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Chapter 4
Learning Objectives
• What are Networks and why one needs them for
  business applications?
• What is the different kind of data communications
  channels that exists and are there any defined
  standards for these channels?
• How many types of networks exist and what are the
  different topologies that these networks may follow?
• What are the different components of networks and
  how one can select a network?
• What are the roles, Internet, Intranet and Extranet
  play for success of the business?
Networks
• A Network is interconnection of resources that
  organization owns.
• A Network is a technology solution that helps
  organization to interconnect its hardware,
  software, databases and various media to
  achieve interconnectivity between its employees
  and stakeholders.
• Data communication or data conferencing allows
  two or more users to share the common data
  resource either on the common computer server
  or their networked computers.
Types of Networks
• Local Area Network (LAN)
  – A local area network (LAN) interconnects two or more
    computers or devices within a relatively small, well-
    defined area, such as a room, building, or cluster of
    buildings using physical wires, infrared links or
    wireless systems.
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
  – A wide area network (WAN) interconnects two or
    more computers that are geographically dispersed.
• Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Network Topologies
• Topology is the process and method of
  connecting different nodes in a network. A
  network can be arranged as per one of the
  four different topologies:
  – Star Topology
  – Ring Topology
  – Bus Topology
  – Tree Topology
  – Mesh Topology
Network Components
• There are two basic components to the backbone
  of a network: the network connectivity (cable or
  wireless) and the hardware devices that connect
  networks to the network backbone.
  –   Twisted Pairs Cables
  –   Coaxial Cables
  –   Fiber Optical Cables
  –   Microwave Transmission
  –   Satellite Transmission
  –   Infrared
  –   Bluetooth
Cellular Technology
•   Cellular networks are divided up into cells, each cell being serviced by one
    or more radio transceivers (transmitter/receiver). Communication in a
    cellular network is full duplex, where communication is attained by
    sending and receiving messages on two different frequencies - frequency
    division duplexing (FDD).
     – First Generation (1G): First generation services were analogue services for cell
       phones.
     – Second Generation (2G): 2G services were digital. The transition to 2G
       provided the ability to store, copy, encrypt and compress data, and allowed
       data transmission without loss and with error-correction. There are two kinds
       of 2G services
         • Global System for Mobility (GSM)
         • Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
     – 2.5 / 3G: The introduction of packet switching for data rather than circuit
       switching.
     – "True" 3G: Third Generation networks offer users a wider range of more
       advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved
       spectral efficiency. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video
       calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
Network Components
• Ethernet
• Hubs - Hubs are very simple devices that pass all traffic in both
  directions between the LAN sections they link.
• Bridges - Bridges connect two LAN segments that use the same data
  link and network segments.
• Switches - Switches are similar to bridges but connect more that
  two LAN segments.
• Routers - Routers connect two or more LANs that use the same or
  different data link protocols but employ the same network
  protocol.
• Brouters - Brouters are devices that combine the functions of both
  bridges and routers; they bridge same data link layer LANs and
  route different data link layer LANs.
• Gateways - Gateways connect two or more LANs that use the same
  or different data link and network protocols.
Communication
• Data Communication: Data communication is the process
  of sending data electronically from one point to another.
• Telecommunication, or teleprocessing, is the processing of
  using communication facilities, such as the telephone
  system, microwave relays, and satellite to send data
  between computers.
• Analog Data Transmissions: Analog data transmission is the
  transmission of data in a continuous waveform.
• Digital Data Transmission: Digital data transmission is the
  transmission of data using distinct on and off electrical
  states.
• Modem is a modulation-demodulation device which
  converts the digital signal to analog and vice-versa.
Communication Channels
• A communication channel is the medium, or pathway, along
  which data are transmitted between devices.
  Communication channels fall into two basic types: wire
  cable and wireless.
• Two methods that are used to regulate the flow of data
  from communication channels into a computer are
  multiplexing and concentration.
• Multiplexing: Multiplexing is the process of combining the
  transmissions from several devices into a single data stream
  that can be sent over a single high-seed communication
  channel.
