AP Human Geography Chapter 12

1. Latin America City Model
• Theory that the farther away from the
center of a city, the worse conditions get
economically, politically, and socially.

2. Multiple Nuclei Model
• A model of the international structure of
cities in which social groups arranged
around a collection of nodes of activities.

3. Gentrification
• A process of converting an urban
neighborhood from a predominately low
income, renter occupied area to a
predominantly middle class, owner
occupied area.

4. Central Place Theory
• Where the cetner of your market will be
where you should place your service – this
theory also involves market area(service
area), range(distance people will travel),
and threshhold(how many you need to
support the service) --

5. Market Area
• A geographic place in which one can
expect primary demand for a specific
product or service in one fixed location

6. CBD – Central Business District
• The area of a city where retail and office
activities are distributed

7. Concentric Zone Model
• Model of the internal structure of cities in
which social group are spatially arranged
in a series of rings

8. New Urbanism
• Is the revival of our lost art of a place
making and promotes the creation and
restoration of compact, walkable, mixed-
use cities, towns, and neighborhoods –
• This is a throw back to the 50’s and 60’s

9. Annexation
• To incorporate a country or other territory
within the domain of a state --

10. Sector Model
• A model of the internal structure of cities in
which social groups are arranged around
a series fo sectors, or wedges, radiating
out from the central business district

11. Conurbation
• A group of continuous networks of urban
communities.

12. Edge City
• A large node of office and retail activities
on the edge of an urban area.

13. Density Gradient
• The change in density in an urban area
from the center of the area to the outside.

14. Hinterland
• An area that surrounds an urban center
that is dependent on the urban center for
goods and services.

15. Megalopolis
• A very large city, sometimes a region
made up of several large cities and their
surrounding areas in sufficient proximity to
be considered a single urban complex.

16. Entrepôt
• A port where merchandise can be
imported and re-exported with paying
import duties; a mart or place where
merchandise is deposited

17. Filtering
• A process of change in the use of a
house, from single-family owner-
occupancy to abandonment.

18. Greenbelt
• A ring of land maintained as parks,
agriculture, or open space that surrounds
a town or city and limits urban sprawl.

19. Urban Realms Model
• Includes a central business district, central
city, new downtown, and suburban
downtown.
• Each realm is a separate economic,
social, and political entity that is linked
together to form a larger metro framework.

20. Zoning
• Pertaining to the division of an area into
zones, as to restrict the number and types
of buildings and their uses.

21. Central Business District (CBD)
• The area of a city where retail and office
activities are clustered.

22. Zone in Transition
• Zone of mixed land uses that surrounds
the central business district. These zones
are often referred to as such because of
the mixture of growth, change, and
decline.

23. World City
• Dominant city in terms of its role in the
global political economy. Not the world’s
biggest city in terms of population or
industrial output, but rather centers of
strategic control of the world economy.

24. Peripheral Model
• A model of North American urban areas
consisting of an inner city surrounded by
large suburban residential and business
areas tied together by a beltway or ring
road.

25. Sprawl
• The spreading outwards of a city, and its
suburbs to its outskirts to low density and
auto dependent development on rural
land, high segregation of uses, and
various design features that encourage
car dependency.

26. Public Housing Project
• Housing that is built, operated, and owned
by a government and that is typically
provided at nominal rent to the needy.

27. Concentric Zone Model
• Model of the internal structure of cities in
which social groups are spatially arranged
in a series of rings.

28. Underclass
• A segment of the population that occupies
the lowest possible position in a class
hierarchy, below the core body of the
working class.

29. Redlining
• A practice by banks and mortgage
companies of demarcating areas
considered to be high risk for housing
loans.

30. Primate City
• The largest settlement in a country, if it
has more than twice as many people as
the second-ranking settlement.

31. Central Place Theory
• A theory that explains the distribution of
services, based on the fact that
settlements serve as centers of market
areas for services; larger settlements are
fewer and further apart than smaller
settlements, and provide services for a
larger number of people who are willing to
travel farther.

32. Urban Renewal
• A program in which cities identify inner-city
neighborhoods acquire the properties from
private owners, relocate the residents and
businesses, clear the site, build new roads
and utilities, and turn the land over to
private developers.

33. MSA
• Metropolitan Statistical Area
• In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000
population, the county within which the city
is located, and adjacent counties meeting
one of several tests indicating a functional
connection to the central city