Management Information Systems; regarding database

1. 1. DBMS 2. RDBMS
3. File System 4. Manual System
5. Data base models
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Prepared by:-
Muhammad Sultan Bhatti
Muhammad Shoaib
Sheikh Qasim
Munawar Ghous

2. “Read, in the name of thy lord. Who created.
Created man from a clot of blood. Read, and thy
lord is the most bounteous, who taught by pen”

3. Plan for Today is…
• Brief History and Introduction
• Necessary Information
• Examples
• Advantages and Disadvantages

4. An Overall History
• 1960s Navigational DBMS
• 1970s Relational DBMS
• End 1970s SQL DBMS
• 1980s Object Oriented Databases
• (1998) Current trends

5. Data Base Management System (DBMS)
• What is DBMS?
“A collection of programs that enables us to store,
modify and extract information from a database. There
are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from
small systems that run on personal computers to huge
systems”

6. Data Base Applications
• Computerized library
systems
• Automated teller
machines
• Flight reservation
systems
• Computerized parts
inventory systems

7. Examples of DBMS
• MySQL
• PostgreSQL
• Microsoft Access
• SQL Server
• FileMaker
• Oracle
• Fox Pro
• DBASE
• Clipper

8. Advantages of DBMS
• Reduced data redundancy
Therefore, duplication of files avoided
• Reduced updating errors and increased consistency
• Greater data integrity and independence from applications
programs
• Improved data access to users through use of host and query
languages
• Improved data security

9. Advantages of DBMS
• Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs
• Facilitated development of new applications program
• Centralized control
• Improved data integrity

10. Disadvantages of DBMS
• The need to hire database-related employees
• Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to
design
• Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
• Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs
• Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to
a database system
• Initial training required for all programmers and users

12. Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS)
• What is RDBMS?
“A relational database management system
(RDBMS) is a program that lets us create, update, and
administer a relational database” Most commercial
RDBMS's use the Structured Query Language (SQL) to
access the database, although SQL was invented after
the development of the relational model.

13. Brief History and Introduction
• Invented by E. F. Codd at IBM in 1970s
• The leading RDBMS products are Oracle,
IBM's DB2 and Microsoft's SQL Server
• Microsoft SQL Server 2008 is a popular example of a
relational database
• RDBMS may be a DBMS in which data is stored in the
form of tables and the relationship among the data is
also stored in the form of tables

14. Advantages of RDBMS
• Possible to design complex data storage and retrieval systems
with ease (and without conventional programming).
• Support for ACID transactions
– Atomic
– Consistent
– Independent
– Durable
• Support for very large databases
• RDBMS can maintain at many users at same time.

15. Advantages of RDBMS
• In RDBMS we can establish various integrity constraints on
tables so that the ultimate data used by the user remains correct.
• Its fast
• Accurate
• Standard way to store data on permanent basis
• Extraction of data is done using SQL
• Its secure (different level of security)
• Data can be managed in proper manner

16. Disadvantages of RDBMS
• Often poor support for storage of complex objects from OOP.
• Usually no efficient and effective integrated support for things
like text searching within fields ( MySQL does have simple
keyword searching now with index support)
• Licenses are expensive
• Need software and hardware (as it is heavy)
• Need professionals to deal with it
• Proper training is required

18. Data Base Models
• What is Data Base Model?
“It is an abstraction that concentrates on the
essential, inherent aspects of an organization”
• A model is a representation of reality, ‘real world’ objects
and events, and their associations.

19. Types of Database Models
• Hierarchical Model
• Network Model
• Relational Model
• Object Oriented Model

20. Hierarchical Model
•Early 1960s, IBM saw business world organizing data in the form
of a hierarchy
•Rather than one record type (flat file), a business has to deal with
several types which are hierarchically related to each other
•E.g. Company has several departments, each with attributes:
name of director, number of staff, address.
•For example, an organization might store information about
an employee, such as name, employee number, department, salary

21. Advantages of Hierarchical Model
• Data access is easy via the key attribute, but difficult for other
attributes
– in the business case, easy to find record given its type
(department, part or supplier)
– in the geographical case, easy to find record given its
geographical level (state, county, city, census tract), but
difficult to find it given any other attribute

22. Disadvantages of Hierarchical Model
• Cannot define new linkages between records once the tree is
established
• Cannot define linkages laterally or diagonally in the tree, only
vertically
• The only geographical relationships which can be coded easily are
"is contained in" or "belongs to"
• DBMSs based on the hierarchical model (e.g. System 2000) have
often been used to store spatial data, but have not been very
successful as bases for GIS

24. Network Model
• Developed in mid 1960s as part of work of CODASYL
(Conference on Data Systems Languages) which proposed
programming language COBOL (1966) and then network model (1971
•Objective of network model is to separate data structure from physical
storage, eliminate unnecessary duplication of data with associated
errors and costs

25. Network Model
• Example of a network database
– A hospital database has three record types:
• Patient: name, date of admission, etc.
• Doctor: name, etc.
• Ward: number of beds, name of staff nurse, etc.

