Oto piąta prezentacja dla studentów kognitywistyki z językoznawstwa kognitywnego i trzecia o badaniach metafor.

1. Korpusowe
badania
metafor
III
wykład
o
metaforze
DR KONRAD JUSZCZYK
ZAKŁAD PSYCHOLINGWISTYKI
INSTYTUT JĘZYKOZNAWSTWA
WYDZIAŁ NEOFILOLOGII UAM
JĘZYKOZNAWSTWO KOGNITYWNE 2012/2013: 5
środa, 6 lutego 13 1

2. Trzy wykłady
Metafory jako sposób
25 PAŹDZIERNIKA
konceptualizowania
Eksperymentalne
8 LISTOPADA
badania metafor
Korpusowe
15 LISTOPADA badania wyrażeń
metaforycznych
środa, 6 lutego 13 2

3. OBSERWACJA
OBSERWOWALNE
NIEOBSERWOWALNE
EKSPERYMENT
(w
tym
badania
(psycho/neuro
ŚWIAT
ZEWNĘTRZNY REPREZENTACJA
korpusowe) lingwistyczny)
FORMA
WYRAŻENIA
Przywitali
mnie
bardzo
gorąco. reprezentacja
Jak
systematyczne
jest
rzutowanie
formy
słów
(brzmienia)
AFEKT
to
CIEPŁO? Rzuciła
zimne
Jaka
jest
koherencja
z
spojrzenie.
innymi
metaforami?
Czy
dotyczy
to
wszystkich
języków? DOMENA
DOMENA
Co
się
dzieje
w
TREŚĆ
WYRAŻENIA
ŹRÓDŁOWA DOCELOWA
ludzkim
umyśle?
sytuacja
CIEPŁO POZYTYWNE Co
się
dzieje
w
związana ludzkim
mózgu?
z relacją temperatura relacja
i uczuciem ZIMNO NEGATYWNE
Czy
dotyczy
to
wszystkich
ludzi?
KONTEKST
KOMUNIKACJI ZNACZENIE
środa, 6 lutego 13 3

4. Modalności metafory
WERBALNE:
wyrażenia
językowe:
Teoria
ma
solidne
fundamenty.
NIEWERBALNE:
czyli
gest
współwystępu-­‐
jący
z
metaforą
słowną:
czas
przemija
WIZUALNA:
obraz
przedstawiający
podobne
idee
albo
przedmioty
(zwana
hybrydą)
środa, 6 lutego 13 4

5. INDUCTIVE OBSERVATION
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Intui`ve
(based
on
intui`on)
choice
of
metaphorical
expressions
in
one
of
communica`on
modali`es:
verbal:
linguis`c
expression
extracted
from
text
Lakoff,
Kövecses,
Jäkel,
Yun,
Fabiszak,
Kamasa...
nonverbal
behaviour
(gestures)
seen
on
video
(beger)
or
reported
observa`on
(less
reliable)
Cienki,
Mueller,
Chui,
Nunez,
Sweetser...
visual:
pictorial
metaphors
in
ads
or
art
Forceville
5
środa, 6 lutego 13 5

6. Lakoff’s later investigation
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
categoriza*on
in
languages
Women,
fire
and
dangerous
things
(1987)
philosophy
of
embodiment
(with
Johnson):
Philosophy
in
the
Flesh:
The
Embodied
Mind
and
Its
Challenge
to
Western
Thought
(1999)
mathema*cs
(with
Nunez):
Where
MathemaEcs
Comes
From:
How
the
Embodied
Mind
Brings
MathemaEcs
into
Being
(1997)
poli*cs:
Don’t
Think
of
an
Elephant!:
Know
Your
Values
and
Frame
the
Debate
(2004)
6
środa, 6 lutego 13 6

7. Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Jäkel,
Olaf
(1997):
Metaphern
in
abstrakten
Diskurs-­‐Domänen:
Eine
kogniEv-­‐linguisEsche
Untersuchung
anhand
der
Bereiche
Metaphors
in
abstract
discours-­‐
domains:
the
cogniEve-­‐linguisEcs
study
of
metaphorical
models
of
intellectual
acEvity,
economy
and
science.
POLSKIE
WYDANIE
2005:
Metafory
w
abstrakcyjnych
domenach
dyskursu
7
środa, 6 lutego 13 7

8. Kövecses on metaphors
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Metaphor:
A
PracEcal
IntroducEon,
2nd
ed.,
by
Zoltán
Kövecses
OUP:
2010
study
on
metaphors
of
emo`on
in
Hungarian
Metaphor
in
culture
Language
mind
and
culture
(OUP:
2006)
8
środa, 6 lutego 13 8

9. Język, umysł, kultura
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Kovecses
po
polsku
wykład
4
maja
2013
w
ramach
konferencji
RAAM
2013
seminar
9
środa, 6 lutego 13 9

10. Gibbs 2011: Evaluating
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Cogni`ve
linguis`c
analyses
on
conceptual
metaphor
typically
do
not
provide
explicit
criteria
(a)
for
iden`fying
what
cons`tutes
a
metaphor
in
language,
as
either
the
word
or
phrase
level;
(b)
for
defining
systema`city
among
a
given
set
of
language
expressions
referring
to
a
specific
abstract
target
domain;
(c)
for
inferring
the
existence
of
a
specific
conceptual
metaphor,
as
opposed
to
some
other
conceptual
metaphor,
when
finding
systema`city
among
some
metaphoric
expressions
in
language;
(d)
for
determining
how
representa`ve
of
real
discourse
are
the
analyses
of
isolated,
self-­‐constructed
examples
or
individual
examples
taken
from
corpora.
10
środa, 6 lutego 13 10

11. Two problems with intuition in
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
inductive study of metaphors
As
a
linguist,
you
use
your
own
intui*on
twice:
1.arbitrary
choice
of
expressions
2.arbitrary
classifica*on
of
them
SOLUTION
I:
define
and
describe
your
procedure
of
metaphorical
expressions
iden*fica*on
EXAMPLE:
Cienki
and
Mueller
study
of
gestures!
SOLUTION
II:
discuss
some
examples
with
other
researchers
–
use
method
of
competent
judges.
EXAMPLE:
Steen
et
al.
study
on
metaphor
11
środa, 6 lutego 13 11

12. Co nazywamy badaniami
korpusowymi metafor?
• Badaniami
korpusowymi
języka
nazywamy
takie,
w
których
znane
jest/są
przynajmniej
• źródło
pozyskanych
tekstów
do
badań
• kryteria
wyboru
przykładów,
czyli
metoda
identyBikacji
metafory
(MIP)
• sposoby
interpretacji
anotacji,
czyli
identyBikacji
metafory
konceputalnej
• Dodatkowo
można
stosować
narzędzia
analityczne,
statystyczne,
bazo-­‐danowe...
środa, 6 lutego 13 12

13. CORPUS based study problems
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
PROBLEM:
you
use
your
own
intuiWon,
that
is
you’re
arbitrarly
analysing
the
expressions.
1st
SOLUTION:
discuss
your
analysis
with
other
researchers
–
use
method
of
competent
judges.
(universal
solu*on
to
deal
with
data
analysis)
2nd
SOLUTION:
ask
other
researchers
to
analyse
randomly
chosen
examples
(if
not
all
of
them)
and
run
a
sta*s*cal
reliability
test
like
Fleiss’
kappa.
13
środa, 6 lutego 13 13

14. What do we do as linguists?
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Is
there
any
systemacity
in
a
list
of
sentences?
yes,
we
can
propose
a
metaphorical
mapping
between
certain
domains
of
experience.
Is
there
any
coherence
in
metaphors?
yes,
we
can
describe
whole
conceptual
system
Is
it
general
for
all
languages
and
people?
yes,
since
metaphors
are
grounded
in
cogni`on
the
mappings
should
be
general
for
all
people
culture
may
constrain
mappings
in
cogni`ve
system
14
środa, 6 lutego 13 14