• Concentration: Concentration is the process of connecting
  and serving the networked devices; a concentrator, often a
  computer, provides the concentration.
Data Transmission
• Baud Rate: It is the rate at which data are transferred.
  Baud is often equated with bits per second (bps).
• Two factors that determine the rate at which data can
  be transmitted are the bandwidth of the
  communication channel and the method of data
  transmission – asynchronous or synchronous.
   – Bandwidth of a communication channel determines the
     rate, or speed, at which data can be transmitted over that
     channel.
   – Asynchronous transmission of data is a method that sends
     one character at a time.
   – In Synchronous transmission, blocks of characters are
     transmitted in timed sequences.
Application                          Application
  layer                                layer




Presentation
   layer
                                    Presentation
                                       layer
                                                      Seven-
  Session
   layer
                                     Session
                                      layer
                                                   layered OSI
  Transport
    layer
                                    Transport
                                      layer
                                                    model for
                                                     network
                                                    communic
   Network        Network            Network
    layer          layer              layer




  Data-link
   layer
                  Data-link
                   layer              Data-link
                                       layer
                                                      ations
                  Physical
 Physical          layer              Physical
  layer                                layer



Host Node      Intermediate Nodes   User Node
Comparative Charts between OSI and
          TCP/IP Model
Network Architectures
• Broadly there are two types of network
  architecture that are being implemented by
  most of the organizations.
• Centralized
• Distributed

• Client-Server
Network Technologies for Business
• Internet
  – Public Network
• Intranet
  – Private Network using Internet technologies
• Extranet
  – Private-Private Network using Internet
    Technologies
Summary
•   A computer network is created when several computers and other devices, such as printers and secondary
    storage devices, are linked together by data communication channels. Each computer or device in a network is
    organized as per the topology. Network topologies include a star network, ring network, tree, mesh and bus
    network.
•   A wide-area network (WAN) consists of two or more computers that are geographically dispersed but are linked
    by communication facilities provided by third-party telecommunication service provider, such as the telephone
    system or microwave relays.
•   A local-area network (LAN) consists of two or more computers directly lined within a small, well-defined area,
    such as a room, building, or cluster of buildings.
•   There are three basic components to a backbone network; the network cable, wireless and the hardware devices
    that connect other network to the backbone. The cable is essentially the same as the one used in LANs, except
    that it is usually higher quality to provide higher data rates. The hardware devices include hubs, bridges,
    switches, routers, brouters, and gateways.
•   Data communication is the process of sending data electronically from one point to another. Using
    communication facilities such as the telephone system and microwave relays to send data between computers is
    a type of data communication often referred to as telecommunications.
•   The transmission of data takes one of the two forms: analog or digital.
•   Modulation is the process of converting a digital signal into an analog signal. Demodulation is the process of
    converting an analog signal into a digital signal. A modem (modulator-demodulator) is the device that converts
    the signals.
•   A communication channel is the pathway along which data arc transmitted between devices. The three basic
    types of communication channels are wire cable microwave, and fiber optics.
Summary
•   Multiplexing is the process of combining the transmissions of several computers or other devices so
    that the transmissions can share the same communication channel. Concentration allows a
    communication chan11el to be connected to and serve more devices than the capacity of that channel
    normally allows.
•   The baud rate of a communication channel is the number of times per second that the transmitted
    signal changes (modulates or demodulates). The bandwidth, or band, of a communication channel
    determines the speed at which that channel can transmit data.
•   Asynchronous transmission transmits data one character at a time. Synchronous transmission transmits
    data as a block of characters in timed sequences. Protocol is the set of rules and procedures defining
    the technical details of data transfer between two devices. Data transfer can occur in three modes:
    simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex.
•   Distributed data processing (DDP) is the concept of dispersing into the areas where the computers,
    devices, software, and data are connected through communication channels.
•   In C/S architecture, Client is any PC or end-user computer, which is connected using networking
    technologies to a Server, which manages the network and also the part of data processing, depending
    on how the C/S architecture is configured. C/S architecture can be two-tier, three-tier or n-tier
    depending on the size and spread of the organization.
