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Mitosis
and
Meiosis
Cell Division:
Objectives:
 To distinguish between
chromatin and chromosome
 To define homologous
chromosomes
 To distinguish between
diploid and haploid
Chromatin found in the
nucleus of a nondividing cell
 made of DNA and protein
Cell division 09
Cell division 09
Cell division 09
DNA in chromatin replicates
before cell division
Chromatin becomes highly
coiled and condensed
Becomes visible as
a chromosome
A Chromosome consists
of 2 identical chromatids
Centromere – point at which each
pair of chromatids is attached
centromere
Cell division 09
Cell division 09
Homologous Chromosomes
pair of chromosomes that
have same size and shape
 found in
sexually
reproducing
organisms
 human body
cells have
23 homologous
pairs
Cell division 09
Diploid (2N) – cell that contains
both chromosomes
of a homologous pair
human body
cells 46
Haploid # (N) – cell that has
only one
chromosome
of each
homologous
pair
egg &
sperm
human sex
cells 23
Cell division 09
Objectives:
 To describe the cell cycle
 To define mitosis
 To list and describe the
stages of mitosis
Cell Cycle – period from
beginning of one mitosis
to beginning of next
Cell cycle consists of three stages:
I. Interphase
II. Mitosis
III. Cytokinesis
Cell division 09
Cell division 09
Interphase
cell growth
and
development
DNA replication
Interphase
Plant cell
Animal cell
Mitosis – division of
the cell nucleus
 number of chromosomes
remains the same
 occurs in body cells and unicellular
organisms
 produces identical daughter
cells
Mitosis in Human Body
Cells
46
(2N)
46
(2N)
46
(2N)
Stages of Mitosis
P M A T
r
o
p
h
a
s
e
e
t
a
p
h
a
s
e
e
l
o
p
h
a
s
e
n
a
p
h
a
s
e
1) Prophase
 chromosomes become visible
 nuclear membrane disappears
 centrioles move to opposite ends
of cell and form the spindle
2) Metaphase
 chromosomes line up along
the equator of the cell
3) Anaphase
 chromatids separate
and are pulled to
opposite ends of the
cell
4)
Telophase
 chromosomes
become
threadlike
forming
chromatin
 nucleus forms
in each cell
Cell division 09
Plant cell mitosis Animal cell mitosis
Cytokinesis - division of the
cytoplasm
Cell division 09
Cell division 09
Cell division 09
Objectives:
 To define meiosis
 To list and describe
the stages of meiosis
Meiosis – division of the
nucleus that reduces the
number of chromosomes
by half
 involved in sexual reproduction
 produces sex cells
Overview of Meiosis
46
(2N)
23
(N)
23
(N)
23
(N)
23
(N)
23
(N)
23
(N)
Meiosis I (PMAT I)
Meiosis II
(PMAT II)
Meiosis I
Prophase I
• homologous
chromosomes pair
up during synapsis
forming tetrads
• spindle appears
• crossing over may occur
tetrad
tetrad
Crossing Over
Between Homologous Chromosomes
Metaphase I
 homologous pairs of chromosomes
line up along the equator of the cell
Anaphase I
 homologous pairs of
chromosomes separate
Telophase I
 cytoplasm divides forming
2 new daughter cells
Meiosis II
 similar to the stages of mitosis
 chromosomes line up in the center
of each cell
 chromatids separate
 4 cells are produced
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Products of
Meiosis
Objectives:
 To define gametes
 To define zygote
 To define genetic
recombination
Gametes
sex cells (sperm and egg)
human sperm cells
human egg cell
Cell division 09
cell that results from
the fusion of gametes
 forms when
sperm
fertilizes
the egg
Zygote
process that results in genes
being combined in new ways
during meiosis
 introduces variation between
parents and offspring
 gives survival advantage to
sexually reproducing
organisms
Genetic Recombination
Cell division 09
Cell division 09
Objectives:
 To define cancer
 To describe the role
of gene expression in
cancer
 To describe the
causes of cancer
abnormal, uncontrolled growth
of cells that can spread from
one part of the body to another
Cancer
Cell division 09
Tumor – abnormal proliferation of
cells that results from uncontrolled,
abnormal cell division
Types of Tumors
benign – cells remain within a
mass and do not spread
malignant – cells may invade and
destroy healthy tissues elsewhere
in the body
Cell division 09
spread of cancer cells beyond the
original site of growth
cells grow as malignant
tumor in epithelium
Metastasis
Cell division 09
Types of Genes Implicated in
Cancer Development
1. Oncogenes
2. Tumor-Suppressor
Genes
3. DNA Repair Genes
proto-oncogene –
a gene which
regulates normal
cell growth
Oncogene – mutated proto-
oncogene that can cause
uncontrolled cell growth
and proliferation
Cell division 09
inhibits cell division and
prevents tumor formation
Tumor-Suppressor Gene
mutations in tumor
suppressor genes
promote cell division
and allow genetically
damaged cells to
grow out of control
repairs mutations in cellular
DNA before a cell enters
mitosis
• mutations in repair
genes leads to
continued transcription
of mutated DNA
sequences and affects
normal cell functioning
DNA Repair Gene
Cell division 09
Breast Cancer Cell Line Karyotype
any substance that can
induce or promote cancer
Carcinogen

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Cell division 09