1. Panama & Los Angeles
-The Waterworks That Made the
American West
-Sophia Mick
(71154)

2. Panama Canal
 400 year old project.
 “A man, a plan, a canal,
panama!”
 9’ north of equator.
 Ships have to line up for
their turns
 Upto 6 electric locomotives
guide ships through locks
 Ships are raised by locks.
 These locks are like giant
elevators for the ships,
lifting them a total of 85
feet (7 story building)
 Among the most massive
structures ever built
 Much is hiden below water

3. Panama Canal
 The Pioneers
 Count Ferdinand Delesepse
 Builder of the suas canal
 Known as le gromme
francais. The great
frenchman
 Built a unobstructed 105 mile
passage dug through sand at
sea level.
 Married twice, with which he
had 12 children
 Saves 8thousand miles
 Follows panama railroad 50
mile route

4. Panama Canal
 Panama is poisoned with disease.
 Dangerous as Beautiful
 Began by cutting a path several hundred feet wide through the
jungle terrain by hand!
 Then they began digging
 Every month more workers came to help, and every month many
died.
 Smallpox, molaria, yellow fever, and food poisoning
 “Am I a canal digger? Or a grave digger?

5. Panama Canal
 Fatality rate- 3 out of 4.
 Mosquito carried yellow
fever.
 Mudslides now taking
over.
 More digging, more work
 French engineers had
been trained to compute,
not improvise.
 You never achieve
anything you do not earn
in successs

6. Los Angeles Aqueduct
 William Mulholland
 head of Los Angeles
Department of Water and
Power, in Los Angeles. He
was responsible for building
the water aqueducts and
dams that allowed the city to
grow into one of the largest
in the world. His methods of
obtaining water for the city
led to disputes collectively
known as the California
Water Wars. In 1928, his
career ended in ignominy
when the St. Francis
Dam failed just hours after
he had given it a personal
safety inspection.

7. Los Angeles Aqueduct
 In 1880 Mulholland oversaw the laying of
the first iron water pipeline in Los
Angeles. Mulholland left the employment
of the LAWC briefly in 1884 but returned
in mid-December of that same year. He
left again in 1885 and worked for the
Sespe Land and Water Company. As
part of his compensation he was granted
twenty acres on Sespe Creek. In 1886
he returned to the LAWC and, in October
of that year, became a naturalized
American citizen. At the end of that year
he was made the superintendent of the
LAWC. In 1898, the Los Angeles city
government decided not to renew the
contract with the LAWC. Four years later
the Los Angeles Department of Water
was established with Mulholland as its
head.

8. Los Angeles Aqueduct
 The Los Angeles Aqueduct was 233 mi
(375 km) long and completed in
November 1913, taking water from
the Owens Valley in the Eastern
Sierra, in a project requiring over 5,000
workers and 164 tunnels. Water
reached a reservoir in the San
Fernando Valley on November 5.
 The aqueduct uses gravity alone to
move water and also uses the water to
generate electricity, so it is cost-efficient
to operate.The catastrophic failure of
the St. Francis Dam in 1928, flooded
the Santa Clarita Valley and parts
of Ventura County (resulting in public
disgrace for the city of Los Angeles and
the end of Mulholland's career)
Excluding incidents of sabotage
by Owens Valley residents in the early
years, the aqueduct system has been
operated safely throughout its history

9. Los Angeles Aqueduct
 The construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct
effectively eliminated the Owens Valley as a
viable farming community, and devastated
the Owens Lake ecosystem Mulholland and
his associates (known as the "San Fernando
Syndicate"),including Los Angeles
Time publisher Harrison Gray Otis have been
criticized for using deceptive tactics to
obtain Bureau of Reclamation rights to
theOwens River's flow.
 Mullholland, his associates, and the City of
Los Angeles forced farmers off of the land,
using violent tactics to intimidate any farmers
who refused to sell land to them. In response
to these violent tactics, numerous Owens
Valley residents sabotaged and destroyed
portions of the aqueduct
 The aqueduct's water provided developers
with the resources to quickly develop the San
Fernando Valley and Los Angeles through
World War II.
 Mulholland's role in the vision and completion
of the aqueduct and the growth of Los
Angeles into a large metropolis is recognized
and well-documented. The William Mulholland
Memorial Fountain, built in 1940 and located
at Riverside Drive and Los Feliz Blvd. in Los
Feliz is dedicated to his memory and
contributions.Mulholland Drive is named for
him as well.