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Similarity and difference of the homegarden component tree species in Tanzania and Indonesia
- 1. Similarity and difference of the homegarden component tree species in Tanzania and Indonesia TAKATA Kanako and HIGUCHI Hirokazu (Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Univ. )
- 2. Introduction Agricultural systems might be interchangeable 2 TANZANIA INDONESIA Uluguru Zanzibar Java Similar latitude Similar climate Research areas
- 3. Introduction Uluguru ・High rainfall, especially in the east slope ・Social and economical relationship with coastal areas, including Zanzibar ・Well developed homegardens ・Tropical fruits and spice crops ・Few plants originated in Africa, mostly introduced species ⇛ Similar to Southeast Asian homegardens??? 3 Dar es Salaam Tanzania Kenya Zambia Uluguru Zanzibar
- 4. Introduction Zanzibar (Ungja island) ・Island with high rainfall ・Developed as a base of the Indian Ocean trade ・Traded with various areas of the Indian Ocean rim, including Southeast Asian insulars Southeast Asia→Zanzibar→Uluguru Several tropical fruits and spices might be delivered from Southeast Asia 4 Dar es Salaam Tanzania Kenya Zambia Uluguru Zanzibar
- 5. Introduction Java (Indonesia) ・Near equatorial island with high rainfall ・Developed as a base of the Indian Ocean trade ・Developed homegarden called “Pekarangan” 5
- 6. Examine the similarity or differences of homegarden components 6 Java Uluguru Zanzibar
- 7. Methodology Research areas and dates • Tanzania Uluguru: Aug. 2014 Zanzibar: Sep. 2014 • Indonesia Java: Nov. 2014 Data collection • Shape and size of homegarden • Arrangement and composition of cultivated plants • Management of homegarden and utility of plants 7
- 8. Uluguru Ug 1 0.30 6 4 0 7 2 0 13 0.52 Ug 2 0.09 15 8 0 4 2 0 14 1.37 Ug 3 0.10 32 4 0 7 4 0 15 1.56 Ug 4 0.30 58 4 0 0 4 0 8 1.77 Ug 5 0.08 3 3 0 2 1 1 7 0.43 Ug 6 0.22 79 8 1 9 3 0 21 1.89 Ug 7 0.29 95 10 1 3 3 0 17 2.76 Ug 8 0.55 91 8 1 3 3 0 15 2.83 Ave. 0.24 a 47.4 a 6.1 a 0.4 4.4 2.8 0.1 13.8 1.64 a Zanzibar Zn 1 0.45 75 17 1 5 2 3 28 1.46 Zn 2 0.51 37 11 0 1 1 1 14 0.93 Zn 3 0.30 35 8 0 2 1 1 12 1.54 Zn 4 1.33 116 11 1 0 0 0 12 2.70 Zn 5 0.42 89 12 0 2 2 3 19 2.52 Zn 6 0.02 9 7 0 3 0 1 11 2.57 Zn 7 0.25 37 7 0 2 0 0 9 2.21 Zn 8 0.33 58 9 3 4 0 0 16 2.00 Ave. 0.45 a 57.0 a 10.3 a 0.6 2.4 0.8 1.1 15.1 1.99 a Java Jv 1 0.11 64 10 5 0 0 0 15 3.05 Jv 2 0.10 64 13 3 1 0 3 20 3.05 Jv 3 0.08 31 9 3 6 1 1 20 2.07 Jv 4 0.09 54 13 3 4 1 2 23 3.38 Jv 5 0.05 43 9 3 3 1 0 16 3.06 Jv 6 0.04 15 8 0 3 0 0 11 2.13 Jv 7 0.05 33 10 5 3 2 2 22 3.34 Jv 8 0.07 58 16 3 2 1 1 23 3.83 Ave. 0.07 b 45.3 a 11.0 b 3.1 2.8 0.8 1.1 18.8 2.99 b Household No. Number of species Fruits Timbers Crops Number of trees* Area (ha) Spices Others** Total (H') *** Table 1 Homegarden size and plant species components * Woody plants higher than 1.5m, not including banana, ** Including medicinal, ornamental and oilseed plants *** Diversity index by Shannon-Weiner index (H’) Result 8 Significantly small High density