15. Lakoff’s commitments (1991)
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
The
GeneralizaEon
Commitment:
To
seek
generalizaEons
in
all
areas
of
language,
including
polysemy,
paWerns
of
inference,
novel
metaphor,
and
semanEc
change
in
language.
The
CogniEve
Commitment:
To
take
experimental
evidence
seriously
Cogni*ve
linguists
search
for
convergent
evidence
from
as
many
sources
as
possible
to
make
generaliza*ons
about
the
language
and
cogni*on.
15
środa, 6 lutego 13 15

16. Wybrane badania metafor
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
teksty
pisane mul`modalne
Fabiszak
&
Kaszubski
Mueller
(w
trakcie)
(2005),
Mueller
2008; Charles
Forceville
Steen
(2010) gesty
DRATY:
Kaal,
Dorst,
Cienki
&
Mueller
Krennmayr,
Pasma (2009)
teksty
mówione Nunez
&
Sweetser
Lynne
Cameron (2005)
Gibbs
and
Franks
Chui
(2011)
2002
16
środa, 6 lutego 13 16

17. Gibbs and Franks 2002. Embodied metaphor in Women’s
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Narrative About Their Experiences With Cancer.
AIM:
analysis
of
the
metaphors
used
in
narra`ve
about
cancer
and
explore
their
experien`al
basis
MATERIAL:
6
interviews
with
women
with
cancer
RESULTS:
Metaphorical
talk
about
cancer
reflects
enduring
metaphorical
pagerns
of
thought
about
cancer
and
its
roles
in
people’s
lives;
women
use
mul`ple,
some`mes
contradictory
metaphors
to
conceptualize
their
complex
cancer
experiences
most
metaphors
used
to
make
sense
of
cancer
as
an
illness
are
based
on
ordinary,
healthy,
embodied
experiences.
17
środa, 6 lutego 13 17

18. Examples of metaphors used in interviews about cancer
CANCER
IS
AN
OBSTACLE
ON
LIFE’S
JOURNEY
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Cancer
was
something
I
needed
for
me
to
get
through.
And
it
has
transported
me
to
a
place.
CANCER
CLEARS
VISION
AND
ALLOWS
FOR
NEW
UNDERSTANDING
It
was
like
puYng
on
a
new
pair
of
glasses.
It
allowed
me
to
see
life
in
a
different
way.
CANCER
IS
A
WAKE-­‐UP
CALL
Cancer
was
the
kind
of
wake-­‐up
call
I
needed.
I
think
of
it
in
metaphorical
terms
as
an
alarm.
CANCER
IS
A
TEACHER
The
disease
has
taught
me
many
things
about
myself.
I
learned
so
much
from
this
illness.
Gibbs and Franks 2002. Embodied metaphor in Women’s
Narrative About Their Experiences With Cancer. 18
środa, 6 lutego 13 18

19. Wybrane badania metafor
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
teksty
pisane mul`modalne
Fabiszak
&
Mueller
(w
trakcie)
Kaszubski
(2005) Charles
Forceville
Steen
(2010) gesty
DRATY:
Kaal,
Dorst,
Cienki
&
Mueller
Krennmayr,
Pasma (2009)
teksty
mówione Nunez
&
Sweetser
Lynne
Cameron (2005)
metaphor
analysis Chui
(2011)
19
środa, 6 lutego 13 19

20. Metaphor Lab
4
PhD
disserta`ons
(2011/2012)
Anna,
A.
Kaal.
2012.
Metaphor
in
conversa>on.
Oisterwijk:
Uitgeverij
BOX
Dorst,
A.G.
2012.
Metaphor
in
ficEon:
Language,
thought
and
communicaEon.
Krennmayr,
T.
2012.
Metaphor
in
newspapers.
Pasma,
T.
Metaphor
and
register
varia>on.
The
personaliza>on
of
Dutch
news
discourse.
Steen,
G.
2010.
A
Method
for
LinguisEc
Metaphor
IdenEficaEon.
John
Benjamins
środa, 6 lutego 13 20

