Python @Wheel Lab

@ WheelLab 2013.06.27
Python
郭至軒（KuoE0）
KuoE0.tw@gmail.com
KuoE0.ch

Latest update: Jun 30, 2013
Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
(CC BY-SA 3.0)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

What is Python?
a programming language

What is Python?
easy to Read
easy to Learn
easy to Write
a programming language

Position
May 2013
Position
May 2012
Delta in
Position
Programming Language
1 1 = C
2 2 = Java
3 4 ↑ Objective-C
4 3 ↓ C++
5 5 = C#
6 6 = PHP
7 7 = Visual Basic
8 8 = Python
9 9 = Perl
10 11 ↑ Ruby
http://www.tiobe.com/index.php/content/paperinfo/tpci/index.html
Top Language in TIOBE

Javascript
Ruby
Java
Python
Shell
PHP
C
C++
Perl
Objective-C
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
8%
8%
12%
21%
Top Languages in Github
https://github.com/languages

界 Kingdom 動物界 Animalia
門 Phylum 脊索動物門 Chordata
綱 Class 爬蟲科 Reptilia
目 Order 有鱗目 Squamata
科 Family 蟒科 Pythonidae
屬 Genus 蟒屬 Python

http://wallpapers.free-review.net/15__Tree_python.htm

More About Python...
Interpreted Language
Do not need to compile!

Compiled Language
compiler execute

Interpreted Language
execute
But, interpret in execution time.
And, it would be slow...

Object-Oriented Language
Everything in Python is object!

number
function
string
list
Object

overloading
polymorphism
inheritance
multiple inheritance

Imperative Programming
Generic Programming
Functional Programming

There should be one—
and preferably only one
—obvious way to do it.
Philosophy

Philosophy

$$ python -ic “”
Zen of Python

$$ python -ic “”$ python -ic “”
>>>
Zen of Python

>>>
$ python -ic “”
>>> import this
Zen of Python

>>>
$ python -ic “”
>>> import this
$ python -ic “”
>>> import this
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
Beautiful is better than ugly.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Flat is better than nested.
Sparse is better than dense.
Readability counts.
Special cases aren't special enough to
>>> import this
Readability counts.
break the rules.
Readability counts.
break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
Readability counts.
break the rules.
Errors should never pass silently.
Readability counts.
break the rules.
Unless explicitly silenced.
Readability counts.
break the rules.
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the
Readability counts.
break the rules.
temptation to guess.
Readability counts.
break the rules.
There should be one-- and preferably only
Readability counts.
break the rules.
one --obvious way to do it.
Readability counts.
break the rules.
Although that way may not be obvious at
Readability counts.
break the rules.
first unless you're Dutch.
break the rules.
Now is better than never.
break the rules.
Although never is often better than *right*
now.
now.
If the implementation is hard to explain,
now.
it's a bad idea.
now.
it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain,
now.
it's a bad idea.
it may be a good idea.
now.
it's a bad idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea --
now.
it's a bad idea.
let's do more of those!
now.
it's a bad idea.
now.
it's a bad idea.
>>>
Zen of Python

Current Situation
Python 2.x Python 3.x

Current Situation
Coexist!

Current Situation
Coexist!
backwards-incompatible

2.7.x is the latest version under development
more 3-party library 2to3.py
built-in on many OS more supported unicode
the past in someday the future in someday

http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-python3-1/
Python 3 的新特性

Python 2.x
Today, Let’s Talk About

Environment
For Unix-like OS User,
Python 2.x is Built-in!

Environment
For Windows User,
Download From
http://www.python.org/download/
if you want to launch Python in command line,
add the path of Python binary file into PATH variable.

$
Check Version of Python
$ python --version

$
$ python --version$ python --version
Python 2.7.5

$
$ python --version$ python --version
Python 2.7.5
2.7.5 is released on May 15, 2013

$$ python

$$ python$ python
Python 2.7.5 (default, May 20 2013,
23:41:46)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 4.2
(clang-425.0.28)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or
"license" for more information.
>>>

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>>

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
Interactive Shell
prompt

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
Interactive Shell
prompt
means that your turn!