- 9. Uluguru Bf: Breadfruit Cf: Coffee Cl: Clove Cn: Cinnamon Dr: Durian Jf: Jackfruit Lg: Longan Mj: Melinjo Mn: Mango Or: Orange Pt: Petai Rm: Rambutan Sw: Mahogany Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava □： Papaya ： Banana ： Palm ：Field crop plot 9 Cl Jf Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cn Cn Cn Cn Or Or Sy ・Lablab ・Pepper Vanilla Vanilla ・Taro ・Cassava Cassava ・Common bean ・Chili pepper ・Indian spinach ・Vanilla Vanila Tomato N 10m ＋ Banana Banana
- 10. 1
- 11. 11
- 12. Uluguru Bf: Breadfruit Cf: Coffee Cl: Clove Cn: Cinnamon Dr: Durian Jf: Jackfruit Lg: Longan Mj: Melinjo Mn: Mango Or: Orange Pt: Petai Rm: Rambutan Sw: Mahogany Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava □： Papaya ： Banana ： Palm ：Field crop plot 12 Cl Jf Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cn Cn Cn Cn Or Or Sy ・Lablab ・Pepper Vanilla Vanilla ・Taro ・Cassava Cassava ・Common bean ・Chili pepper ・Indian spinach ・Vanilla Vanila Tomato N 10m ＋ Banana Banana Open space
- 13. N 10m Bf Bf Jf Jf Jf Bf Cn Cf Cf Jf Vanilla Taro 岩 岩 岩 Cl Cn Mn Mn Mn Mn Cl Bf Guava Guava Pinapple Embe ngongo Passion fruit Banana Open space Uluguru Bf: Breadfruit Cf: Coffee Cl: Clove Cn: Cinnamon Dr: Durian Jf: Jackfruit Lg: Longan Mj: Melinjo Mn: Mango Or: Orange Pt: Petai Rm: Rambutan Sw: Mahogany Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava □： Papaya ： Banana ： Palm ：Field crop plot ・Hilly topography ・Field crop plots ・Intensive cultivation of banana ・Open space around house 13
- 14. 14
- 15. 15
- 16. Zanzibar 16 Mn Mn Bf Bf Bf Jf Mn Mn Or Or Or ・Water melon ・Amaranthus Sy Guava Or Rm Ab Ab Rm Rm Rm Sy Sy Or Lime Taro Soursop Cn Moringa Sy ・Taro ・Henna Bilimbi Lemon N 10mBanana ＋ Banana Bf: Breadfruit Cf: Coffee Cl: Clove Cn: Cinnamon Dr: Durian Jf: Jackfruit Lg: Longan Mj: Melinjo Mn: Mango Or: Orange Pt: Petai Rm: Rambutan Sw: Mahogany Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava □： Papaya ： Banana ： Palm ：Field crop plot
- 17. 17
- 18. Zanzibar 18 Mn Mn Bf Bf Bf Jf Mn Mn Or Or Or ・Water melon ・Amaranthus Sy Guava Or Rm Ab Ab Rm Rm Rm Sy Sy Or Lime Taro Soursop Cn Moringa Sy ・Taro ・Henna Bilimbi Lemon N 10mBanana ＋ Banana Bf: Breadfruit Cf: Coffee Cl: Clove Cn: Cinnamon Dr: Durian Jf: Jackfruit Lg: Longan Mj: Melinjo Mn: Mango Or: Orange Pt: Petai Rm: Rambutan Sw: Mahogany Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava □： Papaya ： Banana ： Palm ：Field crop plot
- 19. Zanzibar 19 N Cassava Taro Cassava Cassava Cassava Taro Taro Taro Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn Or Or Or Or Or Or Jf Jf Or Bf Bilimbi ・Cassava ・Sweet potato Sy Sw Rubber tree 10m Banana Bf: Breadfruit Cf: Coffee Cl: Clove Cn: Cinnamon Dr: Durian Jf: Jackfruit Lg: Longan Mj: Melinjo Mn: Mango Or: Orange Pt: Petai Rm: Rambutan Sw: Mahogany Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava □： Papaya ： Banana ： Palm ：Field crop plot ・Field crop plots ・Intensive cultivation of banana
- 20. 20
- 21. 21
- 22. Java 22 Mn Jf Jf Ab SySy Mn Lemon Ab Jf Ab Rm Mj Mj Mj MjGuava Guava Rm Mj Guava Jf Dr Lg Lg Guava Lg Plumeria Mj Mahkota dewa Tuemeric Sw Tangerine Soursop Guava Ornamental plants ◉ N 10m Bf: Breadfruit Cf: Coffee Cl: Clove Cn: Cinnamon Dr: Durian Jf: Jackfruit Lg: Longan Mj: Melinjo Mn: Mango Or: Orange Pt: Petai Rm: Rambutan Sw: Mahogany Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava □： Papaya ： Banana ： Palm ：Field crop plot