21. Steen et al 2011:
Metaphor in usage
BNC-­‐Baby:
Bri`sh
Na`onal
Corpus
4
registers,
47000
words
each
Text
annota`on
using
MIPVU
method:
Metaphor
IdenEficaEon
Procedure
AIM:
which
words
are
metaphor
related?
5
years
of
annota`on
by
5
people
środa, 6 lutego 13 21

22. Overall results
On
average,
one
in
every
seven
and
a
half
lexical
units
in
the
corpus
is
related
to
metaphor
defined
as
a
poten`al
cross-­‐
domain
mapping
in
conceptual
structure.
The
distribu`on
of
metaphor-­‐related
words,
finally,
turns
out
to
be
quite
variable
between
the
four
registers
examined
in
this
study:
academic
texts
have
18.5%,
news
16.4%,
fic`on
11.7%,
and
conversa`on
7.7%
20%
13%
7%
academic news fiction 0%
conversation
środa, 6 lutego 13 22

23. BNC-Baby: British National Corpus
BNC
Baby
is
a
subset
of
BNC:
4
one-­‐million
word
samples:
fi c ` o n ,
n e w s p a p e r s ,
a c a d e m i c
a n d
conversa`on
The
full
BNC
contains
about
100
million
words:
90%
wrigen,
10%
orthographically
transcribed
spoken
text
Texts
are
not
older
than
1975.
Some
fic`on
texts
go
back
to
1964.
Conversa`ons
are
recorded
by
124
volunteers
(men&woman)
from
38
different
loca`ons
in
the
UK
and
represen`ng
various
social
groups.
środa, 6 lutego 13 23

24. Pragglejaz Group
P
eter
Crisps,
Chinese
University
Hong
Kong,
Hong
Kong
R
ay
Gibbs,University
of
California,
Santa
Cruz
CA,USA
A
lan
Cienki,
Emory
University,
Atlanta,
GA,
USA
G
raham
Low,
University
of
York,
York,
UK
G
erard
Steen,
Vrije
Universiteit
Amsterdam
L
ynne
Cameron,University
of
Leeds,UK
E
lena
Semino,Lancaster
University,UK
J
oe
Grady,
Cultural
Logic
LLC,
Washington
DC,
USA
A
lice
Deignan,
University
of
Leeds,
UK
Z
oltán
Kövecses,
Eötvös
University,
Budapest,
Hungary
10
metaphor
researchers
working
together
at
RAAM
workshops:
Researching
and
Applying
Metaphor
NEXT
meeWng
will
be
held
in
Poznań,
in
May
2013
środa, 6 lutego 13 24

25. metaphorical meaning
According
to
the
Pragglejaz
Group,
metaphorical
meaning
in
usage
is
de-­‐
fined
as
indirect
word
meaning
and
arises
out
of
a
contrast
between
the
contextual
meaning
of
a
lexical
unit
and
its
more
basic
meaning,
the
laWer
being
absent
from
the
actual
context
but
observable
in
other
[contexts]
(770)
By
contrast,
historical
metaphor
is
not
idenEfied
as
metaphorical
by
MIP.
środa, 6 lutego 13 25