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>> “Hello World”
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>>
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>>
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>>
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>> for i in range(5):
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>>
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
...
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>>
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
...
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>>
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
...
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
...
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>>
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
...
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
...
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
...
0
1
2
3
4
>>>
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>>
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
...
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
...
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
...
0
1
2
3
4
>>>
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
...
0
1
2
3
4
>>> exit()
Interactive Shell

$$ python$ python
23:41:46)
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>>
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>>
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
...
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
...
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
...
0
1
2
3
4
>>>
>>> y = 200
>>> x + y
300
... print i
...
0
1
2
3
4
>>> exit()
>>> x + y
300
... print i
...
0
1
2
3
4
>>> exit()
$
Interactive Shell

Hello World!
if __name__ == “__main__”:
print “Hello World!”
helloworld.py

$
Hello World!
$ python helloworld.py

$
Hello World!
$ python helloworld.py$ python helloworld.py
Hello World!
$

A Python Code
def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
for i in range(10)[2:]:
for j in range(10)[1:]:
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))
9x9table.py

script language
def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))
no speciﬁed entry point

$
script language
$ python 9x9table.py

$
script language
$ python 9x9table.py$ python 9x9table.py
2 x 1 = 2
2 x 2 = 4
2 x 3 = 6
2 x 4 = 8
2 x 5 = 10
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
2 x 1 = 2
2 x 2 = 4
2 x 3 = 6
2 x 4 = 8
2 x 5 = 10
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
2 x 2 = 4
2 x 3 = 6
2 x 4 = 8
2 x 5 = 10
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
2 x 3 = 6
2 x 4 = 8
2 x 5 = 10
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
2 x 4 = 8
2 x 5 = 10
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
2 x 5 = 10
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
2 x 9 = 18
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
3 x 9 = 27
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
4 x 3 = 12
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
4 x 9 = 36
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
5 x 9 = 45
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
6 x 9 = 54
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
9 x 1 = 9
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
9 x 1 = 9
9 x 2 = 18
7 x 9 = 63
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
9 x 1 = 9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
8 x 1 = 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
9 x 1 = 9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
9 x 4 = 36
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
9 x 1 = 9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
9 x 4 = 36
9 x 5 = 45
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
9 x 1 = 9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
9 x 4 = 36
9 x 5 = 45
9 x 6 = 54
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
9 x 1 = 9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
9 x 4 = 36
9 x 5 = 45
9 x 6 = 54
9 x 7 = 63
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
9 x 1 = 9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
9 x 4 = 36
9 x 5 = 45
9 x 6 = 54
9 x 7 = 63
9 x 8 = 72
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
9 x 1 = 9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
9 x 4 = 36
9 x 5 = 45
9 x 6 = 54
9 x 7 = 63
9 x 8 = 72
9 x 9 = 81
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
9 x 1 = 9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
9 x 4 = 36
9 x 5 = 45
9 x 6 = 54
9 x 7 = 63
9 x 8 = 72
9 x 9 = 81
$

If you need a main function
as entry point,
if __name__ == “__main__”:

If you need a main function
as entry point,
if __name__ == “__main__”:
and write all statements after it.

def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))
variable
can be used without declaration

def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))
variable
def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))
can be used without declaration

def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))
scope
use whitespace to identify scope

def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))
scope
def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))
use whitespace to identify scope

You can use
to identify scopes.

You can use
one space
two spaces
three spaces
four spaces
lots of spaces
to identify scopes.

You can use
one space
two spaces
three spaces
four spaces
lots of spaces
one tab
two tabs
three tabs
four tabs
lots of tabs
to identify scopes.

But, you should unify the style!

Numbers
int
(integer)
long
(long integer)
ﬂoat
(real number)
complex
(complex number)
10 10L 100.0 3 + 2j
-789 -789L -21.9 3 - 2j
-0x111 0xFFFFFFFFF 3.20E+10 45j
0x69 -0x12321L -2.00E-08 3e+26j

Initialization / Conversion
data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>

data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>>>> int(10)

data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>>>> int(10)>>> int(10)
10
>>>

data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>>>> int(10)>>> int(10)
10
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)

data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>>>> int(10)>>> int(10)
10
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>>

data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>>>> int(10)>>> int(10)
10
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)

data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>>>> int(10)>>> int(10)
10
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>>

data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>>>> int(10)>>> int(10)
10
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)

data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>>>> int(10)>>> int(10)
10
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
(10+3j)
>>>

data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>>>> int(10)>>> int(10)
10
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
(10+3j)
>>>
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
(10+3j)
>>> complex(“20+5j”)

data type initial
int int(x)
long long(x)
ﬂoat float(x)
complex
complex(x)
complex(x, y)
>>>>>> int(10)>>> int(10)
10
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>>
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
(10+3j)
>>>
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
(10+3j)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
(10+3j)
(20+5j)
>>>

