1. Community Rights and
Forest Carbon Markets
Case Studies from Cambodia
and Indonesia
Shalmali Guttal, Focus on the Global South, August 1, 2012
2. Oddar Meanchey
Terra Global Capital + PACT + Forestry Administration +
Children Development Association (CDA)
March 2008; 30 year agreement; REDD pilot built on past
community forest protection work.
3.
4. Target Area: 13 community forestry in 58 villages
REDD Pilot Area: 67,783.00 ha
Source: CDA
5. REDD took over in 2008
from previous community forest work since 2003.
“Currently, the main challenge of REDD Pilot Implementation is illegal logging by
military and powerful people. Conflicts with powerful men. There are many military in
the border area. Economic land concessions (ELCs) and mining are the main issues for
REDD. The community forests are very small while the concessions are very large -
more than 10,000 ha each. Comparing the two, ELCs and community forests, the ELC
area is bigger. The government may consult communities when setting up REDD
areas, but people are not consulted when the government issues ELCs”.
9. Ratana Rokha CF: 3 villages
Sugarcane plantation in the middle of forest area
10. Ratana Rokha CF: forest area being cleared by company for
sugarcane plantation
11. Ratana Rokha CF: forest area being cleared
by company for sugarcane plantation
12. Romduol Veasna and Rouloh and Rouloh
Thom CFs.
Close to Thai border; army setting up
camps, bunkers, building roads, moving
families into the forests.
13. Close to Thai border; Cambodian army setting up
camps, bunkers, building roads, moving families into the
forests.
14.
15.
16.
17. Common setbacks
• REDD pilot project built on existing CF work.
• Not clear how much “choice” CF members had in
joining the project; CF was turned into REDD, with
new regulations and new agreement.
• CF members do not understand/know much about
the project, except that they are supposed to get
30% of revenue from sale of carbon credits (don’t
understand what they are) but have still not received
any money.
• Communities unable to take action needed to
protect forests from military and concessions, but
have to follow new regulations about forest use
according to REDD agreement.
18. Common setbacks
• Differing ideas of benefits at community levels among
communities, NGO & government officials.
• Conflicts started among members of the same CF and
among different CFs about who should get more money-
breaking down of cooperation & commitment.
• Forests getting destroyed & degraded; carbon credits not
being sold on market; current forest quality very different
from earlier measurements.
REDD will collapse community forestry in Oddar
Meanchey. There is nothing in this project, only words
and illusions. Chief of provincial CF network, Oddar
Meanchey.
19. The Green and Green Alliance
Increasing interventions of Indonesian Military
(TNI) into conservation and climate projects
1. Law 34/2004:
•Allows military operations beyond war
•Optimalization to support relevance ministries to achieve
government’s goals,
•Integration to village governance in all Indonesian regions that
do conservation
Source: AKSI and Solidaritas Perempuan
19
20. 2 . Cooperation agreement between
Indonesian Military (TNI) and Office
of Environment Ministry June
3, 2010:
• Synergy of program Environment Ministry and TNI to boost
implementation of sustainable development in protection and
management of environment in regard to respective roles and duties.
Agreement between Forestry Minister and TNI about forest rehabilitation in
conservation forest - March 24, 2011
• A basis for forest rehabilitation in conservation forests and forest
protection
• Planning, pre-condition, field preparation, provision of
sapling, maintenance, security, monitoring and evaluation
• Forest ministry will provide all neccessary operational costs.
Source: AKSI and Solidaritas Perempuan
20
21. • No lesson learnt from conflicts
areas triggered by
conservations through
Ecosystem Restoration
Concessions
Source: AKSI and Solidaritas Perempuan
21
22. Lesson learnt from Indonesia
FIP for GCF
• FIP is market driven and adds burden to people who
already marginalized and impoverished under an
incompetent, corrupt and oppressive government
• FIP doesn’t adhere to international human rights
and women’s human rights standards and
conventions: CPR, ESCR, CEDAW, UNDRIP
• FIP doesn’t comply with its own safeguard
requirements
Source: AKSI and Solidaritas Perempuan
22
23. • FIP potentially increases violence and human rights
violations in land conflict areas
• FIP potentially contribute to militarization of forest
projects through indirectly finance Indonesian
military operations in conservation designated areas
and strengthen the power of military
• FIP is potentially mismanaged and trigger further
corruption
Source: AKSI and Solidaritas Perempuan
23
Editor's Notes
REDD took over in 2008 from previous community forest work since 2003. 13 local Community Forestry Committees. 58 villages. Technical support from the Forestry Administration, Technical Working Group on Forestry and Environment, Terra Global Capital, Climate Change Clinton International, and PACT Cambodia. Grant from DANIDA. Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS) and has been approved. No revenue from carbon credits yet. A Consultation Workshop for the project was held with local community - 30 years under a REDD programme. biomass inventory made of the area. A 30-year agreement was signed between the Forestry Administration and PACT Cambodia.