•   Internet, Intranet and Extranet are three technological innovations that most of the organization in the
    world stared using. Internet is a universal network that allows anyone to everyone a free and easy
    access. It is a public network. Intranet is a private internet meant for defined users of an organization.
    Extranet is a extended intranet that allows sharing of data across business partners. Both intranet and
    extranet uses internet technologies, which means they are created using TCP/IP.

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Chapter4

  • 2. Learning Objectives • What are Networks and why one needs them for business applications? • What is the different kind of data communications channels that exists and are there any defined standards for these channels? • How many types of networks exist and what are the different topologies that these networks may follow? • What are the different components of networks and how one can select a network? • What are the roles, Internet, Intranet and Extranet play for success of the business?
  • 3. Networks • A Network is interconnection of resources that organization owns. • A Network is a technology solution that helps organization to interconnect its hardware, software, databases and various media to achieve interconnectivity between its employees and stakeholders. • Data communication or data conferencing allows two or more users to share the common data resource either on the common computer server or their networked computers.
  • 4. Types of Networks • Local Area Network (LAN) – A local area network (LAN) interconnects two or more computers or devices within a relatively small, well- defined area, such as a room, building, or cluster of buildings using physical wires, infrared links or wireless systems. • Wide Area Network (WAN) – A wide area network (WAN) interconnects two or more computers that are geographically dispersed. • Virtual Private Network (VPN)
  • 5. Network Topologies • Topology is the process and method of connecting different nodes in a network. A network can be arranged as per one of the four different topologies: – Star Topology – Ring Topology – Bus Topology – Tree Topology – Mesh Topology
  • 6. Network Components • There are two basic components to the backbone of a network: the network connectivity (cable or wireless) and the hardware devices that connect networks to the network backbone. – Twisted Pairs Cables – Coaxial Cables – Fiber Optical Cables – Microwave Transmission – Satellite Transmission – Infrared – Bluetooth
  • 7. Cellular Technology • Cellular networks are divided up into cells, each cell being serviced by one or more radio transceivers (transmitter/receiver). Communication in a cellular network is full duplex, where communication is attained by sending and receiving messages on two different frequencies - frequency division duplexing (FDD). – First Generation (1G): First generation services were analogue services for cell phones. – Second Generation (2G): 2G services were digital. The transition to 2G provided the ability to store, copy, encrypt and compress data, and allowed data transmission without loss and with error-correction. There are two kinds of 2G services • Global System for Mobility (GSM) • Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) – 2.5 / 3G: The introduction of packet switching for data rather than circuit switching. – "True" 3G: Third Generation networks offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
  • 8. Network Components • Ethernet • Hubs - Hubs are very simple devices that pass all traffic in both directions between the LAN sections they link. • Bridges - Bridges connect two LAN segments that use the same data link and network segments. • Switches - Switches are similar to bridges but connect more that two LAN segments. • Routers - Routers connect two or more LANs that use the same or different data link protocols but employ the same network protocol. • Brouters - Brouters are devices that combine the functions of both bridges and routers; they bridge same data link layer LANs and route different data link layer LANs. • Gateways - Gateways connect two or more LANs that use the same or different data link and network protocols.
  • 9. Communication • Data Communication: Data communication is the process of sending data electronically from one point to another. • Telecommunication, or teleprocessing, is the processing of using communication facilities, such as the telephone system, microwave relays, and satellite to send data between computers. • Analog Data Transmissions: Analog data transmission is the transmission of data in a continuous waveform. • Digital Data Transmission: Digital data transmission is the transmission of data using distinct on and off electrical states. • Modem is a modulation-demodulation device which converts the digital signal to analog and vice-versa.
  • 10. Communication Channels • A communication channel is the medium, or pathway, along which data are transmitted between devices. Communication channels fall into two basic types: wire cable and wireless. • Two methods that are used to regulate the flow of data from communication channels into a computer are multiplexing and concentration. • Multiplexing: Multiplexing is the process of combining the transmissions from several devices into a single data stream that can be sent over a single high-seed communication channel. • Concentration: Concentration is the process of connecting and serving the networked devices; a concentrator, often a computer, provides the concentration.