Arithmetic Operators
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modular
** exponential
// ﬂoor division
>>>

+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modular
** exponential
// ﬂoor division
>>>>>> 2**10

+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modular
** exponential
// ﬂoor division
>>>>>> 2**10>>> 2**10
1024
>>>

+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modular
** exponential
// ﬂoor division
>>>>>> 2**10>>> 2**10
1024
>>>
>>> 2**10
1024
>>> 5.8 // 2

+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modular
** exponential
// ﬂoor division
>>>>>> 2**10>>> 2**10
1024
>>>
>>> 2**10
1024
>>> 5.8 // 2
>>> 2**10
1024
>>> 5.8 // 2
2.0
>>>

Bitwise Operators
& and
| or
^ exclusion or
>> shift right
<< shift left
~ not
>>>

Bitwise Operators
& and
| or
^ exclusion or
>> shift right
<< shift left
~ not
>>>>>> 3 & 1

Bitwise Operators
& and
| or
^ exclusion or
>> shift right
<< shift left
~ not
>>>>>> 3 & 1>>> 3 & 1
1
>>>

Bitwise Operators
& and
| or
^ exclusion or
>> shift right
<< shift left
~ not
>>>>>> 3 & 1>>> 3 & 1
1
>>>
>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10

Bitwise Operators
& and
| or
^ exclusion or
>> shift right
<< shift left
~ not
>>>>>> 3 & 1>>> 3 & 1
1
>>>
>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
1024
>>>

Bitwise Operators
& and
| or
^ exclusion or
>> shift right
<< shift left
~ not
>>>>>> 3 & 1>>> 3 & 1
1
>>>
>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
1024
>>>
>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
1024
>>> ~0

Bitwise Operators
& and
| or
^ exclusion or
>> shift right
<< shift left
~ not
>>>>>> 3 & 1>>> 3 & 1
1
>>>
>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
1024
>>>
>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
1024
>>> ~0
>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
1024
>>> ~0
-1
>>>

Comparison Operators
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
< less than
<= less than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to

List
Contents are
surrounded by
square brackets
and separate by
comma.
>>>

List
Contents are
surrounded by
square brackets
and separate by
comma.
>>>>>> [“aaa”, “bbb”, 1, 2]

List
Contents are
surrounded by
square brackets
and separate by
comma.
>>>>>> [“aaa”, “bbb”, 1, 2]>>> [“aaa”, “bbb”, 1, 2]
[‘aaa’, ‘bbb’, 1, 2]
>>>

>>>

>>>>>> list([1, 2, 3])

>>>>>> list([1, 2, 3])>>> list([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
>>>

>>>>>> list([1, 2, 3])>>> list([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> list([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
>>> list(“abc”)

>>>>>> list([1, 2, 3])>>> list([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> list([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
>>> list(“abc”)
>>> list([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
>>> list(“abc”)
[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’]
>>>

Operators
+ append
* repeat
>>>

Operators
+ append
* repeat
>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3]

Operators
+ append
* repeat
>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3]>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>>

Operators
+ append
* repeat
>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3]>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]

Operators
+ append
* repeat
>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3]>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>>

Operators
+ append
* repeat
>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3]>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2

Operators
+ append
* repeat
>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3]>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>>

Operators
+ append
* repeat
>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3]>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> x + y

Operators
+ append
* repeat
>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3]>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> x + y
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> x + y
[1, 2, 3, ‘a’, ‘b’]
>>>

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Access Element

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
Access Element

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
Access Element

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>>
Access Element

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
Access Element

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>>
Access Element

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>> x
Access Element

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>> x
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>> x
[1, ‘0’, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
Access Element

>>>
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>>
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>> x[1:-1]
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>> x[1:-1]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>> x[1:-1]
[2, 3, 4]
>>>
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>> x[1:-1]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>> x[1:-1]
[2, 3, 4]
>>>
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>> x[1:-1]
[2, 3, 4]
>>> x[::2]
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

>>>>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>>
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>> x[1:-1]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>> x[1:-1]
[2, 3, 4]
>>>
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>> x[1:-1]
[2, 3, 4]
>>> x[::2]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1:3]
[2, 3]
>>> x[1:-1]
[2, 3, 4]
>>> x[::2]
[1, 3, 5]
>>>
Slice
[start:end(:step)]
[0:length(:1)]
default value

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