- 23. 23
- 24. 24
- 25. Java 25 Mn Jf Jf Ab SySy Mn Lemon Ab Jf Ab Rm Mj Mj Mj MjGuava Guava Rm Mj Guava Jf Dr Lg Lg Guava Lg Plumeria Mj Mahkota dewa Tuemeric Sw Tangerine Soursop Guava Ornamental plants ◉ N 10m Bf: Breadfruit Cf: Coffee Cl: Clove Cn: Cinnamon Dr: Durian Jf: Jackfruit Lg: Longan Mj: Melinjo Mn: Mango Or: Orange Pt: Petai Rm: Rambutan Sw: Mahogany Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava □： Papaya ： Banana ： Palm ：Field crop plot
- 26. Java 26 ⦿ ⦿ udin N Cassava Cassava ・Cassava ・Egg plant Spinach Pond Fish pond Ornamental plants Mn Mn Mj Pt Pt Mj Sw Mn Mj Lg Guava Pt Rm Rm Taro TeakTeak Swudin 10m Bf: Breadfruit Cf: Coffee Cl: Clove Cn: Cinnamon Dr: Durian Jf: Jackfruit Lg: Longan Mj: Melinjo Mn: Mango Or: Orange Pt: Petai Rm: Rambutan Sw: Mahogany Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava □： Papaya ： Banana ： Palm ：Field crop plot ・Field crops are hardly found ・High density of trees ・Ornamental plants ・Livestock and fish pond
- 27. 27
- 28. 28
- 29. 29
- 30. 30
- 31. Uluguru Ug 1 0.30 6 4 0 7 2 0 13 0.52 Ug 2 0.09 15 8 0 4 2 0 14 1.37 Ug 3 0.10 32 4 0 7 4 0 15 1.56 Ug 4 0.30 58 4 0 0 4 0 8 1.77 Ug 5 0.08 3 3 0 2 1 1 7 0.43 Ug 6 0.22 79 8 1 9 3 0 21 1.89 Ug 7 0.29 95 10 1 3 3 0 17 2.76 Ug 8 0.55 91 8 1 3 3 0 15 2.83 Ave. 0.24 a 47.4 a 6.1 a 0.4 4.4 2.8 0.1 13.8 1.64 a Zanzibar Zn 1 0.45 75 17 1 5 2 3 28 1.46 Zn 2 0.51 37 11 0 1 1 1 14 0.93 Zn 3 0.30 35 8 0 2 1 1 12 1.54 Zn 4 1.33 116 11 1 0 0 0 12 2.70 Zn 5 0.42 89 12 0 2 2 3 19 2.52 Zn 6 0.02 9 7 0 3 0 1 11 2.57 Zn 7 0.25 37 7 0 2 0 0 9 2.21 Zn 8 0.33 58 9 3 4 0 0 16 2.00 Ave. 0.45 a 57.0 a 10.3 a 0.6 2.4 0.8 1.1 15.1 1.99 a Java Jv 1 0.11 64 10 5 0 0 0 15 3.05 Jv 2 0.10 64 13 3 1 0 3 20 3.05 Jv 3 0.08 31 9 3 6 1 1 20 2.07 Jv 4 0.09 54 13 3 4 1 2 23 3.38 Jv 5 0.05 43 9 3 3 1 0 16 3.06 Jv 6 0.04 15 8 0 3 0 0 11 2.13 Jv 7 0.05 33 10 5 3 2 2 22 3.34 Jv 8 0.07 58 16 3 2 1 1 23 3.83 Ave. 0.07 b 45.3 a 11.0 b 3.1 2.8 0.8 1.1 18.8 2.99 b Household No. Number of species Fruits Timbers Crops Number of trees* Area (ha) Spices Others** Total (H') *** Result 31 * Woody plants higher than 1.5m, not including banana, ** Including medicinal, ornamental and oilseed plants *** Diversity index by Shannon-Weiner index (H’) High percentage of fruit species Table 1 Homegarden size and plant species components
- 32. Ug Zn Jv FRUITS Banana Musa spp. Malay ndizi pisang 8 8 7 Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus India to Malay fenesi nangka 6 5 7 Coconut Cocos nucifera Melanesia nazi kelapa 6 7 4 Mango Mangifera indica India to Bilma mwembe mangga 4 6 6 Papaya Carcia papaya Central America mpapai pepaya 2 7 6 Water apple Syzygium spp. Malay, Andaman and Nicobar Islands mtofaa jambu air 2 5 5 Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis Polinesia sherisheri sukun 5 5 1 Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum Malay shokishoki rambutan 1 2 7 Orange Citrus sinensis India mchungua jeruk manis 2 7 1 Avodcado Persea americana Central America mparachichi alpukat 2 3 4 