1. Region Attitude
Social groups
Field of discourse
Medium

2. People is
SOCIAL
influenced by a
GROUP
social groups
(user)
People live
Is related to the
in a region FIELD OF
REGION activity in which
or have DISCURSE
(user) people is involved,
lived in a TYPES OF the speaker has a
region. VARIATION repertoire of
varieties. (law,
cookery, football)
Is conditioned by
the relationship
of the
ATTITUDE MEDIUM Can be:
participants in
the particular -Spoken Situational
situation. The -Written
variation of Depends on the
attitude are proximity of the
called “stylistic”. participants.

3. Dialects Geographical
dispersion
Linguistic variation.
-Poor communication
-Relative remoteness
DIALECTS BECOMING SO DISTINCT
Different languages
E.G
Germanic Dutch
English
German
Swedish

4. LANGUAGES
Variation in speech
-Education, Socioeconomic group, Ethnic
group, Age, Sex
Uneducated Educated
speech speech
Regional use, form of English
Non standard regional dialect
that cuts across regional
boundaries

5. saw: Forms that
Outsider could not identify -New Englander  see tend to be
differences in -Pennsylvanian  seen replaced by
-Virginian  seed “saw” with
schooling
Outsiders tend to use
“school forms”
Just it
Educated
expression
“I SAW” English
cuts regional
form
boundaries
Has been outlawed from
“I don’t want no cake” educated English, but
Double negative people use it expression in
uneducated speech,
wherever English is spoken

6. “Educated
English”
Used in: Dictionaries, schools,
grammars , guides to usage, printed
matter
Distinctive
forms only a
“STANDARD small class of
words :
ENGLISH”
-colour
-centre
-levelled
Uniformity:
-Orthography (least
important)
-Spelling and
pronunciation system

7. World-wide agreement is
extraordinary
It is increasing
because of the
Grammar and Vocabulary globalization
-Cultural
Uniformity in neutral or
material
formal style of written
-non
cultural
material

8. BrE AmE
Overwhelmingly
predominant
Few grammatical differences: There are more lexical differences:
-AmE has two past participles for “get” -BrEradio sets has valves
-BrE has only one -AmEradio sets have tubes
BrE:
-Singular verb may be used -BrE Television sets have tubes
-Plural verb with collective -AmE
noun -BrE Transitors and computer
-AmE  singular verb -AmE software
Mass communication neutralizes differences

9. SCOTS Is nearly independent to BrE and AmE
Has a highly independent set of lexical,
‘Lallans Scots
grammatical, phonological and
orthographical convention
Is a separated language
than a regional dialect

10. HIBERNO ENGLISH
OR IRISH ENGLISH
National standard , independent of BrE by
educational and broadcasting services
CANADIAN ENGLISH Follows British rather than U.S
-has a modest area of independent
lexical use
Close to AmE,
economic, social
and intellectually

11. -Remote from AmE and BrE
SOUTH AFRICA
-Educated use is identical with BrE
NEW ZEALAND
-Is more like BrE than any other non-European
variety.
-Has adopted words from indigenous Maoris
-Has been influenced by Austria and U.S

12. AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH
-Dominant form of English in the Antipodes.
-Is an influence in the northern hemisphere,
particularly in Britain.
Caribbean English
(creol)

13. “Received
AmE BrE Pronunciation”
RP
They have an special
different form in
pronunciation which -Associated with the
links the national older schools and
standards to the regional Universities of England.
varieties.