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Towards Understanding the Economic Impact
of Thrips in South Africa: Preliminary Findings




                  Colleen Hepburn¹, Michael Stiller² & Martin Villet¹
  ¹Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
²Agricultural Research Council - Plant Protection Research Institute, National Collection of
                                                                                       1
                Insects: Biosystematics, Roodeplaat, Pretoria, South Africa
Aims and objectives:

• Thrips complex - identify and
  assign to guilds (damaging /
  predatory / beneficial).
• Phenology of thrips causing
  damage.
• Develop practical monitoring
  and scouting strategies.
• Ascertain damage to flush,
  blossoms, nut-set, small &
  mature nuts.
• Determine % premature nut
  drop      and       abscission
  attributed to thrips.
                                   2
Aims and objectives:
• Does thrips damage affect pre- and
  post-zygotic development of nut?
• Does cosmetic damage (bronzing)
  affect photosynthesis and / or
  kernel characteristics (size / weight
  / oil content)?
• Are      some     cultivars     more
  susceptible to thrips damage?
• Begin working on IPM programme
  which is ecologically sound.
• Determine % economic loss of
  yield.
• Thrips complex distribution in
  macadamia-growing areas.                Photos: Michael Stiller, ARC-PPRI (2012)
                                                                              3
Order: Thrips (Thysanoptera)

•   2 suborders – Terebrantia and Tubulifera
•   9 families
•   750 genera
•   8000 extant species (> 5500 described)
            50% - feed on fungi
            40% - feed on dicotyledonous plants
                  (i.e. grasses)
            9% - predatory or feed on mosses,
                  gymnosperms or cycads
            1% - identified as serious pests
                  (+ transmission of viruses)
                                                  4
Average Thrips Life Cycle
                              (2½ - 4 days)

                                                (1 - 2 days)




(Longevity
30 - 45 days                                            (2 - 4 days)
150 - 300             (Immature stages = max.
eggs)
                             15 days)




                                                (1 - 2 days)
           (1 - 3 days)
                                                                       5
Field work (over 33 weeks) - sampling
protocol

• 13 cultivar sites
• 5 data trees in each
  cultivar site (n = 65)
• 20 racemes / growth
  points on each tree
  sampled weekly
  (n = 1300)

  In total n = 42900
                                   6
Study sites (13) and variety of cultivars
LOCALITY                   CULTIVAR   AGE      TREATED
ARC-ITSC Nelmak D Orchard Nelmak D    8 yrs       No
ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard   Beaumont   13 Yrs      No
ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard   Nelmak 2   13 Yrs      No
ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard   788        13 Yrs      No
ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard   A4         13 Yrs      No
ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard   816        13 Yrs      No
ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard   A16        13 Yrs      No
ARC Friedenheim Farm       Beaumont   6 yrs       Yes
Commercial Farm            788        4 yrs       Yes
Commercial Farm            Nelmak D   6 yrs       Yes
Commercial Farm            816        4 yrs       Yes
Commercial Farm            Beaumont   12 yrs      Yes
Commercial Farm            Nelmak D   12 yrs      Yes
                                                        7
20 growth points per tree (i.e. new
flush, blossoms, nut set, small
nuts, mature nuts) sampled weekly




                                      8
Photos representing raceme developmental stages
and abscised nuts for each site were taken weekly
(phenology)




                                               9
During the last 7 weeks of sampling, abscised nuts
with and without thrips damage + 20 random nut
sample from trees were tested for maturity (i.e.
dehusked, dried, cracked & floated)




                                               10
AVERAGE # OF THRIPS COLLECTED FROM DATA TREES AT
ALL 13 SITES OVER THE 33 WEEK PERIOD
                                  900                                                30

                                  850

                                  800

                                  750                                                25
AVERAGE # THRIPS FROM ALL SITES




                                                                                          WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE °C
                                  700

