The following presentation is an example of how to conduct an initial literature review on a topic in this case Gender-Based Violence in Morocco.

1. O N G E N D E R - B A S E D V I O L E N C E I N M O R O C C O
C R E A T E D B Y : H I L A R Y N I C O L E E R V I N
A GUIDE TO CONDUCTING A
LITERATURE REVIEW

2. DEVELOPING A RESEARCH QUESTION
• How are the following dimensions of Gender-Based
Violence measured?
• Attitudes & Beliefs
• Outcomes
• Risk Factors
Preliminary Field Research
• Gender-Based Violence research in Morocco?
• Is data currently available?  other constraints
• What studies have been/are being conducted?
• What is a feasible and testable question?

3. FIND A DEFINITION
• How is GBV Defined?
• Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, adopted by the General Assembly on 20 Dec. 1993, UN Doc.
A/RES/48/104.
• “physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family and in the
general community, including battering, sexual abuse of children, dowry-related
violence, rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to
women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation, sexual
harassment and intimidation at work, in education institutions and elsewhere,
trafficking in women, forced prostitution, and violence perpetrated or condoned
by the state.” United Nations. CEDAW. Definition.
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
• International Statutes/Declarations
• Vienna Declaration and Program of Action, adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna, 14-25 June
1993, UN Doc. A/CONF. 157/23.
• Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, adopted by the 4th World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 Sept. 1995,
UN Doc. ACONF.177/20 Rev.I (96.IV.13), para. 120.
• Security Council Resolution 1325
• Moroccan Context
• See UNICEF profile

4. DETERMINE GLOBAL SCOPE
• 1 in 3 women reporting violence in lifetime*
• Beaten
• Sexually coerced
• Otherwise abused
• 12% - 25% of women experienced
attempted/actual rape at the hands of their
spouse*
• 15% - 71% lifetime prevalence among ever
partnered women**

5. WHAT ABOUT IN MOROCCO?
• 60% of women experienced some sort of violence
at some point in their lifetime
• 25% have experienced sexual violence
• Of Morocco’s 9 million women between the ages of
18-65 a Moroccan High Commission for Planning
(HCP) study found that 6.5 million experience some
for for violence in 2009.
• Wasn’t able to find actual data but here is a press release
on the report: here

6. IDENTIFY: LOCAL FACTORS
• Economy:
• Growing –
tourism, industry &
telecom
• Labor Markets
• Strong with small gender
gap
• Education
• Literacy very low
• DHS 2004 – 50% women
illiterate
• Health
• Declining fertility rate
• Increased non-
communicable disease
• Sharia (Islamic Law)
• CEDAW & Protocols with
reservation
• Social Control
• Religion
• Gender
• Sexual taboos
• Patriarchy
• Traditions
• Policy Climate
• Constitutional monarchy
• Dual legal system

7. IDENTIFY DATABASES
• Databases: Keywords
• PubMed
• Global Health (OVID Technologies)
• PsycINFO
• GenderWatch
• Citation Mapping
• Web of Science (ISI)
• Measurement
• Mental Measurements Yearbook
• Conchrane Library

8. CONDUCT KEYWORD SEARCHES
• Keywords:
• Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) = 10,929
+Risk Factors = 1,904
+Morocco AND risk factors = 25
+Burden of disease = 301
+Morocco AND burden of disease = 12 results
+Attitudes & beliefs = 940
+Morocco AND attitudes & beliefs = 18
• Gender-Based Violence (GBV) = 11,600
+Risk Factors = 108
+Morocco AND risk factors = 76
+Burden of disease = 797
+Morocco AND burden of disease = 28 results
+Attitudes & beliefs = 2,710
+Morocco AND attitudes & beliefs = 68
• Domestic Violence (DV) = 23,494
+Risk Factors = 3,084
+Morocco AND risk factors = 69
+Burden of disease = 680
+Morocco AND burden of disease = 23 results
+Attitudes & beliefs = 2,524
+Morocco AND attitudes & beliefs = 56
• Keywords Cont.
• Wife Beating (WB) = 2,175
+Risk factors = 2,175
+Morocco AND risk factors = 13
+Burden of disease = 188
+Morocco AND burden of disease = 6 results
+Attitudes & beliefs = 529
+Morocco AND attitudes & beliefs = 14
• Sexual Violence (SV) = 47,727
+Risk factors = 4,387
+Morocco AND risk factors = 73 results
+Burden of disease = 853
+Morocco AND burden of disease = 26 results
+Attitudes & beliefs = 3,272
+Morocco AND attitudes & beliefs =64
• Domestic Abuse (DA) = 13,576
+Risk factors = 3,556
+Morocco AND risk factors = 54 results +Burden of
disease = 579
+Morocco AND burden of disease = 22 results
+Attitudes & beliefs = 1,664
+Morocco AND attitudes & beliefs = 41

9. CONDUCT KEYWORD SEARCHES: MENTAL
MEASUREMENTS YEARBOOK
• Keywords
• Domestic Violence (DV) – 4 results
• DVI; CTS; MSI-II; SA
• Domestic Abuse (DA) – 3 results
• CTS; MSI-II; DVI
• Sexual Violence (SV)- 4 results
• SVR;MSI-II;
• Rape (R) – 1 result
No Results
• Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
• Gender Based Violence (GBV)
• Wife Beating (WB)
• Conflict Tactic Scales (CTS)
• Strauss, Murray et al (2003) – Incl. Revised CTS
• 3 Results - DV; SV; DA
• Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI)
• Risk & Needs Assessment Inc.
• 2 Results -DV; DA
• Multiphasic Sex Inventory II (MSI-II)
• Nichols, H.R.
• 3 Results - DV; SV; R
• Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide (SA)
• Kropp, P. Randall
• DV
• Sexual Violence Risk – 20 (SVR)
• Boer, Douglas P. (1998)
• SV
• Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI)
• Risk & Needs Assessment Inc.
• SV