Soursop Annona muricata The West Indies, South America mstaferi sirsak 1 3 5 Guava Psidium guajava Central America mpera jambu biji 1 2 5 Golden apple Spondias dulcis Melanesia, Polinesia mwembe ngongo - 3 3 Bilimbi Averrhoa bilimbi Moluccas bilimbi belimbing asam 5 1 Lemon Citrus limon North western India limau limun 3 1 Durian Durio zibethinus Borneo and Sumatra duriani durian 1 3 Sweetsop Annona squamosa Central America, the West Indies mtopetope srikaya 2 1 Coffee Coffea spp. Ethiopia kahawa - 5 Lime Citrus aurantifolia India, Malay limu - 3 Gnemon Gnetum gnemon Indonesia - melinjo 6 Petai Parkia speciosa Latin America - pete 4 Longan Dimocarpus longan South China - longan 3 Horse mango Mangifera foetida Malay - limus 2 Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana Malay - manggis 2 Number of houselhold (n=8) English name Scientific name Origin Swahili Indonesian Table 2. Fruit tree species, their origin and number of households cultivating Result 32 Banana is cultivated in almost all the HG 12 fruit tree species in common
- 33. N 10m Bf Bf Jf Jf Jf Bf Cn Cf Cf Jf Vanilla Taro 岩 岩 岩 Cl Cn Mn Mn Mn Mn Cl Bf Guava Guava Pinapple Embe ngongo Passion fruitCl Jf Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cn Cn Cn Cn Or Or Sy ・Lablab ・Pepper Vanilla Vanilla ・Taro ・Cassava Cassava ・Common bean ・Chili pepper ・Indian spinach ・Vanilla Vanila Tomato N 10m ＋ Banana Banana Bf: Breadfruit, Cf: Coffee, Cl: Clove, Cn: Cinnamon, Dr: Durian, Jf: Jackfruit, Lg: Longan Mj: Gnemon (Melinjo), Mn: Mango, Or: Orange Pt: Bitter bean (Petai), Rm: Rambutan, Sw: Mahogany, Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava, □： Papaya, ○： Crop, ： Banana, ： Palm ：Division used as a field Uluguru Intensive Banana cultivation together with field crops Mainly selling, few self-consumption 33
- 34. Intensive Banana cultivation together with field crops Bf: Breadfruit, Cf: Coffee, Cl: Clove, Cn: Cinnamon, Dr: Durian, Jf: Jackfruit, Lg: Longan Mj: Gnemon (Melinjo), Mn: Mango, Or: Orange Pt: Bitter bean (Petai), Rm: Rambutan, Sw: Mahogany, Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava, □： Papaya, ○： Crop, ： Banana, ： Palm ：Division used as a field Zanzibar Selling and self-consumption 34 N Cassava Taro Cassava Cassava Cassava Taro Taro Taro Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn MnMn MnMn Or Or Or Or Or Or Jf Jf Or Bf Bilimbi ・Cassava ・Sweet potato Sy ニガナス Sw Rubber tree 10m Banana Mn Mn Bf Bf Bf Jf Mn Mn Or Or Or ・Water melon ・Amaranthus Sy Guava Or Rm Ab Ab Rm Rm Rm Sy Sy Or Lime Taro カボチャ Soursop Cn Moringa Sy ・Taro ・Henna Bilimbi キマメ Lemon N 10mBanana ＋ Banana
- 35. Bf: Breadfruit, Cf: Coffee, Cl: Clove, Cn: Cinnamon, Dr: Durian, Jf: Jackfruit, Lg: Longan Mj: Gnemon (Melinjo), Mn: Mango, Or: Orange Pt: Bitter bean (Petai), Rm: Rambutan, Sw: Mahogany, Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava, □： Papaya, ○： Crop, ： Banana, ： Palm ：Division used as a field Java Normal banana cultivation Self-consumption 35 ⦿ ⦿ udin N Cassava Cassava ・Cassava ・Egg plant Spinach Pond Fish pond Ornamental plants Mn Mn Mj Pt Pt Mj Sw Mn Mj Lg Guava Pt Rm Rm Taro TeakTeak Swudin 10m Mn Jf Jf Ab SySy Mn Lemon Ab Jf Ab Rm Mj Mj Mj MjGuava Guava Rm Mj Guava Jf Dr Lg Lg Guava Lg Plumeria Mj Mahkota dewa Tuemeric Sw Tangerine Soursop Guava Ornamental plants ◉ N 10m