                                  650           ARC NELMAK D 8YRS

                                  600           ARC VARIETY ORCHARD BEAUMONT 13YRS   20
                                                ARC VARIETY ORCHARD NELMAK 2 13YRS
                                  550
                                                ARC VARIETY ORCHARD 788 13YRS
                                  500
                                                ARC VARIETY ORCHARD A4 13YRS
                                  450           ARC VARIETY ORCHARD 816 13YRS        15

                                  400           ARC VARIETY ORCHARD A16 13YRS

                                                ARC FRIEDENHEIM BEAUMONT 6YRS
                                  350
                                                COMMERCIAL FARM 788 4YRS
                                  300                                                10
                                                COMMERCIAL FARM NELMAK D 6YRS
                                  250           COMMERCIAL FARM 816 4YRS

                                  200           COMMERCIAL FARM BEAUMONT 12YRS

                                                COMMERCIAL FARM NELMAK D 12YRS
                                  150                                                5
                                                AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (°C)
                                  100

                                   50

                                    0                                                0




                                        WEEKS                                        11
COMMERCIAL     FARM    SPRAY     DATES:      BEAUMONT
                   (12 yrs) & NELMAK D (12 yrs) SITES [N.B. Sprays based on
                   weekly scouting records]
                    300                                                                                    30




                    250                                                                                    25




                                                                                                                 WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE °C
                                                                          COMMERCIAL FARM BEAUMONT 12YRS
                    200                                                                                    20
                                                                          COMMERCIAL FARM NELMAK D 12YRS
                                                                          AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (°C)
AVERAGE # THRIPS




                    150                                                                                    15


                                         Cypermethrin                Cypermethrin
                              Acephate                     Cypermethrin                  Cypermethrin
                    100                                                                                    10




                     50                                                                                    5




                      0                                                                                    0




                                                        WEEKS                                                   12
Defining thrips damage:
Only green, shiny nuts on
tree and green abscised
nuts as at 11 November
2011




                            13
Two weeks later (26 November 2011), there
was a change in colour of some of the nuts




                                         14
Abscised nuts: different types of husk damage




                                          15
TOTAL # ABSCISED               NUTS      OVER                   33   WEEK
SAMPLING PERIOD
                        4200                                             30
                        4000
                        3800
                        3600
                                                                         25
                        3400
                        3200




                                                                              WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
                        3000           ARC NEL D 8YRS
                                       ARC VAR ORCH B'MONT 13YRS
                        2800                                             20
TOTAL # ABSCISED NUTS




                                       ARC VAR ORCH NEL 2 13YRS
                        2600
                                       ARC VAR ORCH 788 13YRS
                        2400
                                       ARC VAR ORCH A4 13YRS
                        2200
                                       ARC VAR ORCH 816 13YRS            15
                        2000           ARC VAR ORCH A16 13YRS
                        1800           ARC F'HEIM B'MONT 6YRS
                        1600           COMM FARM 788 4YRS

                        1400           COMM FARM NEL D 6YRS              10
                        1200           COMM FARM 816 4YRS
                                       COMM FARM B'MONT 12YRS
                        1000
                                       COMM FARM NEL D 12YRS
                         800
                                       AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (°C)          5
                         600
                         400
                         200
                           0                                             0




                               WEEKS
                                                                        16
AVERAGE NUMBER OF ABSCISED NUTS SHOWN BY
STUDY SITE IN DESCENDING ORDER
                                                AVERAGE #
 RATING               STUDY SITE                ABSCISED
                                                  NUTS
    1.    Commercial Farm Beaumont 12 Yrs          391
    2.    Commercial Farm Nelmak D 12 Yrs          222
    3.    Commercial Farm 816 4 Yrs                170
    4.    ARC Variety Orchard Nelmak 2 13 Yrs      139
    5.    ARC Variety Orchard A16 13 Yrs           135
    6.    ARC Variety Orchard A4 13 Yrs            94
    7.    ARC Variety Orchard 816 13 Yrs           93
    8.    ARC Nelmak D Orchard 8 Yrs               62
    9.    ARC Variety Orchard 788 13 Yrs           61
   10.    Commercial Farm Nelmak D 6 Yrs           54
   11.    ARC Variety Orchard Beaumont 13 Yrs      53
   12.    Commercial Farm 788 4 Yrs                44
   13.    ARC Friedenheim Farm Beaumont 6 Yrs      25
                                                            17
TOTAL # ABSCISED NUTS WITH THRIPS DAMAGE
       OVER TIME.
                                  1200                                                  30




