Acadec Art Presentation Group 2

Presented by Bren Codie Belen GabryellRicafrente Anthony Tran James Vuong Jay Xiong Art Resource GuidePages 28 – 47

Chinese Art Some findings date back to fourth millennium B.C.E Great Wall of China Originally had a utilitarian function Now really just for show Terracotta Army Monument to the first emperor Emperor of Qin Clay buried as part of his tomb

Chinese Art Tang Dynasty 618 – 907 C.E. Ink drawings Ceramic sculptures Modern Chinese Art Propaganda during communist revolution Less political today

Indian Art Oldest artistic traditions in the world Influenced by Greek art and Buddhism Reflects Hinduism Lovely, lively, and sinuous style

Japanese Art Influenced international art world Art style Isometric perspective Flat areas of color Well-known for printmaking

African Art Northern Africa art considered Western History differs from South Africa Oldest examples of African art include cave paintings in present day Namibia from 23000 B.C.E Nok civilization (500 B.C.E.) Lifelike terracotta sculptures Benin Kingdom (900 C.E.) Art associated with a rich life at the royal court Cast bronze portrait heads for ancestral altars Objects that reinforced the oba, or Benin king Treasures destroyed by the British in 1897 raid

African Art Study of many African art limited for a variety of reasons Fiber and wood are perishable European traders and colonial traders Westerners thought African artwork was threatening to colonial pursuit Masks Dan and Bwa cultural groups Used for performances Fang Mask

Oceanic Art Oceania includes Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia Many objects lost Polynesia Tattooing Other body arts Melanesia Asmat cultural group Art related to warfare Carved masks Used in ceremonies for summoning spirits Asmat Shield

Islamic Art Islam is a major religion Valued art objects include copies of the Quran or containers that hold it Islamic art Non-figurative Abstract or calligraphic decoration on most Islamic art objects Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem 687 – 692 C.E. Old example of Islamic architecture

The Americas Common art in museums, formerly thought to be simple craftsmanship Great civilizations: Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Inca, and Aztec Pyramid of the Sun in Mexico Conditions for preservation not present; art from only 2,000 years ago Southwest Native Americans: pueblos – dwelling with over a hundred rooms and multiple stories Pyramid of the Sun

THE ELEMENTS OF ART FORMAL QUALITIES OF ART

Elements of Art: Line Line- the path of a point moving through space, create a stable and static feeling Length, width, and direction / hard or soft / bold or indistinct / uniform or varying / solid or dotted Vertical lines- moves the eyes upward Ex: Medieval churches with high arched ceilings Horizontal lines- line of the horizon: suggests a feeling of tranquility and peace jagged lines: creates a sense of activity

Elements of Art:Shape and Form Shape- defines the two-dimensional area of an object Form- three-dimensional object with length, width, and depth Geometric vs. “organic” – precision and stability vs. free form and rhythm Positive space- the space objects, shapes, or forms occupy in an artwork Negative space- the area around the positive space Sculpture: freestanding- fully in the round relief- projects from a background that is part of the sculpture High relief- projecting boldly from the surface Low relief- projecting only slightly from the surface

Elements of Art:Perspective Perspective- illusion of depth, use of space in two-dimensional artworks to create three-dimensionality Techniques: shading, highlighting, object placement, size manipulation, overlap Aerial/atmospheric perspective- takes into account the ways fog, smoke, and airborne particles change appearance from a distance Linear perspective- 3-D effect created by lines receding into the distance

The Delivery of the Keys by Pietro Perugino

Elements of Art:Color Hue- name of the color Color wheel- organization of hues into a visual scheme, concepts developed by Sir Isaac Newton Primary colors: red, blue, and yellow Secondary colors: formed from the mixture of two primary colors (orange, green, violet) Tertiary colors: formed from a primary and an adjacent secondary color (yellow-green, red-violet) Value- lightness or darkness of a color, can change by adding white or black Neutrals- black and white

Elements of Art:Color (pt. 2) Intensity- brightness or purity of a color, can be lowered by mixing or adding colors 19th century: discovered the use of color schemes (red- brighter or darker depending on surrounding colors) Western art: Warm colors- red, orange, yellow; Cool colors- green, blue, violet Local color- “true” color of an object or area in normal daylight Optical color- the effect special lighting has on colors Arbitrary color- colors chosen for emotional or aesthetic appeal

Elements of Art:Texture Texture- how things feel or how we think they feel if touched Actual texture- ceramics, string, stone, etc. Visual texture- patterns of lines or shape that suggest texture (e.g. contrast of light and dark to make surface look rough)