- 36. Ug Zn Jv FRUITS Banana Musa spp. Malay ndizi pisang 8 8 7 Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus India to Malay fenesi nangka 6 5 7 Coconut Cocos nucifera Melanesia nazi kelapa 6 7 4 Mango Mangifera indica India to Bilma mwembe mangga 4 6 6 Papaya Carcia papaya Central America mpapai pepaya 2 7 6 Water apple Syzygium spp. Malay, Andaman and Nicobar Islands mtofaa jambu air 2 5 5 Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis Polinesia sherisheri sukun 5 5 1 Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum Malay shokishoki rambutan 1 2 7 Orange Citrus sinensis India mchungua jeruk manis 2 7 1 Avodcado Persea americana Central America mparachichi alpukat 2 3 4 Soursop Annona muricata The West Indies, South America mstaferi sirsak 1 3 5 Guava Psidium guajava Central America mpera jambu biji 1 2 5 Golden apple Spondias dulcis Melanesia, Polinesia mwembe ngongo - 3 3 Bilimbi Averrhoa bilimbi Moluccas bilimbi belimbing asam 5 1 Lemon Citrus limon North western India limau limun 3 1 Durian Durio zibethinus Borneo and Sumatra duriani durian 1 3 Sweetsop Annona squamosa Central America, the West Indies mtopetope srikaya 2 1 Coffee Coffea spp. Ethiopia kahawa - 5 Lime Citrus aurantifolia India, Malay limu - 3 Gnemon Gnetum gnemon Indonesia - melinjo 6 Petai Parkia speciosa Latin America - pete 4 Longan Dimocarpus longan South China - longan 3 Horse mango Mangifera foetida Malay - limus 2 Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana Malay - manggis 2 Number of houselhold (n=8) English name Scientific name Origin Swahili Indonesian Table 2. Fruit tree species, their origin and number of households cultivating Result 36 12 fruit tree species in common
- 37. Uluguru Mango, Breadfruit, Jackfruit Not a large cultivation Mainly self-consumption N 10m Bf Bf Jf Jf Jf Bf Cn Cf Cf Jf Vanilla Taro 岩 岩 岩 Cl Cn Mn Mn Mn Mn Cl Bf Guava Guava Pinapple Embe ngongo Passion fruitCl Jf Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cn Cn Cn Cn Or Or Sy ・Lablab ・Pepper Vanilla Vanilla ・Taro ・Cassava Cassava ・Common bean ・Chili pepper ・Indian spinach ・Vanilla Vanila Tomato N 10m Bf: Breadfruit, Cf: Coffee, Cl: Clove, Cn: Cinnamon, Dr: Durian, Jf: Jackfruit, Lg: Longan Mj: Gnemon (Melinjo), Mn: Mango, Or: Orange Pt: Bitter bean (Petai), Rm: Rambutan, Sw: Mahogany, Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava, □： Papaya, ○： Crop, ： Banana, ： Palm ：Division used as a field 37
- 38. Zanzibar ・Many species are planted ・Composition varied among HG 19 Bf: Breadfruit, Cf: Coffee, Cl: Clove, Cn: Cinnamon, Dr: Durian, Jf: Jackfruit, Lg: Longan Mj: Gnemon (Melinjo), Mn: Mango, Or: Orange Pt: Bitter bean (Petai), Rm: Rambutan, Sw: Mahogany, Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava, □： Papaya, ○： Crop, ： Banana, ： Palm ：Division used as a field 38 N Cassava Taro Cassava Cassava Cassava Taro Taro Taro Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn MnMn MnMn Or Or Or Or Or Or Jf Jf Or Bf Bilimbi ・Cassava ・Sweet potato Sy ニガナス Sw Rubber tree 10m Mn Mn Bf Bf Bf Jf MnMn Or Or Or ・Water melon ・Amaranthus Sy Guava Or Rm Ab Ab Rm Rm Rm Sy Sy Or Lime Taro カボチャ Soursop Cn Moringa Sy ・Taro ・Henna Bilimbi キマメ Lemon N 10m