26. Metaphor Identification Procedure
MIP:
the
Metaphor
Iden`fica`on
Procedure
published
by
the
Pragglejaz
Group.
MIPVU
is
a
variant
of
MIP,
where
VU
stands
for
Vrije
Universiteit
Amsterdam.
1.
Read
the
en`re
text
to
establish
a
general
understanding
of
the
meaning.
2.
Determine
the
lexical
units
in
the
text/discourse
3a.
For
each
lexical
unit
in
the
text,
establish
its
meaning
in
context,
i.e.,
how
it
applies
to
an
en`ty,
rela`on
or
agribute
in
the
situa`on
evoked
by
the
text
(con-­‐
textual
meaning).
Take
into
account
what
comes
before
and
azer
the
lexical
unit.
3b.
For
each
lexical
unit,
determine
if
it
has
a
more
basic
contemporary
meaning
in
other
contexts
than
the
one
in
the
given
context.
Basic
meanings
tend
to
be:
–
more
concrete;
what
they
evoke
is
easier
to
imagine,
see,
hear,
feel,
smell,
and
taste
or
related
to
bodily
ac`on
or
more
precise
(as
opposed
to
vague).
–
historically
older.
Basic
meanings
are
not
necessarily
the
most
frequent
meanings
of
the
lexical
unit.
3c.
If
the
lexical
unit
has
a
more
basic
current/contemporary
meaning
in
other
contexts
than
the
given
context,
decide
whether
the
contextual
meaning
contrasts
with
the
basic
meaning
but
can
be
understood
in
comparison
with
it.
4.
If
yes,
mark
the
lexical
unit
as
metaphorical.
środa, 6 lutego 13 26

27. Annotation of words
related to metaphor
a
lexical
unit
can
be
related
to
a
metaphorical
idea
in
conceptual
structure
in
three
different
ways,
producing
three
types
of
metaphors
in
usage:
indirectly:
He
defends
his
claims
well.
directly,
as
a
form
of
comparison:
afer
a
word
like:
like
an
eagle
-­‐
the
direct
expression
of
a
conceptual
domain
that
func*ons
as
a
source
domain
in
a
cross-­‐
domain
mapping.
LIKE
is
a
lexical
flag,
coded
as
MFlag.
implicit
expression
of
a
metaphorically
used
source
domain,
based
on
subs*tu*on
or
ellipsis.
środa, 6 lutego 13 27

28. WIDLII: When In Doubt, Leave It In
Bordeline
cases
were
coded
with
WIDLII
mark.
776:
Cases
eventually
marked
as
WIDLII
represent
the
problemaEc
cases
in
our
data.
Their
annotaEon
as
controversial
explicitly
signals
them
as
an
interesEng
group
for
further
research.
środa, 6 lutego 13 28

29. Reference tool
The
Macmillan
English
DicEonary
for
Advanced
Learners
(Rundell
2002)
was
the
main
tool
we
used
for
making
decisions
a b o u t
l e x i c a l
u n i t s ,
contextual
meanings,
b a s i c
m ea n i n g s ,
a n d
disEnctness
of
contextual
and
basic
meanings
(776).
środa, 6 lutego 13 29

30. Wybrane badania metafor
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
teksty
pisane mul`modalne
Fabiszak
&
Mueller
(w
trakcie)
Kaszubski
(2005) Charles
Forceville
Steen
(2010) gesty
DRATY:
Kaal,
Dorst,
Cienki
&
Mueller
Krennmayr,
Pasma (2009)
teksty
mówione Nunez
&
Sweetser
Lynne
Cameron (2005)
metaphor
analysis Chui
(2011)
30
środa, 6 lutego 13 30

31. Starting points of Cienki & Mueller (1998)
Words, gestures, and beyond: Forms of multimodal
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
metaphor in the use of spoken language
Communica`on
is
mul`modal,
so
is
the
metaphor!
Gesture
and
speech
are
dynamically
based
in
different
forms
of
thought
but
cons`tute
one
integrated
system
(McNeill
1992,
2005).
Abstract
referenEal
gestures
are
inherently
metaphoric
by
virtue
of
rendering
a
non-­‐physical
idea
in
terms
of
a
physical,
spaEo-­‐
temporal
representaEon.
MulEmodal
metaphors
are
products
of
the
process
of
creaEng
metaphoricity
by
both
communicants.
How
we
can
think
with
metaphors
while
we
are
speaking,
or
agending
to
someone
who
is
speaking?
31
środa, 6 lutego 13 31

32. monomodal, verbal metaphor
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
ex. 1. source target
verbal peer pressure competition
gestural - -
Just because of the pressure, the peer pressure
32
środa, 6 lutego 13 32