Elements of Art:Composition Composition- artist’s organization of the elements of art Rhythm- the principle that we associate movement or pattern, uses repeated elements Aspects of repetition: Motif and Pattern Motif- a single element of a pattern (quilt design) Pattern- use of multiple motifs (checkerboard) Balance- the equal distribution of visual weight in a work of art, can use symmetry Approximate symmetry- shapes or objects are slightly varied on either side of the central axis Asymmetrical balance- visual balance achieved through organization of unlike objects

Elements of Art:Composition (pt. 2) Focal point- an element that contrasts with the rest of the composition, more dominant Proportion- the size relationships amongst parts of the composition Scale- the dimensional relation of the parts of a work to the work in its entirety, the overall size of an artwork Attracts attention and creates awe (Sistine Chapel) 2500 years ago: Classical Period of Greek sculpture Aimed for accurate proportions for human Had rules: 7 ½ heads high, bottom of the nose falls halfway between the chin and the corner of the eyes, ect.

THE ELEMENTS OF ART PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES

Processes and Techniques Forms of two dimensional art processes -Have height and width, but no significant depth Drawing Printmaking Painting Photography Forms of three dimensional art processes Sculpture Environmental Art -Note: Mixed media falls into both categories

Drawing The most basic Variety of drawing media (i.e. pencil, ink, charcoal, etc.) and surfaces (paper, walls, etc.) Primarily based on the use of line, with each drawing tool having unique qualities Shading: values of light and darkness; can be changed with pressure Hatching/Cross-hatching: line techniques used to shade objects and create the illusion of 3-D Strippling: creating different values with dots (more distance between dots = less shading)

Drawing (Continued) Ink can be thinned down with water to whatever shade value is desired Colored pencils and pastels can be used for coloring a drawing, but must consider their effects on an artwork Pastels are popular, as they can be blended to create many delicate tints and shades, but very fragile.

Printmaking A group of mechanically aided two-dimensional processes that permit the production of multiple original artworks All of these processes use a printing plate that applies ink on a surface. Relief printmaking: involves cutting away parts of the wood/linoleum plate’s surface. The remaining part will stand out in relief, ranging from thin lines to broad sections. These parts will be inked and will be pressed/rolled onto the surface. Intaglio printmaking: works oppositely from relief. Lines are incised on the wood/soft metal plate. Carving tools engrave the lines, or cutting into a surface. Etching is also used, which is the process of incising a design through a layer of wax/varnish applied to the surface of a metal plate, which is then immersed in acid to eat away exposed metal. The wax /varnish is removed after, revealing the etched design.

Printmaking (continued) Lithography: The process of drawing an image with a waxy pencil/crayon on a stone, zinc, or aluminum plate. The greasy image hardens and the plate is saturated in water. The ink will adhere to the greasy image, then the plate is moved through a press. Lithography is complex and demanding, but no professional training is needed. Screen prints: a process in which a photograph or other image is adhered to a silk/synthetic fabric stretched onto a frame, serving as a stencil for added on colored ink. Used for printing T-shirts Through printmaking, multiple originals can be made, lessening costs.

Painting Covers a wide variety of media and techniques Composed of three different materials: Pigments: finely ground materials that are natural or synthetic. Binders: the substance that holds the grains together, allowing the paint to adhere to the surface (egg yolk, wax, etc.) Solvents: a substance (water/oil) added to change the consistency of the paint or alter drying time fresco: a technique used to paint on walls/ceilings; pure powdered pigments are mixed with water and are applied to a wet plaster ground. The paint is permanently bound, so careful planning is needed (buon fresco) fresco secco: applying paints to dry plaster instead of wet plaster

Painting (continued) Oil paints not widely used until 1440s; tempera was used throughout history Tempera: water-based paint; traditional tempera use egg yolk as binder Requires great skill Limitations: dries quickly, narrow tonal range, cannot achieve a close imitation of natural effects Oil paints more versatile than tempera Can be easily mixed and thinned to build up layers of glazes: thin transparent/semi-transparent layers applied over another color for alteration Can be applied thickly and heavily for impasto surface Dries very slowly

Painting (continued) Egyptian grave markers used encausticpaints, wax-based paints fused with the surface by hot irons. Very durable. Gouache: water-based opaque paint similar to school-based tempera, but higher quality. Good medium for bright colors and details Watercolor: the most common water-based paint, which is transparent (shows white of paper) Lightest colors applied first, then darker colors Careful planning is needed; cannot make any mistakes Acrylics are alternatives to oil paints. Composed of synthetic material, versatile, but unable to achieve subtleties of oil paints.