- 39. Bf: Breadfruit, Cf: Coffee, Cl: Clove, Cn: Cinnamon, Dr: Durian, Jf: Jackfruit, Lg: Longan Mj: Gnemon (Melinjo), Mn: Mango, Or: Orange Pt: Bitter bean (Petai), Rm: Rambutan, Sw: Mahogany, Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava, □： Papaya, ○： Crop, ： Banana, ： Palm ：Division used as a field Zanzibar Dense cultivation of palm trees 39 N Cassava Taro Cassava Cassava Cassava Taro Taro Taro Mn Mn Mn Mn Mn MnMn MnMn Or Or Or Or Or Or Jf Jf Or Bf Bilimbi ・Cassava ・Sweet potato Sy ニガナス Sw Rubber tree 10m Mn Mn Bf Bf Bf Jf Mn Mn Or Or Or ・Water melon ・Amaranthus Sy Guava Or Rm Ab Ab Rm Rm Rm Sy Sy Or Lime Taro カボチャ Soursop Cn Moringa Sy ・Taro ・Henna Bilimbi キマメ Lemon N 10m Selling and self-consumption
- 40. Bf: Breadfruit, Cf: Coffee, Cl: Clove, Cn: Cinnamon, Dr: Durian, Jf: Jackfruit, Lg: Longan Mj: Gnemon (Melinjo), Mn: Mango, Or: Orange Pt: Bitter bean (Petai), Rm: Rambutan, Sw: Mahogany, Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava, □： Papaya, ○： Crop, ： Banana, ： Palm ：Division used as a field ⦿ ⦿ udin N Cassava Cassava ・Cassava ・Egg plant Spinach Pond Fish pond Ornamental plants Mn Mn Mj Pt Pt Mj Sw Mn Mj Lg Guava Pt Rm Rm Taro TeakTeak Swudin 10m Mn Jf Jf Ab SySy Mn Lemon Ab Jf Ab Rm Mj Mj Mj MjGuava Guava Rm Mj Guava Jf Dr Lg Lg Guava Lg Plumeria Mj Mahkota dewa Tuemeric Sw Tangerine Soursop Guava Ornamental plants ◉ N 10m Java Each species planted limited number Frequent cultivation of Jackfruit and Melinjo 40
- 41. “Melinjo” (Gnetum gnemon) wikipedia FRUITS LEAVES SEEDS 41
- 42. Composition of fruit tree species Fruits trees are the main cultivation in HG in all the areas Cultivated species in common Species in Uluguru are limited in those species 42 Banana Cultivated in almost all HG Differences of numbers and usage among areas Commercial cultivation in Uluguru Other fruit trees Various trees are planted Each species are cultivated by small number Mainly for self-consumption
- 43. Uluguru Ug 1 0.30 6 4 0 7 2 0 13 0.52 Ug 2 0.09 15 8 0 4 2 0 14 1.37 Ug 3 0.10 32 4 0 7 4 0 15 1.56 Ug 4 0.30 58 4 0 0 4 0 8 1.77 Ug 5 0.08 3 3 0 2 1 1 7 0.43 Ug 6 0.22 79 8 1 9 3 0 21 1.89 Ug 7 0.29 95 10 1 3 3 0 17 2.76 Ug 8 0.55 91 8 1 3 3 0 15 2.83 Ave. 0.24 a 47.4 a 6.1 a 0.4 4.4 2.8 0.1 13.8 1.64 a Zanzibar Zn 1 0.45 75 17 1 5 2 3 28 1.46 Zn 2 0.51 37 11 0 1 1 1 14 0.93 Zn 3 0.30 35 8 0 2 1 1 12 1.54 Zn 4 1.33 116 11 1 0 0 0 12 2.70 Zn 5 0.42 89 12 0 2 2 3 19 2.52 Zn 6 0.02 9 7 0 3 0 1 11 2.57 Zn 7 0.25 37 7 0 2 0 0 9 2.21 Zn 8 0.33 58 9 3 4 0 0 16 2.00 Ave. 0.45 a 57.0 a 10.3 a 0.6 2.4 0.8 1.1 15.1 1.99 a Java Jv 1 0.11 64 10 5 0 0 0 15 3.05 Jv 2 0.10 64 13 3 1 0 3 20 3.05 Jv 3 0.08 31 9 3 6 1 1 20 2.07 Jv 4 0.09 54 13 3 4 1 2 23 3.38 Jv 5 0.05 43 9 3 3 1 0 16 3.06 Jv 6 0.04 15 8 0 3 0 0 11 2.13 Jv 7 0.05 33 10 5 3 2 2 22 3.34 Jv 8 0.07 58 16 3 2 1 1 23 3.83 Ave. 0.07 b 45.3 a 11.0 b 3.1 2.8 0.8 1.1 18.8 2.99 b Household No. Number of species Fruits Timbers Crops Number of trees* Area (ha) Spices Others** Total (H') *** * Woody plants higher than 1.5m, not including banana, ** Including medicinal, ornamental and oilseed plants *** Diversity index by Shannon-Weiner index (H’) Result 43 Table 1 Homegarden size and plant species components Few timber species in Uluguru and Zanzibar More than 3 species in all HG in Java