                                  1000                                                  25
TOTAL # NUTS WITH THRIPS DAMAGE




                                                                                             WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE °C
                                                 ARC NEL D 6YRS

                                                 ARC VAR ORCH B'MONT 13YRS
                                  800                                                   20
                                                 ARC VAR ORCH NEL 2 13YRS

                                                 ARC VAR ORCH 788 13YRS

                                                 ARC VAR ORCH A4 13YRS

                                  600            ARC VAR ORCH 816 13YRS                 15
                                                 ARC VAR ORCH A16 13YRS

                                                 ARC F'HEIM B'MONT 6YRS

                                                 COMM FARM 788 4YRS
                                  400            COMM FARM NEL D 6YRS
                                                                                        10

                                                 COMM FARM 816 4YRS

                                                 COMM FARM B'MONT 12YRS

                                                 COMM FARM NEL D 12YRS
                                  200                                                   5
                                                 WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (°C)




                                     0                                                  0




                                         WEEKS                                     18
AVERAGE # ABSCISED NUTS WITH AND WITHOUT
           THRIPS DAMAGE – ALL SITES
                          700                                                30

                          650

                          600
                                                                             25
                          550




                                                                                  WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE °C
                                    AVE # ABSCISED NUTS
                          500
AVERAGE # ABSCISED NUTS




                                    AVE # ABSCISED NUTS NO THRIPS DAMAGE
                                                                             20
                          450       AVE # ABSCISED NUTS WITH THRIPS DAMAGE

                          400       AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (°C)


                          350                                                15

                          300

                          250
                                                                             10
                          200

                          150
                                                                             5
                          100

                           50

                            0                                                0




                                WEEKS                                        19
ARC NELMAK D: MATURITY COMPARISON OF
ABSCISED NUTS WITH AND WITHOUT THRIPS
DAMAGE
200                                     200

                # NUTS ABSCISED                       # NUTS ABSCISED
180             # NUTS (Thrips dam)     180           # NUTS (No thrips dam)
                # MATURE (Thrips dam)                 # MATURE (No thrips dam)
160                                     160


140                                     140


120                                     120


100                                     100


 80                                     80


 60                                     60


 40                                     40


 20                                     20


  0                                       0




        WEEKS                                 WEEKS
                                                                           20
ARC VARIETY ORCHARD 816: MATURITY COMPARISON OF
ABSCISED NUTS WITH AND WITHOUT THRIPS DAMAGE

         90                                    90
              # NUTS ABSCISED                       # NUTS ABSCISED

         80   # NUTS (Thrips dam)              80   # NUTS (No thrips dam)
              # MATURE (Thrips dam)                 # MATURE (No thrips dam)

         70                                    70


         60                                    60
# NUTS




         50                                    50




                                      # NUTS
         40                                    40


         30                                    30


         20                                    20


         10                                    10


          0                                     0




                            WEEKS                                 WEEKS
                                                                               21
ARC VARIETY ORCHARD A16: MATURITY COMPARISON OF
ABSCISED NUTS WITH AND WITHOUT THRIPS DAMAGE
     320                                       320

     300      # NUTS ABSCISED                  300   # NUTS ABSCISED

     280      # NUTS (Thrips dam)              280   # NUTS (No thrips dam)
              # MATURE (Thrips dam)            260   # MATURE (No thrips dam)
     260

     240                                       240

     220                                       220

     200                                       200
# NUTS




                                      # NUTS
     180                                       180

     160                                       160

     140                                       140

     120                                       120

     100                                       100

         80                                    80

         60                                    60

         40                                    40

         20                                    20

          0                                      0




                            WEEKS                                  WEEKS        22
ARC NELMAK D: Photos of damage to nuts with thrips
damage, without thrips damage and 20 nut sample
tested for oil content and maturity (N.B. Stinkbug damage)




               a                  b                    c
                                                      23
Identification
During the 2011-2012 season a
total of 44 062 specimens
collected and counted