Sculpture Created in four ways: carving, modeling, casting, and construction Can be freestanding, (Michelangelo’s Pieta) or attached to surfaces such as doors or walls Carving is the process of removing the original material. Stone or wood can be chiseled or gouged with tools to form a physical figure Modeling is an additive process, using soft material like clay or papier-macheadded on to the surface to shape the strucure

Structures (continued) Unfired clay. Wax sculptures can be used for a basis for a cast. They are molded by plaster; the mold is then filled in with material. Other methods include metal welding, paper adjoining, and even movement sculptures Environmental art (Earthworks) emerged in 1960s as a newer category of art form Many of its works are classified as sculptures Usually large-scale and constructed on-site; redefines the space installed Not permanent; usually preserved through photography

Mixed Media A category of artworks where several art media are used. Sometimes miscellaneous objects (such as fabric, newspaper, toys, etc.) are used in conjunction Can be either 2-D or 3-D Example: a collage of specific various material Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque credited with introducing this medium Masks, ceremonial costumes, and other cultural objects are other examples.

Performance The art in which the artists engage themselves in some kind of performance; sometimes involves an audience Lacks permanence of more traditional genres Offers a means for recovering unique human experiences Since it cannot be sold as objects, it is often viewed as an escape from the increasing commercialization of art.

Craft and Folk Art Terms used to discuss art forms that are largely utilitarian Pottery is a medium based upon the use of natural materials mainly clay There are different methods to create a pot using clay Slip: liquid clay; used to join the edges of a clay Potter’s wheel This method is known as “thrown” Kiln Fiber arts Glass Wood

Architecture The art and science of designing and constructing buildings Architects Materials that could be found locally were used for building in early times Post-and-lintel construction: Technique in which a long stone or wooden beam is placed horizontally across upright posts Other key developments the arch, the vault, and the dome Skeletal building style Steel and Concrete

Early Explorers Textiles and sculptures Portugal’s expansion into Africa caused enormous changes on both continents Before they arrived on Africa, Europeans had sought to expand Christianity Eager to find the land of Prester John Sought to control markets and resources in Africa, gold that was traded across the Sahara desert, and route to India The Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator, supported the new exploration Europeans had a passion for goods from Africa, especially ivory and bronzes Declined in importance in comparison to slaves

Europe and Slave Trading Began in early 1440s by the Portuguese. Due to the rise of large-scale sugar production. Holland and Great Britain grew powerful. Key labor force in the Americas British, Dutch, Spanish, and Portuguese grew wealthy.

The Slave Trade by Auguste-Francois Biard

Africa and Slavery Already in Africa African slaves had more rights Asanti, Benin, and Kongo Kingdoms supplied slaves and other things for luxury goods. Slavery was opposed from the beginning 1807, Slave Trade Act abolishes trading of slaves 1833, slavery abolished throughout the British empire

African Expansion Began in the 1880s after the decline of slave trade Europeans had control over most of Africa resulting in political shift of rule over African colonies Few countries were not under European rule Ethiopia, and Libera both maintained independence. France, England, Belgium, Italy, and Germany. Portugal plays a minor role in this time

European Changes Assimilation of West African colonies Forced to speak French in official dealings African leaders were exiled and status symbols destroyed Art production greatly impacted Nkisi, an empowered sculpture created and used by the Kongo groups

African Changes African countries win independence Ghana, followed by other West African nations including Nigeria, Cote d’Ivoire, and Sierra Leone Due to educated African leaders from abroad Various barriers in the push for independence African Artist face challenges African Art seen as primitive, tribal and native of outside influence Contemporary artists follow the path of European modernism

Selected Work Lidded Saltcellar – “Sapi-Portuguese” [sierra leone, fifteenth-sixteenth century]

Lidded Saltcellar Appealed to foreign visitors Identified as “Sapi-Portuguese” Sapiproduced a great number of items for the Portuguese Saltcellar is delicately carved in ivory to form a lidded bowl supported by a conical base Saltcellar provides evidence of masterful carving of the Sapi artists

Question #1 The perspective that the Japanese art style primarily uses is: A. Isometric perspective B. Linear perspective C. Aerial perspective D. Parallel perspective

Question #2 True or False: Hue is the name of the color.

Question #2 True or False: Hue is the name of the color. True

Question #3 Slip is: A. Another term for ink B. A type of art style C. An aspect of printmaking D. Liquid clay used to join the edges of clay

Question #4 True or False: Lithography is the process in which a photograph or other image is adhered to a silk/synthetic fabric stretched onto a frame, serving as a stencil for added on colored ink.

Question #4 True or False: Lithography is the process in which a photographor other image is adhered to a silk/synthetic fabric stretched onto a frame, serving as a stencil for added on colored ink. FALSE Lithography is the process of drawing an image with a waxy pencil/crayon on a stone, zinc, or aluminum plate. The greasy image hardens and the plate is saturated in water. The ink will adhere to the greasy image, then the plate is moved through a press.

Question #5 The lidded saltcellar is identified as: A. Sapi-French B. Sapi-Portuguese C. Sapi-German D. Sapi-British

Acadec Art Presentation Group 2

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