33. in place of words [monomodal metaphor]
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
ex. 2. source target
verbal - -
G1 stroke
gestural bh move straight (honesty)
downward slightly
gestural metaphoric expression is used
33
środa, 6 lutego 13 33

34. in place of words [monomodal metaphor]
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
ex. 3. source target
verbal - -
negative
gestural G4 rh brushes aside
assessment
gestural metaphoric expression is used
34
środa, 6 lutego 13 34

35. In
Example
3
the
speaker
thinks
out
loud
about
the
possible
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
consequences
of
what
it
would
be
like
to
have
four
instead
of
two
TV-­‐channels
in
Cuba.
He
is
convinced
that
this
would
disturb
family
life
by
causing
endless
discussions
about
which
program
to
watch.
He
describes
the
big
arguments
this
would
raise
in
a
very
lively
way,
and
in
doing
this
becomes
himself
part
of
such
an
imaginary
situa`on:
he
imagines
himself
standing
in
the
living
room,
and
he
indicates
three
different
places,
each
of
them
rela=ng
to
a
different
person
vo=ng
empha=cally
for
another
program:
“Yo
quiero
vel
aquello
yo
quiero
ver
lo
otro
yo
quiero
ver
esto”
(“I
want
to
see
this
one,
I
want
to
see
that
one,
I
want
to
see
the
other
one”).
The
more
programs
to
choose
from,
the
more
arguments
you
have
in
your
family
–
this
is
the
moral
of
the
speaker’s
imagined
scenario.
It
is
clearly
not
desirable
to
have
four
channels
on
Cuban
TV
and
correspondingly
he
concludes
his
discussion
with
a
nega=ve
assessment
performed
gesturally
as
a
brushing
aside
gesture.
35
środa, 6 lutego 13 35

36. gestural metaphoric expression is used in place
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
of words [monomodal metaphor in gesture]
G1 G3
rh
point
to
the
right rh
points
straight
yo
quiero
vel
aquello, yo
quiero
ver
esto
(.)
I
want
to
see
that
one I
want
to
see
this
one
G2 (.)
lh
points
straight G4
yo
quiero
ver
lo
otro, rh
brushes
aside
I
want
to
see
the
other
ex.
3.
G4 source target
verbal -­‐ -­‐
gestural G4
rh
brushes
aside nega`ve
assessment 36
środa, 6 lutego 13 36

37. same source and same target in t wo modalities
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
nein
es
is
nich
so, es
is
schon
ne
Weiche
no
this
is
not
the
case, it
does
set
tracks
aber
es
stellt
natürlich
G1:
2
joined
flat
hand
Weichen. point
towards
leC
but
it
obviously
sets
ex.
5. source target
tracks. die
Weichen
stellen future
das
is
das
Problem. verbal
seYng
the
career
this
is
the
problem. tracks
G1,
2
joined
flat
future
gestural hand
point
career
towards
lez
37
środa, 6 lutego 13 37

38. Conclusions of Cienki & Mueller (1998)
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Metaphors
can
be
realized
in
mul*ple
modali*es.
Various
combina*ons
of
verbal/gestural
modali*es
and
source/target
domains
appear
in
face-­‐to-­‐face
communica*on.
Metaphoricity
is
modality-­‐independent.
Metaphoricity
can
be
ac*vated
by
one
of
modali*es
(verbal
or
gestural)
and
it
brings
the
source
domain
into
the
focus
of
aken*on.
38
środa, 6 lutego 13 38

39. Wybrane badania metafor
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
teksty
pisane mul`modalne
Fabiszak
&
Mueller
(w
trakcie)
Kaszubski
(2005) Charles
Forceville
Steen
(2010) gesty
DRATY:
Kaal,
Dorst,
Cienki
&
Mueller
Krennmayr,
Pasma (2009)
teksty
mówione Nunez
&
Sweetser
Lynne
Cameron (2005)
metaphor
analysis Chui
(2011)
39
środa, 6 lutego 13 39