A number of morphological
characters are used to identify to
species (i.e. setae, surface
sculpture, detail on antennae,
wing venation and setation)

Adults 1.0 – 1.6 mm long




                                     24
Some of the thrips species being identified by
Michael Stiller, ARC-PPRI National Collection of Insects:
Biosystematics, Pretoria, South Africa

So far no S. aurantii (citrus) or
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
(greenhouse)
Thrips gowdeyi (Bagnall)
Thrips tenellus Trybom
Thrips pusillus Bagnall
Taeniothrips sp.
Scirtothrips ?combreti Fauré
Megalurothrips sjostedti
Trybom
Hercinothrips sp.
Helionothrips sp.
                                                      25
Identification/Photos: Michael Stiller, ARC-PPRI Biosystematics, Pretoria, SA




                                                                          26
Species     of   mites  identified by
Eddie Ueckermann, ARC-PPRI National
Collection of Insects: Biosystematics,
Pretoria, South Africa
                                                     Hexibdella sp. (Bdellidae)
ALL PREDATORY MITES                                  Snout Mite
                                                     Photo: Tom Murray
Phytoseiidae   Amblyseius herbicolus
               Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) vescus
               Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) celastrus
               Neoseiulus barkeri
Bdellidae      Hexibdella sp. near singula           Anystis baccarum (Anystidae)
                                                     Whirligig mite
                                                     Photo: BugGuide.net
Anystidae      Anystis baccarum
Stigmaeidae    Agistemus africanus
Tetranychidae Eutetranychus sp.
               Mononychellus nr, heteromniae
                                                     Agistemus africanus (Stigmaeidae)
So far no broad mite or citrus mites                 Red Velvet Mite
                                                     Photo: Edublogs.org
                                                                              27
Aims & Objectives: 2012-2013 Season

13 July 2012: Set up study sites and
began scouting and monitoring.
Continuing with identification of thrips
species and sorting into guilds,
incorporated temperature and rainfall in
data, working out phenology of
macadamia cultivars from photo data.
Aug: Soil application of Metarhizium
(entomopathogenic fungi) at some of
the sites.
Field collections: thrips complex
distribution of thrips in macadamia Photo Source: Wikipedia.org
growing areas of South Africa.          Metarhizium on cockroach
                                                           28
Acknowledgements:
SAMAC (Research Project Funding 2011-2012, 2012-2013)
Rhodes      University,     Grahamstown,       South    Africa
(Scholarship 2011)
National Research Foundation, Pretoria, South Africa
(Scholarship 2012-2014)
Ernst & Ethel Eriksen Trust, Bryanston, South Africa
(Scholarship 2011 & 2012)
Mr Johannes Ngomane, Dr Schalk Schoeman, Prof Randall
Hepburn, Dr Eddie Ueckermann, Messrs Gerhard Nortjé,
Andrew Sheard, Alwyn du Preez and Len Hobson
Subtrop, Tzaneen, and ARC-ITSC, Nelspruit, South Africa
               ERNST AND ETHEL ERIKSEN TRUST




                                                          29

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Crop protection assessment of thrips species complex and economic loss in macadamia orchards in south africa - colleen hepburn