- 44. Uluguru Ug 1 0.30 6 4 0 7 2 0 13 0.52 Ug 2 0.09 15 8 0 4 2 0 14 1.37 Ug 3 0.10 32 4 0 7 4 0 15 1.56 Ug 4 0.30 58 4 0 0 4 0 8 1.77 Ug 5 0.08 3 3 0 2 1 1 7 0.43 Ug 6 0.22 79 8 1 9 3 0 21 1.89 Ug 7 0.29 95 10 1 3 3 0 17 2.76 Ug 8 0.55 91 8 1 3 3 0 15 2.83 Ave. 0.24 a 47.4 a 6.1 a 0.4 4.4 2.8 0.1 13.8 1.64 a Zanzibar Zn 1 0.45 75 17 1 5 2 3 28 1.46 Zn 2 0.51 37 11 0 1 1 1 14 0.93 Zn 3 0.30 35 8 0 2 1 1 12 1.54 Zn 4 1.33 116 11 1 0 0 0 12 2.70 Zn 5 0.42 89 12 0 2 2 3 19 2.52 Zn 6 0.02 9 7 0 3 0 1 11 2.57 Zn 7 0.25 37 7 0 2 0 0 9 2.21 Zn 8 0.33 58 9 3 4 0 0 16 2.00 Ave. 0.45 a 57.0 a 10.3 a 0.6 2.4 0.8 1.1 15.1 1.99 a Java Jv 1 0.11 64 10 5 0 0 0 15 3.05 Jv 2 0.10 64 13 3 1 0 3 20 3.05 Jv 3 0.08 31 9 3 6 1 1 20 2.07 Jv 4 0.09 54 13 3 4 1 2 23 3.38 Jv 5 0.05 43 9 3 3 1 0 16 3.06 Jv 6 0.04 15 8 0 3 0 0 11 2.13 Jv 7 0.05 33 10 5 3 2 2 22 3.34 Jv 8 0.07 58 16 3 2 1 1 23 3.83 Ave. 0.07 b 45.3 a 11.0 b 3.1 2.8 0.8 1.1 18.8 2.99 b Household No. Number of species Fruits Timbers Crops Number of trees* Area (ha) Spices Others** Total (H') *** * Woody plants higher than 1.5m, not including banana, ** Including medicinal, ornamental and oilseed plants *** Diversity index by Shannon-Weiner index (H’) Result 44 All HG in Uluguru Few in Zanzibar or Java Table 1 Homegarden size and plant species components
- 45. N 10m Bf Bf Jf Jf Jf Bf Cn Cf Cf Jf Vanilla Taro 岩 岩 岩 Mn Mn Mn Mn Cl Bf Guava Guava Pinapple Embe ngongo Passion fruitCl Jf Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cn Cn Cn Cn Or Or Sy ・Lablab ・Pepper Vanilla Vanilla ・Taro ・Cassava Cassava ・Common bean ・Chili pepper ・Indian spinach ・Vanilla Vanila Tomato N 10m Bf: Breadfruit, Cf: Coffee, Cl: Clove, Cn: Cinnamon, Dr: Durian, Jf: Jackfruit, Lg: Longan Mj: Gnemon (Melinjo), Mn: Mango, Or: Orange Pt: Bitter bean (Petai), Rm: Rambutan, Sw: Mahogany, Sy: Rose apple ◉： Cassava, □： Papaya, ○： Crop, ： Banana, ： Palm ：Division used as a field Uluguru Intensive plantation of Cinnamon and Clove Commercial crops 45 Cn Cn Cn Cn Cn Cn Cn Cn Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl
- 46. 46
- 47. Ug Zn Jv SPICES Clove Syzygium aromaticum Moluccas karafuu cengkeh 6 1 1 Cinnamon Cinnamomum verum India, Sri Lanka amdarasini - 7 2 Vanilla Vanilla planifolia Central America vanila - 5 1 Pepper Piper nigrum South India pilipili manga - 3 3 Cardamom Elettaria cardamomum South India, Sri Lanka iliki - 1 Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus Malay - serai 3 Turmeric Curcuma longa India or Southeast Asia - kunyit 1 Laurel Laurus nobilis West Asia - salam 1 English name Scientific name Origin Swahili Indonesian Number of houselhold (n=8) Table 3 Spice crops in homegardens, their origins and number of household cultivating Result Uluguru：Both herbaceous and woody spice plants Zanzibar and Java：Few woody spices (e.g. Clove, Cinnamon) 47
