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Solutions
Mixtures
What are the two types of mixtures?

Heterogeneous                  Homogeneous

What is the difference?
Heterogeneous mixtures      Homogeneous mixtures
have particles spread out   have particles spread out
unevenly throughout it.     evenly throughout it
Are solutions homogeneous or heterogeneous?


       Basic Properties of a Solution
 Dissolved particles will not come out of solution, no matter
how long the solution stands (assuming that the solution is
covered)
 The solution is clear and transparent
 The solution will pass through the finest filters
 The solution is in a single phase, usually liquid
Solute     Any solution made with
           an alcohol
Solvent    Solution in which water is
           the solvent
Aqueous    Substance that gets
           dissolved
Tincture   Substance that does the
           dissolving
Types of Solutions
Gas Solutions:      A solution consisting of gases or vapors
                    dissolved in one another



Liquid Solutions:   A solution consisting of a liquid
                    solvent, in which a gas, liquid or solid
                    is dissolved



                    A solution consisting of solids
Solid Solution:     uniformly spread throughout one
                    another at the atomic/molecular level.
Boiling Point Elevation/Freezing
          Point Depression
If you dissolve a solute in water, it will raise
   the boiling point, and lower the freezing
   point. You can find out how much by
   using the following equation:

             T = Kf/Kb x m x DF
T = Kf/Kb x m x DF


     T   Change in Temperature

         Freezing point Depression Constant (1.87 degrees Celsius/molal)
Kf/Kb
                                   or
         Boiling point Elevation Constant (.52 degrees Celsius/molal


 m       Molal (moles solute/kg solvent)


          Dissociation factor (how many parts solute breaks
 DF       up into)
Now, it’s your turn!
                        T = Kf/Kb x m x DF

                     Kf = 1.87 *C/m     Kb = .52 *C/m


Use the equation to find the freezing point
               depression.
2 moles of NaCl are dissolved in 500 grams of water. Calculate the freezing
point depression.

          T = 1.87 *C/m x 4m x 2 = 14.96


                     New freezing point is -14.96 *C
Solubility



The solubility of something shows the
  maximum amount of solute that can
dissolve in a certain amount of solvent.
What are the 3 main factors that
   have an effect on solubility?

Nature of solute/solvent
                           Temperature



               Pressure
The four factors affecting the
        rate of solution are:
                Stirring
                            Amount of Solute
                            already dissolved
SIZE OF THE
PARTICLES.
(NO PICTURE
AVAILABLE)    Temperature
At 30 *C, how many
grams of HCl will be
needed to saturate 50
grams of water?




About 33 grams
At 70 degrees, you have
dissolved 60 grams of
NH4Cl in 100 grams of
water. Is the solution
unsaturated, saturated
or supersaturated?


   SATURATED!
By using the solubility
properties of gases and
solids, is NH3 a gas or
solid?

        GAS

   How do we know?

Since the solubility goes
down as temperature goes
up, it has to be a gas!
• A dilute solution is one in which the
  amount of solute dissolved is small in
  relation to the amount of solvent.

• A concentrated solution is one in which a
  relatively large amount of solute is
  dissolved.

So, can a dilute solution be a saturated
                  solution also??
                  YEP.
You now know everything there is
    to know about solutions.

      Well, not everything.


    But congratulations anyways…

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Solutions

  • 2. Mixtures What are the two types of mixtures? Heterogeneous Homogeneous What is the difference? Heterogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures have particles spread out have particles spread out unevenly throughout it. evenly throughout it
  • 3. Are solutions homogeneous or heterogeneous? Basic Properties of a Solution  Dissolved particles will not come out of solution, no matter how long the solution stands (assuming that the solution is covered)  The solution is clear and transparent  The solution will pass through the finest filters  The solution is in a single phase, usually liquid
  • 4. Solute Any solution made with an alcohol Solvent Solution in which water is the solvent Aqueous Substance that gets dissolved Tincture Substance that does the dissolving
  • 5. Types of Solutions Gas Solutions: A solution consisting of gases or vapors dissolved in one another Liquid Solutions: A solution consisting of a liquid solvent, in which a gas, liquid or solid is dissolved A solution consisting of solids Solid Solution: uniformly spread throughout one another at the atomic/molecular level.
  • 6. Boiling Point Elevation/Freezing Point Depression If you dissolve a solute in water, it will raise the boiling point, and lower the freezing point. You can find out how much by using the following equation: T = Kf/Kb x m x DF
  • 7. T = Kf/Kb x m x DF T Change in Temperature Freezing point Depression Constant (1.87 degrees Celsius/molal) Kf/Kb or Boiling point Elevation Constant (.52 degrees Celsius/molal m Molal (moles solute/kg solvent) Dissociation factor (how many parts solute breaks DF up into)
  • 8. Now, it’s your turn! T = Kf/Kb x m x DF Kf = 1.87 *C/m Kb = .52 *C/m Use the equation to find the freezing point depression. 2 moles of NaCl are dissolved in 500 grams of water. Calculate the freezing point depression. T = 1.87 *C/m x 4m x 2 = 14.96 New freezing point is -14.96 *C
  • 9. Solubility The solubility of something shows the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a certain amount of solvent.
  • 10. What are the 3 main factors that have an effect on solubility? Nature of solute/solvent Temperature Pressure
  • 11. The four factors affecting the rate of solution are: Stirring Amount of Solute already dissolved SIZE OF THE PARTICLES. (NO PICTURE AVAILABLE) Temperature
  • 12. At 30 *C, how many grams of HCl will be needed to saturate 50 grams of water? About 33 grams
  • 13. At 70 degrees, you have dissolved 60 grams of NH4Cl in 100 grams of water. Is the solution unsaturated, saturated or supersaturated? SATURATED!
  • 14. By using the solubility properties of gases and solids, is NH3 a gas or solid? GAS How do we know? Since the solubility goes down as temperature goes up, it has to be a gas!
  • 15. • A dilute solution is one in which the amount of solute dissolved is small in relation to the amount of solvent. • A concentrated solution is one in which a relatively large amount of solute is dissolved. So, can a dilute solution be a saturated solution also?? YEP.
  • 16. You now know everything there is to know about solutions. Well, not everything. But congratulations anyways…