  • 11. Data Transmission • Baud Rate: It is the rate at which data are transferred. Baud is often equated with bits per second (bps). • Two factors that determine the rate at which data can be transmitted are the bandwidth of the communication channel and the method of data transmission – asynchronous or synchronous. – Bandwidth of a communication channel determines the rate, or speed, at which data can be transmitted over that channel. – Asynchronous transmission of data is a method that sends one character at a time. – In Synchronous transmission, blocks of characters are transmitted in timed sequences.
  • 12. Application Application layer layer Presentation layer Presentation layer Seven- Session layer Session layer layered OSI Transport layer Transport layer model for network communic Network Network Network layer layer layer Data-link layer Data-link layer Data-link layer ations Physical Physical layer Physical layer layer Host Node Intermediate Nodes User Node
  • 13. Comparative Charts between OSI and TCP/IP Model
  • 14. Network Architectures • Broadly there are two types of network architecture that are being implemented by most of the organizations. • Centralized • Distributed • Client-Server
  • 15. Network Technologies for Business • Internet – Public Network • Intranet – Private Network using Internet technologies • Extranet – Private-Private Network using Internet Technologies
  • 16. Summary • A computer network is created when several computers and other devices, such as printers and secondary storage devices, are linked together by data communication channels. Each computer or device in a network is organized as per the topology. Network topologies include a star network, ring network, tree, mesh and bus network. • A wide-area network (WAN) consists of two or more computers that are geographically dispersed but are linked by communication facilities provided by third-party telecommunication service provider, such as the telephone system or microwave relays. • A local-area network (LAN) consists of two or more computers directly lined within a small, well-defined area, such as a room, building, or cluster of buildings. • There are three basic components to a backbone network; the network cable, wireless and the hardware devices that connect other network to the backbone. The cable is essentially the same as the one used in LANs, except that it is usually higher quality to provide higher data rates. The hardware devices include hubs, bridges, switches, routers, brouters, and gateways. • Data communication is the process of sending data electronically from one point to another. Using communication facilities such as the telephone system and microwave relays to send data between computers is a type of data communication often referred to as telecommunications. • The transmission of data takes one of the two forms: analog or digital. • Modulation is the process of converting a digital signal into an analog signal. Demodulation is the process of converting an analog signal into a digital signal. A modem (modulator-demodulator) is the device that converts the signals. • A communication channel is the pathway along which data arc transmitted between devices. The three basic types of communication channels are wire cable microwave, and fiber optics.
  • 17. Summary • Multiplexing is the process of combining the transmissions of several computers or other devices so that the transmissions can share the same communication channel. Concentration allows a communication chan11el to be connected to and serve more devices than the capacity of that channel normally allows. • The baud rate of a communication channel is the number of times per second that the transmitted signal changes (modulates or demodulates). The bandwidth, or band, of a communication channel determines the speed at which that channel can transmit data. • Asynchronous transmission transmits data one character at a time. Synchronous transmission transmits data as a block of characters in timed sequences. Protocol is the set of rules and procedures defining the technical details of data transfer between two devices. Data transfer can occur in three modes: simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex. • Distributed data processing (DDP) is the concept of dispersing into the areas where the computers, devices, software, and data are connected through communication channels. • In C/S architecture, Client is any PC or end-user computer, which is connected using networking technologies to a Server, which manages the network and also the part of data processing, depending on how the C/S architecture is configured. C/S architecture can be two-tier, three-tier or n-tier depending on the size and spread of the organization. • Internet, Intranet and Extranet are three technological innovations that most of the organization in the world stared using. Internet is a universal network that allows anyone to everyone a free and easy access. It is a public network. Intranet is a private internet meant for defined users of an organization. Extranet is a extended intranet that allows sharing of data across business partners. Both intranet and extranet uses internet technologies, which means they are created using TCP/IP.