40. TIME IS SPACE for Aymara people
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
(Nunez and Sweetser 2005)
The
spa*al
metaphor
for
chronology
seems
to
be
universal,
but
there
is
a
kind
of
cultural
diversity.
Aymara
people
live
in
Andes
(South
America)
and
they
have
a
opposite
concept
of
TIME
IS
SPACE:
the
past
is
ahead
of
them
and
the
future
behind.
40
środa, 6 lutego 13 40

41. Time IS Space for old Aymara people
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Verbal
expressions:
qhipa
(back):
future. nayra
(front):
past
Nonverbal
expressions:
future:
thumbing
past:
sweeping
forward
or
waving
over
their
with
hands
and
arms,
shoulders
and
behind
Younger
speakers,
Aymara
fluent
in
Spanish,
tend
to
gesture
in
the
common
fashion.
Their
backs
are
to
the
past,
and
they
are
facing
the
future.
41
środa, 6 lutego 13 41

42. Tiempo antiguo: old times
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Pictures and video copyright © Rafael Nunez, UC San Diego.
42
hgp://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/thisweek/2006/june/06_12_backs.asp
środa, 6 lutego 13 42

43. aka marat(a)... ...mararu "
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
"from this year..." ...to next year"
Pictures and video copyright © Rafael Nunez, UC San Diego.
43
hgp://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/thisweek/2006/june/06_12_backs.asp
środa, 6 lutego 13 43

44. He goes on to clarify the same idea by saying in the Spanish/Aymara
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
creole Castellano Andino, al otro año, “to the other year,” while pointing
backwards over his left shoulder again, but this time with his left thumb.
Pictures and video copyright © Rafael Nunez, UC San Diego.
44
hgp://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/thisweek/2006/june/06_12_backs.asp
środa, 6 lutego 13 44

45. Wybrane badania metafor
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
teksty
pisane mul`modalne
Fabiszak
&
Kaszubski
Mueller
(w
trakcie)
(2005),
Mueller
2008; Charles
Forceville
Steen
(2010) gesty
DRATY:
Kaal,
Dorst,
Cienki
&
Mueller
Krennmayr,
Pasma (2009)
teksty
mówione Nunez
&
Sweetser
Lynne
Cameron (2005)
Gibbs
and
Franks
Chui
(2011)
2002
45
środa, 6 lutego 13 45

46. Chui, K. 2011. Cognitive Linguistics
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
Conceptual metahors in gesture
Metaphoric
gestures
in
face-­‐to-­‐face
conversa*ons
from
the
NCCU
Corpus
of
Spoken
Mandarin.
SUBJECTS:
college
students
who
knew
each
other.
TOPICS:
casual
conversa*ons;
„spontaneous”
RESULT:
Gestures
provide
visible
evidence
for
cross-­‐domain
cogniEve
mappings
and
the
grounding
of
conceptual
metaphors
in
people’s
recurrent
bodily
experiences
and
in
what
people
habitually
do
in
social
and
cultural
pracEces.
46
środa, 6 lutego 13 46

47. Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
środa, 6 lutego 13
Rozmowa o herbacie
47
47

48. Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
środa, 6 lutego 13
48
48

49. hitting and punching gestures
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
let
the
tea
towel
rotate
torture
it
abuse
it
49
środa, 6 lutego 13 49

50. Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
środa, 6 lutego 13
50
50

51. Comparing is weighing
Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
The
idea
of
comparing
in
last
sentence
(M1)
51
środa, 6 lutego 13 51

52. Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
środa, 6 lutego 13
Comparing is weighing
52
52

53. Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
środa, 6 lutego 13
Time is space (ego moving)
53
53

54. Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
środa, 6 lutego 13
Time is space (time moving)
54
54