  • 1. Towards Understanding the Economic Impact of Thrips in South Africa: Preliminary Findings Colleen Hepburn¹, Michael Stiller² & Martin Villet¹ ¹Department of Zoology & Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa ²Agricultural Research Council - Plant Protection Research Institute, National Collection of 1 Insects: Biosystematics, Roodeplaat, Pretoria, South Africa
  • 2. Aims and objectives: • Thrips complex - identify and assign to guilds (damaging / predatory / beneficial). • Phenology of thrips causing damage. • Develop practical monitoring and scouting strategies. • Ascertain damage to flush, blossoms, nut-set, small & mature nuts. • Determine % premature nut drop and abscission attributed to thrips. 2
  • 3. Aims and objectives: • Does thrips damage affect pre- and post-zygotic development of nut? • Does cosmetic damage (bronzing) affect photosynthesis and / or kernel characteristics (size / weight / oil content)? • Are some cultivars more susceptible to thrips damage? • Begin working on IPM programme which is ecologically sound. • Determine % economic loss of yield. • Thrips complex distribution in macadamia-growing areas. Photos: Michael Stiller, ARC-PPRI (2012) 3
  • 4. Order: Thrips (Thysanoptera) • 2 suborders – Terebrantia and Tubulifera • 9 families • 750 genera • 8000 extant species (> 5500 described) 50% - feed on fungi 40% - feed on dicotyledonous plants (i.e. grasses) 9% - predatory or feed on mosses, gymnosperms or cycads 1% - identified as serious pests (+ transmission of viruses) 4
  • 5. Average Thrips Life Cycle (2½ - 4 days) (1 - 2 days) (Longevity 30 - 45 days (2 - 4 days) 150 - 300 (Immature stages = max. eggs) 15 days) (1 - 2 days) (1 - 3 days) 5
  • 6. Field work (over 33 weeks) - sampling protocol • 13 cultivar sites • 5 data trees in each cultivar site (n = 65) • 20 racemes / growth points on each tree sampled weekly (n = 1300) In total n = 42900 6
  • 7. Study sites (13) and variety of cultivars LOCALITY CULTIVAR AGE TREATED ARC-ITSC Nelmak D Orchard Nelmak D 8 yrs No ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard Beaumont 13 Yrs No ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard Nelmak 2 13 Yrs No ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard 788 13 Yrs No ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard A4 13 Yrs No ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard 816 13 Yrs No ARC-ITSC Variety Orchard A16 13 Yrs No ARC Friedenheim Farm Beaumont 6 yrs Yes Commercial Farm 788 4 yrs Yes Commercial Farm Nelmak D 6 yrs Yes Commercial Farm 816 4 yrs Yes Commercial Farm Beaumont 12 yrs Yes Commercial Farm Nelmak D 12 yrs Yes 7
  • 8. 20 growth points per tree (i.e. new flush, blossoms, nut set, small nuts, mature nuts) sampled weekly 8
  • 9. Photos representing raceme developmental stages and abscised nuts for each site were taken weekly (phenology) 9
  • 10. During the last 7 weeks of sampling, abscised nuts with and without thrips damage + 20 random nut sample from trees were tested for maturity (i.e. dehusked, dried, cracked & floated) 10
  • 11. AVERAGE # OF THRIPS COLLECTED FROM DATA TREES AT ALL 13 SITES OVER THE 33 WEEK PERIOD 900 30 850 800 750 25 AVERAGE # THRIPS FROM ALL SITES WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE °C 700 650 ARC NELMAK D 8YRS 600 ARC VARIETY ORCHARD BEAUMONT 13YRS 20 ARC VARIETY ORCHARD NELMAK 2 13YRS 550 ARC VARIETY ORCHARD 788 13YRS 500 ARC VARIETY ORCHARD A4 13YRS 450 ARC VARIETY ORCHARD 816 13YRS 15 400 ARC VARIETY ORCHARD A16 13YRS ARC FRIEDENHEIM BEAUMONT 6YRS 350 COMMERCIAL FARM 788 4YRS 300 10 COMMERCIAL FARM NELMAK D 6YRS 250 COMMERCIAL FARM 816 4YRS 200 COMMERCIAL FARM BEAUMONT 12YRS COMMERCIAL FARM NELMAK D 12YRS 150 5 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (°C) 100 50 0 0 WEEKS 11
