Tiles are used for roofing and paving. They are classified based on material (common, encaustic) and use (roofing, flooring, drain). Roofing tiles include plain, pan, pot, Allahabad, Mangalore, and concrete tiles. Flooring tiles vary in thickness and shape. Tiles are manufactured by selecting clay, preparing and molding it, drying and shaping, burning in a kiln at 2200°F for 3 hours, and cooling for 3-5 days.

2. Presented By:Presented By:
Engineer LATIF HYDER WADHOEngineer LATIF HYDER WADHO
Mehran University of Engg: & Technology KhairpurMehran University of Engg: & Technology Khairpur
Civil Engineering MaterialsCivil Engineering Materials
11stst
Term 1Term 1stst
Year B.E.CivilYear B.E.Civil

3. Tiles:
A tile is a special type of brick which is often larger
than an ordinary brick.
Tiles are mostly used for roofing and paving purposes.
Standard size of tiles:
Tiles are manufactured in different sizes in Pakistan.
The most popular sizes are:
(1)12’’ x 6’’ x 1 1’’
4
(2) 12’’ x 6’’ x 2’’
(3) 9’’ x 4 1’’ x 2’’
2

4. CLASSIFICATION
OF
TILES:

5. Tiles are classified into groups on the basis
of construction material.
(1) Material basis
(i) Common tiles
(ii) Encaustic tiles

6. Depending upon their Use
(1) Roofing Tiles
(a) Plain Tiles
(b) Pot Tiles
(c) Allahabad Tiles
(d) Mangalore Tiles
(e) Concrete Roofing Tiles
(2) Flooring/Paving Tiles
(3) Drain Tiles

7. (1) CLASSIFICATION
OF
TILES
BASED UPON
MATERIAL USED

8. (i) Common tiles:
Common tiles may be used for roofing.
Flooring and walling also. Common tiles are
pan tiles, pot tiles and flat tiles.
(ii) Encaustic Tiles:
These tiles are prepared by mixing colors
with the clay before burning. These are used
for decorative purposes.

9. (2) CLASSIFICATION
OF
TILES
BASED UPON
THEIR USE

10. (i) Roofing tiles:
These may be flat like slates or
may be made to different shapes.
Some of the common varieties are
discussed below.

11. (a) Plain tiles:
The size of these tiles is 25 cm x 15
cm to 28 cm x 18 cm and thickness
varies from 10 mm to 17 mm.
(b) Pan tiles:
These tiles are curved in section.
These are 33 cm to 38 cm long and
23 cm to 28 cm wide

12. (c) Pot tiles:
These are semi circular in
section and taper along the
length. The diameter at larger
end is about 23 cm and at the
smaller end it is about 20 cm.

13. (d) Allahabad tiles:
These consist of two sets of tiles. The lower
ones are flat tiles with upturned sides. End
widths reduce from 27 cm to 23 cm and the
length is about 38 cm. The over tile is half
round in section and tapers from 16.5 cm to 12
cm in diameter. Half round tiles are moulded
on a potters’ wheel as a round tapering
cylindrical tile. Two longitudinal cuts are given
to the cylinder while still not dry. With this it is
easy to break it into two semicircular tiles after
burning.

14. (e) Mangalore tiles:
These are flat pattern tiles
with suitable key projection.
About 16 tiles are required to
cover one square meter of
roof.

15. (f) Concrete roofing tiles:
Tiles of any shape, size or colour
could be made with cement
concrete. These are more strong,
durable and weather resistant.

16. (2) Flooring or Paving tiles:
These are usually thicker than roofing tiles and
vary from 15 mm to 30 mm in thickness. Their
shapes are square, hexagonal or any of other
geometrical pattern and may be coloured, if
desired.
Depending upon properties of clay flooring tiles
are classified as: class 1, class 2, class 3 tiles.
Maximum water absorption percentages in case
of these tiles are 10, 19 and 24 respectively.

17. (3) Drain tiles:
These are curved tiles made in
various shapes and sizes to suit the
work in which they are to be used.
Tiles to be used in the construction
of sewage carrying drains should
be glazed.

18. MANUFACTURING
OF
TILES

19. MANUFACTURING OF TILES:
Six main operations are involved in
the manufacturing of tiles:
1.Selection of suitable clay
2.Preparation of clay
3.Moulding
4.Drying and Shaping
5.Burning
6.Cooling

20. (1) Selection of suitable clay:
For manufacturing of tiles,
we require superior type of
clay. The clay should be
completely free from grit,
pebbles and other organic
matter.

21. (2) Preparation of clay:
This is done by mixing water with
clay in a tank and storing it in damp
condition. The solution is then
allowed to stand quietly in the tank
resulting in the setting and leaving
of coarse particles. Water containing
fine clay in solution is rained off to
other tanks where it is allowed to
dry leaving fine clay ready for
moulding.

22. (3) Moulding:
Moulding operation is done on the ground
specially prepared for that purpose. All the
instruments which are used in the moulding
should be present.
The moulder sprinkles ashes over the clay
and start to mould according to the required
size of tiles on the smooth and leveled
surface, when the number of 10 to 15 tiles
are prepared they are taken for drying and
shaping.

23. (4) Drying and Shaping:
Two days after moulding, the tiles
are given proper shape and then
they are placed on their edges and
dried for about two days. One
thing should be kept in mind that
we take care to crack and wrap
and they should be dried slowly.

24. (5) Burning:
Tiles are burnt in a kiln which is in
circular shape. Tiles are kept on their
edges and door ways are closed with
bricks. The maximum temperature of tiles
should be 2200degreeF for about three
hours. This process is repeated for second
time.
The kiln is isolated after it has cooled
down. The kiln should be protected
against bad weather specially on the wind
side by temporary roofing.

25. (6) Cooling:
After burning, cooling is done for 3 to
5 days.
(OR)
3 to 5 days are required for cooling of
tiles.

26. THE PLEASANT END