2. The Chimps at RZSS Edinburgh Zoo
Velu Cindy David Emma Kilimi Kindia Liberius
Louis Lucy Qafzeh Rene Pearl Edith Eva Heleen
Lianne
Paul Sophie Frek Images from Edinburgh zoo - http://www.edinburghzoo.org.uk/
7. “Zoletil” – Tiletamine and Zolazepam (IM)
Pros:
• Can use small doses
• Relatively short induction time – 1-7 mins
• Wide safety margin
• Reliable plane of anaesthesia
• Longer duration of action than ketamine
Cons:
• Can not be reversed
• Prolonged recovery (1-5 hours) – can be difficult
• Has shown slight reduction in blood pressure
9. Ketamine (IM)
Pros:
• Immobilises animal
• Smooth rapid induction (3-10 mins IM)
• Minimal Cardiopulmonary changes
• Smooth recovery
• Less chance of aspiration - pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes are well
maintained
Cons:
• Can not reverse – 40-60mins
• Can have unexpected sudden recoveries
• Hypersalivation
10. Ketamine + Medetomidine (IM)
Pros:
• Reduces the ketamine dose given – safer
• Good anaesthetic depth
• Rapid induction (3-15 mins)
• Minimal cardiopulmonary effects
• Can be reversed (Atipamazol)
Cons:
• Arousal can take place if moved too soon
• Sudden recoveries have been documented
• Alpha 2s are less effective in excited animals
• Slightly higher risk of hypotension
11. Ketamine + Xyazine (IM)
Pros:
• Similarly short induction time as ketamine alone (3-10 mins)
• Greater depth of anaesthesia and better muscle relaxation than
ketamine alone
• Can be reversed with yohimbine
Cons:
• Alpha 2s are less effective in excited animals
• Potential unexpected spontaneous arousal
12. Back-up plan
Animals may need to be destroyed if:
• Breached zoo perimeter
• Threat of injury or death
Notes de l'éditeur
There are 19 different chimpanzees housed at the budongo trail at Edinburgh Zoo. They range from the youngest Velu at 1 year old to the oldest Cindy at 51. There is also a big difference in weights between the animals which is something that will be need to be taken into account when measuring anaesthetic doses, especially there is more risk of obsesity in captive chimps.
The budongo trail is located near the centre of the zoo. This means there is a large number of areas that any escaped chimps may go. The enclosure is located next to members gate, the car park and nearby hotel. Therefore it is important the chimps are captured as soon as possible. If the chimps try to exit the zoo area then a shoot to kill policy is in place – as we will discuss later. However, if the animal or animals are still within the zoo permitter recapture by means of chemical immobilisation is preferred.
In the event of an outbreak it is important for all staff to assist in the movement of all members of the public from the area and into buildings (such as Livinglinks, education centre, Glasslands restaurant ), where they will be locked in until it is safe for them to leave. Zoo permimeter must be secured - all doors leaving/entering the zoo must be locked and no-one be permitted in or out (except members of emergency services).
Police and another relevant emergency services must be contacted.
Veterinary team and gun team must be alerted and go to the vet room to await instruction.
Require at least stage 3 anaesthesia because of physical strength and aggression
Although modern drugs have a wide safety margin in primates, none are absolutely safe and the reaction of any individual primates to anaesthesia can be unpredictable.
Most drugs and drug combinations have advantages and disadvantages and it is important to use a technique with which the anaesthetist is familiar.
An excited primate will require higher anaesthetic doses and take longer to become recumbent. Both these factors, plus the higher adrenaline levels circulating in excited primates increase the potential for complications during anaesthesia. Hearing is usually the last sense to be abolished by an anaesthetic, therefore it is also important to have quiet environment to avoid disturbance during induction.
Tiletamine – Cyclohexamine produces dissociative anaesthesia
Zolazepam – benzodiazepam
Can use small doses as it is more potent than ketamine – 3-4mg/kg
Relatively short induction time – 10 mins until recumbent, 15 until safe to approach
Wide safety margin – few cardiopulmonary side effects. Overdosing will not produce long term side effects.
Can not be reversed (Can reverse the zolazepam but not the tiletamine – only increases alertness but not speed of recovery.) – prolonged stormy? Recovery (1-5 hours). Signs of drowsiness/dizziness/ataxia/vomiting.
Can be given orally if can get into food (cola)
Which will shorten recovery and reduce chance of stormy recovery
Sudden recoveries – due to short duration of action
Hypersalivation – control with anticholinergic
Concentrated solution is ideal – 200mg/ml
NMDA receptor antagonist; dissociative agent
Arousal if too soon (prior to 10 mins)
Atipamazol – Rapid and smooth reversal within 10-13 mins (IM) or 6 mins (IV) – recommended to wait 30 mins after induction – if not will wake up under the ketamine and will have turbulent and disoriented recovery.
Should only be reversed/recover in isolation to prevent attack from other group
Medetomidine – alpha2 agonist: vasoconstriction and bradyocardia
2-5mg per kg ket
Med 0.02-0.05 mg/kg
Xylazine – alpha 2 agonst: hyper and hypotension, respiratory depression
Can be reversed with yohimbine ( 1mg/kg)
Ketamine – 15-20 mg/ml
Xylazine – 1mg per kg
There should be a trained fire arms team in place that will have regular training. Each person with a dart gun should be backed up with someone with a firearm incase of emergency.
First must make sure they have a clean shot and there is no one behind them. Also must be soft area behind animal for bullet to lodge to avoid richocaying.
