Hackers

Phreaks and Hackers

Part2: Hack

Lilya Nachalova
Mohammad Eghlima

Introduction programmer subcultures
Definition Hobbyist subcultures
Hack Categories Jargon files
Computer security subcultures Resource && Appendixes

We are going to give answers to these questions:
• Who is the hacker?
• What is the meaning of hack?
• How many types of hackers exist?
• Do they have any moral lows or beliefs?
• Do they have any specific languages for themselves?

2


Hacker

 People committed to circumvention of computer security.

 A community of enthusiast computer programmers and systems
designers. originated in the 1960s around the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology's (MIT's) Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC)
and MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
 The hobbyist home computing community:
(The community included Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Bill Gates and
created the personal computing industry).

3


Over the course of 2011, the word "hacker" gained a fourth meaning
• someone who challenges the existing order, most often using science, engineering,
or information technology
• popularized by:
– internet pop culture (such as the web comic xkcd)
– large corporations (particularly Facebook, whose new headquarters prominently
encourages its employees to "hack")
• Examples of these new age "hacks“:
– Facebook timeline: as a revolution of social networking.
– successful protest against SOPA.
– social media driven revolutions (Syria, and Yemen, Libya, Egypt, and Iran)

4


(1) Hacking means
finding out weaknesses in a computer or computer network
and exploiting them
by
someone with an advanced understanding of computers and
computer networks
motivated by
a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, or challenge.

5


Subgroups:
may be defined by the legal status of their activities.

White hat (ethical hacker):
•breaks security for non-malicious reasons, perhaps to test their own security system
•perform penetration tests and vulnerability assessments within a contractual
agreement

Black hat:
• "violates computer security for little reason beyond maliciousness or for personal
gain"(Moore,2005).
•the best example of public fears in computer crimes.

Grey hat:
• is a combination of a Black Hat and a White Hat Hacker
• may use his skills for legal or illegal acts, but NOT for personal gains
• The moment they cross that boundary, they become black hat hackers
6


Elite hacker: elite is used to describe the most skilled.
Script kiddie: is a non-expert who breaks into computer systems by
using pre-packaged automated tools written by others, usually with
little understanding of the underlying concept.
Neophyte: A neophyte, "n00b", or "newbie" is someone who is new
to hacking or phreaking and has almost no knowledge or experience of
the workings of technology, and hacking.
Blue hat: is someone outside computer security consulting firms who
is used to bug test a system prior to its launch.
Hacktivist: A hacktivist is a hacker who utilizes technology to
announce a social, ideological, religious, or political message.

7


Computer security (continue …) – Attacks type:
A typical approach in an attack on Internet-connected system is:
• Network enumeration: Discovering information about the intended target.
• Vulnerability analysis: Identifying potential ways of attack.
• Exploitation: Attempting to compromise the system by employing the
vulnerabilities found through the vulnerability analysis.
Security exploits: SQL injection, Cross Site Scripting and Cross Site Request Forgery.
These are very common in website/domain hacking.
Vulnerability scanner: is a tool used to quickly check computers on a network for
known weaknesses.
Password cracking: is the process of recovering passwords from data that has been
stored in or transmitted by a computer system.
Packet sniffer: A packet sniffer is an application that captures data packets.
Spoofing attack (Phishing): A spoofing attack involves one program, system, or
website successfully masquerading as another by falsifying data and thereby being
treated as a trusted system.
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Computer security (continue …) – Attacks type:
Rootkit: set of programs which work to subvert control of an operating system from
its legitimate operators. Usually, a rootkit will obscure its installation and attempt to
prevent its removal through a subversion of standard system security.
Social engineering: in the second stage of the targeting process, he or she will
typically use some social engineering tactics to get enough information to access the
network.
A common practice for hackers who use this technique, is to contact the system
administrator and play the role of a user who cannot get access to his or her system.
Hackers who use this technique have to be quite savvy and choose the words they
use carefully, in order to trick the system administrator into giving them information.
Trojan horses: A Trojan horse is a program which seems to be doing one thing, but is
actually doing another.
Viruses: A virus is a self-replicating program that spreads by inserting copies of itself
into other executable code or documents.
Worms: Like a virus, a worm is also a self-replicating program. A worm differs from a
virus in that it propagates through computer networks without user intervention.
Key loggers: record ('log') every keystroke on an affected machine for later retrieval.
9


Computer security (continue …)
Hacker groups and conventions:
The computer underground is supported by regular real-world
gatherings called hacker conventions or "hacker cons".
These draw many people every year including SummerCon
(Summer), DEF CON, HoHoCon (Christmas), ShmooCon (February),
BlackHat, Hacker Halted, and H.O.P.E.