- 48. Composition of spice crops Uluguru • Both herbaceous and woody species • Widely cultivated as commercial crops Zanzibar • Commercial farm inside the island ↑Cultivation in homegardens is rare Java • Personal small-scale cultivation is rare 48
- 49. Uluguru Ug 1 0.30 6 4 0 7 2 0 13 0.52 Ug 2 0.09 15 8 0 4 2 0 14 1.37 Ug 3 0.10 32 4 0 7 4 0 15 1.56 Ug 4 0.30 58 4 0 0 4 0 8 1.77 Ug 5 0.08 3 3 0 2 1 1 7 0.43 Ug 6 0.22 79 8 1 9 3 0 21 1.89 Ug 7 0.29 95 10 1 3 3 0 17 2.76 Ug 8 0.55 91 8 1 3 3 0 15 2.83 Ave. 0.24 a 47.4 a 6.1 a 0.4 4.4 2.8 0.1 13.8 1.64 a Zanzibar Zn 1 0.45 75 17 1 5 2 3 28 1.46 Zn 2 0.51 37 11 0 1 1 1 14 0.93 Zn 3 0.30 35 8 0 2 1 1 12 1.54 Zn 4 1.33 116 11 1 0 0 0 12 2.70 Zn 5 0.42 89 12 0 2 2 3 19 2.52 Zn 6 0.02 9 7 0 3 0 1 11 2.57 Zn 7 0.25 37 7 0 2 0 0 9 2.21 Zn 8 0.33 58 9 3 4 0 0 16 2.00 Ave. 0.45 a 57.0 a 10.3 a 0.6 2.4 0.8 1.1 15.1 1.99 a Java Jv 1 0.11 64 10 5 0 0 0 15 3.05 Jv 2 0.10 64 13 3 1 0 3 20 3.05 Jv 3 0.08 31 9 3 6 1 1 20 2.07 Jv 4 0.09 54 13 3 4 1 2 23 3.38 Jv 5 0.05 43 9 3 3 1 0 16 3.06 Jv 6 0.04 15 8 0 3 0 0 11 2.13 Jv 7 0.05 33 10 5 3 2 2 22 3.34 Jv 8 0.07 58 16 3 2 1 1 23 3.83 Ave. 0.07 b 45.3 a 11.0 b 3.1 2.8 0.8 1.1 18.8 2.99 b Household No. Number of species Fruits Timbers Crops Number of trees* Area (ha) Spices Others** Total (H') *** * Woody plants higher than 1.5m, not including banana, ** Including medicinal, ornamental and oilseed plants *** Diversity index by Shannon-Weiner index (H’) Result 49 Significantly high Table 1 Homegarden size and plant species components
- 50. Uluguru: comparatively simple ⇔ Java: Diversified Uluguru: varied species, intensive cultivation for selling Zanzibar and Java: Only a few cultivation Species in common Difference cultivation of banana between areas Many species are planted in small quantity, for self-consumption Fruit species Spice crops Diversity of composition 50 Summary
- 51. Number of species is not large, some of them are the same as Zanzibar or Java. Cultivating plants transferred from coastal area HG is mainly for commercial crop production High Importance of commercial crop (banana and spices) Simple composition, low diversity Discussion HG in Uluguru 51
- 52. HG in Zanzibar Discussion HG is mainly for self-consumption, but also for income Depending on owners’ preference The large range of choice Comparatively low diversity Remnant of plantation 52
- 53. HG in Tanzania Few plants are originated in Africa. Local fruits can be introduced More complexity, diversity Bungo (Saba comorensis) (http://naturenotebook.co.tz/) (http://www.prota4u.org/) Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) Discussion 53
- 54. HG in Java HG is mainly for self-consumption Depending on owners’ preference The large range of choice Diversified composition of fruit species Discussion Good management (Timber, fish pond etc.) Usages of plants are diversified 54
- 55. Conclusion Introducing new species to each other Complexing the constitution, management method e.g. Bungo, Oyster nut Melinjo Timber species Livestock management, Fish pond Enhancing the diversity of homegardens • Stability to economic or environmental changes • Improving the quality of life 55