10. CONDUCT KEYWORD SEARCHES:
CONCHRANE LIBRARY
• Jahanfar, S., et al. Interventions for Preventing or Reducing Domestic
Violence Against Pregnant Women. Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. 28
Feb 2013.
• Taft, A., et al. Screening Women for Intimate Partner Violence in Health
Care Settings. Development, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group.
21 Jan 2009.
• Ezedunukwe, I., et al. Economic Interventions for Prevention of HIV Risk
and HIV Infection. HIV/AIDS Group. 20 Jan 2010.
• Wingood GM, et al. (2006) Efficacy of an HIV prevention program among
female adolescents experiencing gender ‐based violence. American
journal of public health. Vol. 96(6), 1085
• Forward: 31
• Backward: 38

11. IDENTIFY RECURRING THEMES
Risk Factors
Ecological Issue
• Age at marriage
• Education
• SES/Employment
• +type
• Witness abuse
• History of abuse
• Socio-Cultural
• Location
• Alcohol & drugs
Outcomes
Multilevel Impacts
• Economic cost
• DAYLS, etc.
• Unintended Pregnancy &
Abortion
• MMR
• Women & Children
Nutritional Status
• Suicidal Attempts
• HIV/AIDS & STIs

12. ATTITUDES & BELIEFS
• Violent-supportive beliefs/values & perpetration of
violent behavior
• Traditional gender norms & attitudes toward VAW
• Includes Gender x Sexual Norms
• SES, Race, Ethnicity, Religion, Culture
• Community/Peer group & informal social relations
• Mass Media & Social Movements
• Variation across & within countries
• Significance varies by location

13. MEASUREMENTS & SCALES
Limitations
• Severity
• Definition
• Frequency
• Screening
• Double questions
• Vagueness
• Bias
• Framing
• Relevance
• Setting
Themes
• Relationship context
• Forms of abuse
• Imminent risk indicators
• Family dynamics
• Degree of support
• Assessment structure
• Psychometric info
• Other contextual factors

14. COMPILING EXISTING
RESEARCH
NARROWING DOWN DATA SOURCES

15. IDENTIFY MAJOR DATA
• MEASURE – Demographic & Health Survey (DHS)
• 2003-2004 – Measured Attitudes and Beliefs about Wife Beating
• 5 Questions (women ever-partnered only)
• Wife beating justified if she goes out without telling him
• Wife beating justified if she neglects the children
• Wife beating justified is she argues with him
• Wife beating justified if she refuses to have sex with him
• Wife beating justifies is she burns the food
• Major relevant finding: 64% of women (ever-partnered) justify wife beating (Ministre de la Sante)
• 2011 – Not yet released; contains full DVModule to be released……….
• Hassan II University
• Population-based survey to estimate cost and impact of IPV in Morocco
• Major relevant findings
• Lifetime Prevalence = 45%
• Current Prevalence = 12%
• ICRW – Estimating the Costs and Impacts of IPV
• Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

16. COMPILE EXISTING RESEARCH
• WHO Multi-Country Study
• Phase One:
Bangladesh, Brazil, Japan, Namibia, Peru, Somoa, Tanzania,
& Thailand –
• a-Moreno C, Watts C, Jansen H, Ellsberg M, Heise L. Responding to violence against women: WHO's Multi-country Study on Women's
Health and Domestic Violence. Health Hum Rights 2003;6(2):112-27.
• Devries, Karen A., et al (2011). Violence Against Women is strongly Associated with Suicide Attempts: Evidence from the WHO Multi-
Country Study on Women’s Health & Domestic Violence Against Women. Social Sciences & Medicine. Vol. 73. Pp. 79-86.
• Phase Two:
Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Namibia, Peru, Samoa,
Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand, and the United Republic
of Tanzania. (10 Countries : 15 Sites)
• Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Watts, C.H. (2005). Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the WHO
Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. Lancet. Vol.386. Pp. 1260-69
• Pallitto, Christina, C., et al. (2013). Intimate Partner Violence, Abortion, and Unintended Pregnancy: Results from the WHO Multi-Country
Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Vol. 120. Pp. 3-9.

17. IDENTIFY SURVEYS
Panel: Questions used in the WHO study to document physical and sexual violence and controlling behaviors by an
intimate partner*
Foundation - Conflict Tactic Scales
Physical violence by an intimate partner
• Moderate violence:
• Was slapped or had something thrown at her that could hurt her
• Was pushed or shoved
• Severe violence:
• Was hit with fist or something else that could hurt
• Was kicked, dragged, or beaten up
• Was choked or burnt on purpose
• Perpetrator threatened to use or actually used a gun, knife or other weapon against her
Sexual violence by an intimate partner
• Was physically forced to have sexual intercourse when she did not want to
• Had sexual intercourse when she did not want to because she was afraid of what partner might do
• Was forced to do something sexual that she found degrading or humiliating
Controlling behaviors by an intimate partner
• Tried to keep her from seeing friends
• Tried to restrict contact with her family of birth
• Insisted on knowing where she was at all times
• Ignored her and treated her indifferently
• Got angry if she spoke with another man
• Was often suspicious that she was unfaithful
• Expected her to ask permission before seeking health care for herself

18. NEXT STEPS
• Continue drawing sources and literature into your
database
• Write an annotated summary of your major findings
• Mapping any key outcomes of interest
• Developing your research methodology

19. A literature review can be used to identify
methodologies, develop your understanding of new
intervention your organization is planning, when writing
a policy review and always when conducting field
research. This ensures you aren’t duplicating current or
existing work while also providing insight into new areas
and questions which have yet be answered.
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