Hacker magazines
The most notable hacker-oriented magazine publications are
Phrak, Hakin9.

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(2) Hacker (programmer subculture)
A hacker is an adherent of the computer programmer subculture that originally
emerged in academia in the 1960s in particular around the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology (MIT)'sTech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) and MIT Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory.
•It defines hacker "A person who enjoys exploring the details of
programmable systems and stretching their capabilities, as opposed to
most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary.

•This community is notable for launching the free software movement
•The World Wide Web and the Internet itself are also hacker artifacts.

11


Hacker (programmer subculture) – History
• Before communications between computers and computer users were
as networked as they are now.
• there were multiple independent and parallel hacker subcultures, often unaware
or only partially aware of each others' existence.
• All of these had certain important traits in common:
– Creating software and sharing it with each other
– Placing a high value on freedom of inquiry; hostility to secrecy
– Information-sharing as both an ideal and a practical strategy
– Emphasis on rationality
– Distaste for authority
– Playful cleverness, taking the serious humorously and their humor seriously.
• These sorts of subcultures were commonly found at academic settings.
• They evolved in parallel, and largely unconsciously, until the Internet
• Over time, the academic hacker subculture has tended to become more
conscious, more cohesive, and better organized.
12


Hacker (programmer subculture) – History
• The most important consciousness-raising moments:
– the composition of the first Jargon File in 1973
– the promulgation of the GNU Manifesto in 1985
– and the publication of The Cathedral and the Bazaar in 1997
– Correlated with this has been the gradual recognition of a set of shared culture heroes:
• Bill Joy, Donald Knuth, Dennis Ritchie, Paul Graham, Alan Kay, Ken Thompson, Richard M.
Stallman, Linus Torvalds, Larry Wall, and Guido Van Rossum.
• In 1975, hacker Dom was scattered across several different families of operating
systems and disparate networks; today it is largely a Unix and TCP/IP
phenomenon.

13


Hacker (programmer subculture) – Ethics and Principles
Hacker Ethics: describes the moral values and philosophy
that are standard in the hacker community.

The term hacker ethic was described by journalist Steven Levy in his
book titled “Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution”, written in
1984.
According to Levy the general tenets or principles of hacker ethic
include:
• Sharing
• Openness
• Decentralization
• Free access to computers
• World Improvement 14


Hacker (programmer subculture) – Ethics and Principles
•In addition to those principles, Levy also described more specific hacker ethics and
beliefs in chapter 2, The Hacker Ethic: The ethics he described in chapter 2 are:
– Access to computers—and anything which might teach you something about
the way the world works—should be unlimited and total. Always yield to the
Hands-On Imperative!
– All information should be free.
– Mistrust authority — promote decentralization.
– Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not criteria such as degrees, age,
race, sex, or position.
– You can create art and beauty on a computer.
– Computers can change your life for the better.

15


Hacker (programmer subculture) – Levy's "true hackers"
Levy identifies several "true hackers" who significantly influenced the hacker ethic:
•John McCarthy: Co-founder of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab and Stanford AI
Laboratory
•Bill Gosper: Mathematician and hacker
•Richard Greenblatt: Programmer and early designer of LISP machines
•Richard Stallman: Programmer and political activist who is well known for GNU,
Emacs and the Free Software Movement

Levy also identified the:
•"hardware hackers" (the "second generation", mostly centered in Silicon Valley)
•The "game hackers" (or the "third generation").
All three generations of hackers, according to Levy, embodied the principles of the
hacker ethic.