55. Metaphors
&
Methods
–
Konrad
Juszczyk,
PhD
–
Brussels
2012
środa, 6 lutego 13
Time is space (time moving)
55
55

56. Lakoff
et
al.
posługują
się
Krytycy
Lakoffa
pytają:
spekulacją
i
introspekcją:
Podają
problem/pytanie
Wybierają
przykłady. Skąd
brać
przykłady
metafor?
Klasyfikują
przykłady. ...tak,
Jak
zidentyfikować
metafory?
ale...
Znajdują
regularności. Jak
regularności
opisywać?
Proponują
teorię
języka. Językoznawcy
korpusowi
badają
metafory
w
zbiorach
tekstów:
T
E
O
R
I
A Wybierają
teorię
języka
Operacjonalizują
zmienne
o
w
o
c
n
a
współpraca Proponują
hipotezy.
(Valenzuela
i
Soriano
2005)
Testują
hipotezy.
Poprawiają
teorię. Interpretują
wyniki
środa, 6 lutego 13 56

57. Do lektury...
• Lakoff,
2012.
Explaining
Embodied
Cognition
Results.
TOPICS
IN
COGNITIVE
SCIENCE
• Gibbs,
R.
2011.
Evaluating
Conceptual
Metaphor
Theory.
Discourse
Processes.
• Valenzuela
2008.
Cognitive
Metaphor
and
Empirical
Methods.
Barcelona
Language
and
Literature
Studies.
• Chui,
K.
2011.
Conceptual
metaphors
in
gesture.
Cognitive
Linguistics
• Cienki
&
Mueller
1998.
Words,
gestures,
and
beyond:
Forms
of
multimodal
metaphor
in
the
use
of
spoken
language.
• Gibbs
&
Franks
2002.
Embodied
metaphor
in
Women’s
Narrative
About
Their
Experiences
With
Cancer.
• Nunez
&
Sweetser
2006.
With
the
Future
Behind
Them:
Convergent
Evidence
From.
Aymara
Language
and
Gesture
in
the
Crosslinguistic.
Comparison
of
Spatial
Construals
of
Time.
COGNITIVE
SCIENCE
30
401–450
środa, 6 lutego 13 57

58. Kalendarium konferencji
• Researching
and
Applying
Metaphor
seminar
w
Poznaniu
(UAM),
2-­‐3
maja
h:p://raam2013.wa.amu.edu.pl
• Summer
School
in
Cogni8ve
Linguis8cs
Bangor
(UK,
22-­‐26
lipca,
Vyvyan
Evans)
www.bangor.ac.uk/cogling-­‐summerschool
• JĘZYKOZNAWSTWO
KOGNITYWNE
W
ROKU
2013
Warszawa,
16-­‐17
września,
PTJK
i
SAN
h:p://ptjk.pl/PL/jezykoznawstwo-­‐kognitywne-­‐2013
• Poznań
Linguis8c
Mee8ng
Poznań,
29
sierpnia-­‐1
września
h:p://wa.amu.edu.pl/plm/2013/
środa, 6 lutego 13 58

59. Kalendarium konferencji
• China
Interna`onal
Forum
on
Cogni`ve
Linguis`cs（CIFCL
12）May
27-­‐31
2013
• The
1st
Workshop
on
Metaphor
in
NLP
2013
• Dołącz
do
grupy
dyskusyjnej
badaczy
metafor:
Association
for
Researching
and
Applying
Metaphor
• MA
in
metaphor:
VU
University
Amsterdam
(Netherlands)
offers
a
new
program
in
'Metaphor
in
Discourse'
within
the
Master
'Communica`on
and
Informa`on
Studies'.
środa, 6 lutego 13 59

60. Zapraszam na moje
wystąpienie w maju:
• Polska
wersja
metody
identy:ikacji
metafory
werbalnej
na
podstawie
MIP.
• 15
maja
2013
o
11:00
na
seminarium
Zakładu
Logiki
Stosowanej
w
Instytucie
Językoznawstwa
w
Collegium
Novum
w
sali
111B
Al.
Niepodległości
4
(wstęp
wolny)
środa, 6 lutego 13 60