26. Advantages of Network Model
• Provide very efficient "High-speed" retrieval
• Simplicity
o The network model is conceptually simple and easy to design.
• Ability to handle more relationship types
• The network model can handle the one-to-many and many-to-
many relationships
• Data Integrity
o In a network model, no member can exist without an owner. A
user must therefore first define the owner record and then the
member record. This ensures the integrity

27. Advantages of Network Model
• Ease of data access
o In the network database terminology, a relationship is a set.
Each set comprises of two types of records.- an owner record and
a member record, In a network model an application can access
an owner record and all the member records within a set.

28. Disadvantages of Network Model
• System complexity
In a network model, data are accessed one record at a time. This
males it essential for the database designers, administrators, and
programmers to be familiar with the internal data structures to gain
access to the data. Therefore, a user friendly database management
system cannot be created using the network model
• Lack of Structural independence.
Making structural modifications to the database is very difficult in
the network database model.

29. Disadvantages of Network Model
• Operational Anomalies:
As discussed earlier, network model’s insertion, deletion and
updating operations of any record require large number of pointer
adjustments, which makes its implementation very complex and
complicated

30. Network Model (Restrictions)
• Links between records of the same type are not allowed
• While a record can be owned by several records of different types, it
cannot be owned by more than one record of the same type (patient
can have only one doctor, only one ward)

32. Relational Model
• Proposed by IBM researcher E.F. Codd in 1970
•Flexible approach to linkages between records comes closest to
modeling the complexity of spatial relationships between objects
•More of a concept than a data structure
•In such a database the data and relations between them are
organized in tables. A table is a collection of records and each
record in a table contains the same fields.

33. Relational Model (Characteristics)
•Values Are Atomic
•Each Row is Unique
•Column Values Are of the Same Kind
•The Sequence of Columns is Insignificant
•The Sequence of Rows is Insignificant
•Each Column Has a Unique Name

34. Advantages of Relational Model
• Structural independence:
In relational model, changes in the database structure do not affect
the data access
• Conceptual simplicity
• Design, implementation, maintenance and usage ease
• Ad hoc query capability
The presence of very powerful, flexible and easy-to-use query
capability is one of the main reasons for the immense popularity of
the relational database model
• The most flexible of the database models
• Is the basis of an area of formal mathematical theory

35. Disadvantages of Relational Model
• Hardware overheads
• Ease of design can lead to bad design
• Cannot process large amounts of business transactions as quickly and
efficiently as the hierarchical and network models

37. Object Oriented Model
• According to Rao (1994), "The object-oriented database (OODB)
model is the combination of object-oriented programming language
systems and persistent systems.
•Improves the weakness of the Relational model
•Object databases have been considered since the early 1980s and
1990s but they have made little impact on mainstream commercial
data processing
•Is a database model in which information is represented in the form
of objects as used in object-oriented programming.

38. Advantages of Object Oriented Model
• Reduced Maintenance
• Real-World Modeling:
Object-oriented system tend to model the real world in a more
complete fashion than do traditional methods.
• Improved Reliability and Flexibility
• High Code Reusability
• OOP makes it easy to maintain and modify existing codes and objects
in Object Oriented Model

39. Disadvantages of Object Oriented Model
• Object-oriented Development is not a technology
• Object-oriented Development is not yet completely accepted by major
vendors
• Cannot find qualified programmers
• Unfamiliarity (causing an added training cost for developers).
• Inadequate for concurrent problems

41. Operations Performed in Database Models
• Insert Operation
• Update Operation
• Delete Operation
• Modify

42. Extra Data Base Models
• Entity-Attribute-Value (EAV) data model
• Context Model
• Associative Model
• Semistructured Model
• Object/Relational Model

43. File System
• What is File System?
“A file system can be thought of as the way our
computer goes about managing the files that gets stored
on the hard drive”
• If there were no organized way of managing them, your
system would be infinitely slow.
• Example; finding a file in a file store.

44. Examples of File System
• FAT
• FAT32
• FAT16
• NTFS
• NFS
• AFS

45. Advantages of File System
• It supports heterogeneous operating systems Unix, Linux and
Windows
• Multiple client machines can access a single resource
simultaneously
• Reduced overall disk storage cost and administration overhead
• Gives access to uniform data to groups of users.
• Useful when many users exist at a time

46. Disadvantages of File System
• Program-Data Dependence
• Duplication of Data: Applications are developed independently
in file processing systems
• Limited data sharing
• Lengthy Development Times: New application requires new file
format new design
• Excessive Program Maintenance.
• Inconsistence data

48. Manual System
• What is Manual System?
“Usually means “Done by
hand”, A system which
does not use any computer
devices and all data
would be kept in other
ways, mainly paper”

49. Manual System
• Instead of Word processor
people use typewriters
• Graphs and Diagrams made
using hands instead of
computer softwares
• Before accounts, payroll and
spreadsheet applications,
people use to work on
papers.

50. Advantages of Manual System
• No training cost
• No Indirect Cost ( Electricity Bill)
• Easier to repair
• Easy to handle
• Less chances of fraud
• Written evidence
• Correct Information
• Less expensive than computer

51. Disadvantages of Manual System
• Storage problem
• Time consuming
• Hard to find record
• Push to the cost
• Wear and tear of record
• Amendments in the documents
• Copying/frauds

52. THANKS!!!