  • 12. COMMERCIAL FARM SPRAY DATES: BEAUMONT (12 yrs) & NELMAK D (12 yrs) SITES [N.B. Sprays based on weekly scouting records] 300 30 250 25 WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE °C COMMERCIAL FARM BEAUMONT 12YRS 200 20 COMMERCIAL FARM NELMAK D 12YRS AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (°C) AVERAGE # THRIPS 150 15 Cypermethrin Cypermethrin Acephate Cypermethrin Cypermethrin 100 10 50 5 0 0 WEEKS 12
  • 13. Defining thrips damage: Only green, shiny nuts on tree and green abscised nuts as at 11 November 2011 13
  • 14. Two weeks later (26 November 2011), there was a change in colour of some of the nuts 14
  • 15. Abscised nuts: different types of husk damage 15
  • 16. TOTAL # ABSCISED NUTS OVER 33 WEEK SAMPLING PERIOD 4200 30 4000 3800 3600 25 3400 3200 WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE 3000 ARC NEL D 8YRS ARC VAR ORCH B'MONT 13YRS 2800 20 TOTAL # ABSCISED NUTS ARC VAR ORCH NEL 2 13YRS 2600 ARC VAR ORCH 788 13YRS 2400 ARC VAR ORCH A4 13YRS 2200 ARC VAR ORCH 816 13YRS 15 2000 ARC VAR ORCH A16 13YRS 1800 ARC F'HEIM B'MONT 6YRS 1600 COMM FARM 788 4YRS 1400 COMM FARM NEL D 6YRS 10 1200 COMM FARM 816 4YRS COMM FARM B'MONT 12YRS 1000 COMM FARM NEL D 12YRS 800 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (°C) 5 600 400 200 0 0 WEEKS 16
  • 17. AVERAGE NUMBER OF ABSCISED NUTS SHOWN BY STUDY SITE IN DESCENDING ORDER AVERAGE # RATING STUDY SITE ABSCISED NUTS 1. Commercial Farm Beaumont 12 Yrs 391 2. Commercial Farm Nelmak D 12 Yrs 222 3. Commercial Farm 816 4 Yrs 170 4. ARC Variety Orchard Nelmak 2 13 Yrs 139 5. ARC Variety Orchard A16 13 Yrs 135 6. ARC Variety Orchard A4 13 Yrs 94 7. ARC Variety Orchard 816 13 Yrs 93 8. ARC Nelmak D Orchard 8 Yrs 62 9. ARC Variety Orchard 788 13 Yrs 61 10. Commercial Farm Nelmak D 6 Yrs 54 11. ARC Variety Orchard Beaumont 13 Yrs 53 12. Commercial Farm 788 4 Yrs 44 13. ARC Friedenheim Farm Beaumont 6 Yrs 25 17
  • 18. TOTAL # ABSCISED NUTS WITH THRIPS DAMAGE OVER TIME. 1200 30 1000 25 TOTAL # NUTS WITH THRIPS DAMAGE WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE °C ARC NEL D 6YRS ARC VAR ORCH B'MONT 13YRS 800 20 ARC VAR ORCH NEL 2 13YRS ARC VAR ORCH 788 13YRS ARC VAR ORCH A4 13YRS 600 ARC VAR ORCH 816 13YRS 15 ARC VAR ORCH A16 13YRS ARC F'HEIM B'MONT 6YRS COMM FARM 788 4YRS 400 COMM FARM NEL D 6YRS 10 COMM FARM 816 4YRS COMM FARM B'MONT 12YRS COMM FARM NEL D 12YRS 200 5 WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (°C) 0 0 WEEKS 18
  • 19. AVERAGE # ABSCISED NUTS WITH AND WITHOUT THRIPS DAMAGE – ALL SITES 700 30 650 600 25 550 WEEKLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE °C AVE # ABSCISED NUTS 500 AVERAGE # ABSCISED NUTS AVE # ABSCISED NUTS NO THRIPS DAMAGE 20 450 AVE # ABSCISED NUTS WITH THRIPS DAMAGE 400 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (°C) 350 15 300 250 10 200 150 5 100 50 0 0 WEEKS 19
  • 20. ARC NELMAK D: MATURITY COMPARISON OF ABSCISED NUTS WITH AND WITHOUT THRIPS DAMAGE 200 200 # NUTS ABSCISED # NUTS ABSCISED 180 # NUTS (Thrips dam) 180 # NUTS (No thrips dam) # MATURE (Thrips dam) # MATURE (No thrips dam) 160 160 140 140 120 120 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 WEEKS WEEKS 20
