temperature:
Another effect of wind is to accelerate cooling.
In the case of adjacent cells to the burning ones, wind increases the
loss of received energy.
If the aspect of a cell is against the wind direction, the cooling effect
of the wind will increase and reduction of temperature makes this
effect more severe.

9. Concentric model
R=x a Vf T
Concentric model, two circles show fire
spread prediction after 1 and 2 hours.
where, T is the time in hour, Vf is
wind velocity in kilometer per
hour, a is a unit less coefficient, x
is a coefficient which falls
between 0 and 1 and is related to
index of flammability and finally R
is the radius of circles in kilometer.

10. Concentric model
ADVANTAGES:
•It is the simplest model for forest fire simulation.
DISADVANTAGES:
•This model not onlt has some technical problem s but
also experiment have show that fire spread is never
circular
•So it is nit always reliable.

11. Pseudo-conical Model
pseudo-conical model, two conics show fire
spread prediction after 1 and 2 hours
In pseudo-conical model fire
is assumed to spread in a flat
conic shape which its vertex
is located at the starting
point of fire and its extension
is along the direction of wind.

12. Pseudo-conical Model
ADVANTAGES:
•More accurate than concentric model.
DISADVANTAGES:
•This model has no perticular information layer.
•This model is not base on GIS.

13. Polygonal model
If q is the angle measured anticlockwise from x axes of a Cartesian coordinate
system then the coordinates of each vertex can be calculated by:
Where Yd, Xd are the coordinates of fire starting point, Vf is wind velocity in kilometer
per hour, T is the time in hour, Dv is wind direction, Ic is the flammability index, Mt is
a parameter for DEM, q is sampling angle, ai is a set of three coefficients that sum of
them is equal to 1 and shows the relative effect of slope, flammability and wind, and
finally X and Y are the coordinates of sampling vertex.

14. Fire spread after 1 and 2 hours predicted
by polygonal model , when wind velocity
is severe.
Fire spread after 1 and 2 hours
predicted by polygonal model ,
when wind velocity is not severe.

15. Polygonal model
ADVANTAGES:
•This is most accurate model.
•It takes more information like starting point, wind
velocity, direction of wind, flammability.
DISADVANTAGES:
•The value of sampling angle is not obvious effect of DEM
and flammability index is average or determination of
correct value for is very difficult if not impossible and even
if not determine it will not be correct after any changes in
environment situation.

16. Network model
•This model uses a grid-based DEM and considers burning area as
cells in a raster network.
• Each burning cell has a burning period and in this period emits heat
to its adjacent cells (four cells which have common edge with it).
• Also each cell has a flammability degree and if a cell receives more
energy than its degree of flammability, it will begin to burn.
•So the process of burning continues until no cell is left for burning.
•The importance of this model is that it considers individual cells and
follows the process of burning.

17. Network model
ADVANTAGES:
•It consider individual cell and follows the process of
burning.
DISADVANTAGES:
•It takes just few parameters which are not enough such
as topography,velocity,direction of wind are negleted.

18. Implemented model (Normal model)
 fire life in a cell is assumed to follow a normal PDF curve.
 During fire life, a burning cell emits heat to its neighbouring cells.
 If the received heat by a cell is more than its degree of flammability,
it begins to burn and this process goes go.
Input Data
 Main information layers in this model are: DEM and index of
flammability.
 DEM is used in grid form. Index of flammability or combustibility is a
map.
 Wind velocity and direction are two other main parameters in this
model.

19. Algorithm
1. Capturing and setting parameters
2. Loading DEM and index of flammability
3. Calculating normal vector for the whole cells
4. Acquisition of fire starting point
5. Performing main fire loop up to the end of burning
6. Illustration of the fire spread prediction
7. Providing statistical information about fire

20. Algorithm
The main part of this algorithm is fire loop which work as following:
 This loop becomes active when the fire starts and becomes inactive when the
fire stops.
 The input for this loop is the fire starting point and as a function of time
calculates the amount of heat for the burning cell according to the normal cure.
 Meanwhile, the heat of the burning cell is emitted to the adjacent cells and if
the received heat is more than the degree of flammability, adjacent cells start to
burn too.
 Cells adjacent to one or more burning cells receive heat continuously but do not
absorb all of the received heat. Some of the received heat is continuously lost.
 Temperature of a burning cell, value of heat transfer to the adjacent cells and
value of heat loss are all depended on some factors which are set by
parameters.
 Fire loop continues till no burning cell exists. After the loop is over, the cells are
mainly divided into two categories: burnt and not burnt.

21. Increasing Situational Awareness and Providing Firefighter Safety
Response
• Where is the fire located?
• What is the best way to access
the fire?
• What is the terrain and fuel type?
• Where are the evacuation routes?
• What are the hazards to responding
units?
• What are the values at risk?
• Whose jurisdiction is the incident within?

22. Recovery
 Rapid and accurate
damage assessment
 Using GIS integration
platforms for the
collection, analysis, and
display of various
types of postincident
data
 Can collect accurate
damage
information from the
field.

23. The GIS map provides an
overall view
of damage and recovery
needs with
location-specific photos
and reports
including
• Severity of damage to
buildings
• Status of infrastructure
and utilities
• Condition of landscapes
• Impact on natural
resources

24.  Simulation of a forest fire is a real challenge.
 For example velocity and direction of the wind can vary
continuously but real time determination of these variations is
almost impossible.
 On the other hand, the combined effect of wind and topography
can not be easily determined.
 More assessment on the relative effect of the fire parameters is
one of the requirements of this model in the future. In case a
real forest fire record exists, setting coefficients with artificial
neural networks seems to be appropriate.
 Also because of the similar effect of fire in all directions, one can
use a network with hexagonal cells instead of square ones.