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Hacker (programmer subculture) – Levy's "true hackers"
Some of Levy's "second-generation" hackers include:
•Steve Wozniak: One of the founders of Apple Computer
•Bob Marsh: A designer of the Sol-20 computer
•Fred Moore: Activist and founder of the Homebrew Computer Club
•Steve Dompier: Homebrew Computer Club member, worked with Altair 8800
• Lee Felsenstein: A hardware hacker and co-founder of Community Memory and
Homebrew Computer Club; a designer of the Sol-20 computer
•John Draper: A legendary figure in the computer programming world. He wrote
EasyWriter, the first word processor.

Levy's "third generation" practitioners of hacker ethic include:
•John Harris: One of the first programmers hired at On-Line Systems (which later
became Sierra Entertainment)
•Ken Williams: Along with wife Roberta, founded On-Line Systems after working at
17
IBM


(3) Hacker (hobbyist)
•In home and hobby circles, a hacker is a person who heavily modifies the software
or hardware of their own computer system.
•It includes building, rebuilding, modifying, and creating to make it better or faster or
to give it added features or to make it do something it was never intended to do.

Hardware modifier: those who modify hardware to expand capabilities.
•they have the ability to write circuit-level code, device drivers, firmware, low-level
networking (and even more impressively, using these techniques to make devices do
things outside of their spec sheets).
•Are typically in very high regard among hacker communities.

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Hacker (hobbyist) - (continue …)
Hacker artists: create art by hacking on technology as
an artistic medium.

•A successful software and hardware hacker artist is Mark Lottor (mkl),
who has created the 3-D light art projects entitled the Cubatron, and
the Big Round Cubatron. This art is made using custom computer
technology, with specially designed circuit boards and programming
for microprocessor chips to manipulate the LED lights.

•Some hacker artists create art by writing computer code, and others,
by developing hardware. Some create with existing software tools such
as Adobe Photoshop or GIMP.
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Jargon File:
Is a glossary of computer programmer slang.
•The original Jargon File was a collection of terms from technical cultures
such as the MIT AI Lab, the Stanford AI Lab(SAIL) and others of the
old ARPANET AI/LISP/PDP-10 communities, including Bolt, Beranek and
Newman, Carnegie Mellon University, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Jargons file versions:
If you are intersted to know speciall vocabulary of hackers, we advice to read the
source denoted in appendixes number 12. In general there are three versions of
Jargon in computer programmer.
•1975 – 1983
•1983 – 1990
•1990 – later

20


Hack terminology:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_(technology_slang)#cite_ref-0
Hacker – Computer security:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)
Hacker – Programmer subculture:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(programmer_subculture)
Hacker – Hobbyist:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_(hobbyist)
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory
Tech Model Railroad Club:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Model_Railroad_Club

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1. Löwgren, Jonas (February 23, 2000). "Hacker culture(s): Origins". Retrieved
2008-10-18.
2. http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1983
3. Sterling, Bruce (1993). "Part 2(d)". The Hacker Crackdown. McLean, Virginia:
IndyPublish.com. p. 61. ISBN 1-4043-0641-2
4. Blomquist, Brian (May 29, 1999). "FBI's Web Site Socked as Hackers Target
Feds".New York Post. Retrieved on October 21, 2008
5. Wilhelm, Douglas. "2". Professional Penetration Testing. Syngress Press.
p. 503.ISBN 9781597494250.
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_hacker
7. Wilhelm, Douglas. "2". Professional Penetration Testing. Syngress Press.
p. 503.ISBN 9781597494250.
8. Moore, Robert (2005). Cybercrime: Investigating High Technology Computer
Crime. Matthew Bender & Company. p. 258. ISBN 1-59345-303-5.Robert Moore
9. Moore, Robert (2006). Cybercrime: Investigating High-Technology Computer
Crime(1st ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing. ISBN 9781593453039.22


10. Eric Chabrow (February 25, 2012). "7 Levels of Hackers: Applying An Ancient
Chinese Lesson: Know Your Enemies". GovInfo Security. Retrieved February 27,
2012
11. "The Hacker's Ethics". Retrieved 31 August 2011
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon_file

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