  • 21. ARC VARIETY ORCHARD 816: MATURITY COMPARISON OF ABSCISED NUTS WITH AND WITHOUT THRIPS DAMAGE 90 90 # NUTS ABSCISED # NUTS ABSCISED 80 # NUTS (Thrips dam) 80 # NUTS (No thrips dam) # MATURE (Thrips dam) # MATURE (No thrips dam) 70 70 60 60 # NUTS 50 50 # NUTS 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 WEEKS WEEKS 21
  • 22. ARC VARIETY ORCHARD A16: MATURITY COMPARISON OF ABSCISED NUTS WITH AND WITHOUT THRIPS DAMAGE 320 320 300 # NUTS ABSCISED 300 # NUTS ABSCISED 280 # NUTS (Thrips dam) 280 # NUTS (No thrips dam) # MATURE (Thrips dam) 260 # MATURE (No thrips dam) 260 240 240 220 220 200 200 # NUTS # NUTS 180 180 160 160 140 140 120 120 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 WEEKS WEEKS 22
  • 23. ARC NELMAK D: Photos of damage to nuts with thrips damage, without thrips damage and 20 nut sample tested for oil content and maturity (N.B. Stinkbug damage) a b c 23
  • 24. Identification During the 2011-2012 season a total of 44 062 specimens collected and counted A number of morphological characters are used to identify to species (i.e. setae, surface sculpture, detail on antennae, wing venation and setation) Adults 1.0 – 1.6 mm long 24
  • 25. Some of the thrips species being identified by Michael Stiller, ARC-PPRI National Collection of Insects: Biosystematics, Pretoria, South Africa So far no S. aurantii (citrus) or Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (greenhouse) Thrips gowdeyi (Bagnall) Thrips tenellus Trybom Thrips pusillus Bagnall Taeniothrips sp. Scirtothrips ?combreti Fauré Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom Hercinothrips sp. Helionothrips sp. 25
  • 26. Identification/Photos: Michael Stiller, ARC-PPRI Biosystematics, Pretoria, SA 26
  • 27. Species of mites identified by Eddie Ueckermann, ARC-PPRI National Collection of Insects: Biosystematics, Pretoria, South Africa Hexibdella sp. (Bdellidae) ALL PREDATORY MITES Snout Mite Photo: Tom Murray Phytoseiidae Amblyseius herbicolus Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) vescus Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) celastrus Neoseiulus barkeri Bdellidae Hexibdella sp. near singula Anystis baccarum (Anystidae) Whirligig mite Photo: BugGuide.net Anystidae Anystis baccarum Stigmaeidae Agistemus africanus Tetranychidae Eutetranychus sp. Mononychellus nr, heteromniae Agistemus africanus (Stigmaeidae) So far no broad mite or citrus mites Red Velvet Mite Photo: Edublogs.org 27
  • 28. Aims & Objectives: 2012-2013 Season 13 July 2012: Set up study sites and began scouting and monitoring. Continuing with identification of thrips species and sorting into guilds, incorporated temperature and rainfall in data, working out phenology of macadamia cultivars from photo data. Aug: Soil application of Metarhizium (entomopathogenic fungi) at some of the sites. Field collections: thrips complex distribution of thrips in macadamia Photo Source: Wikipedia.org growing areas of South Africa. Metarhizium on cockroach 28
  • 29. Acknowledgements: SAMAC (Research Project Funding 2011-2012, 2012-2013) Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa (Scholarship 2011) National Research Foundation, Pretoria, South Africa (Scholarship 2012-2014) Ernst & Ethel Eriksen Trust, Bryanston, South Africa (Scholarship 2011 & 2012) Mr Johannes Ngomane, Dr Schalk Schoeman, Prof Randall Hepburn, Dr Eddie Ueckermann, Messrs Gerhard Nortjé, Andrew Sheard, Alwyn du Preez and Len Hobson Subtrop, Tzaneen, and ARC-ITSC, Nelspruit, South Africa ERNST AND ETHEL ERIKSEN TRUST 29