How Terrorists Use Human Trafficking to Force Ideological Radicalization

How Terrorists Use Human Trafficking to
Force Ideological Radicalization
Junior Seminar; April 30, 2015
Mackenzie Wright
ABSTRACT
Terrorist organization, Boko Haram, utilizes human trafficking to serve its ideological
opposition to education which they believe threatens their interpretation of Islam.

Wright 2
Human trafficking is among mankind’s greatest atrocities and a constant threat to
global stability and security. Criminal justice experts expect that within the next ten
years, human trafficking will surpass drug and arms trafficking in its incidence, cost to
human wellbeing, and profitability to criminals 1
. Human trafficking has taken on an
increasingly important role in the operation of 21st century terrorist organizations by
helping to fulfill critical needs of these organizations, such as providing revenue or
personnel for a fighting army. Terrorist organizations are new to the world of organized
crime but are quickly becoming dominant players in the area of human trafficking largely
because human trafficking can serve many purposes for terrorist organizations. While the
relationship between human trafficking and terrorism was born out of necessity for
revenue, it has evolved to serve many other functions such as: tools of war, to fill ranks
of terrorist’s armies, intimidate populations and reduce resistance. Terrorist cells practice
human trafficking to fulfill many of their resource needs but even more importantly,
terrorist organizations use human trafficking as a tool to force their ideology onto
unwilling host communities. Terrorist organization, Boko Haram, utilizes human
trafficking to serve its ideological opposition to education, which they believe threatens
their interpretation of Islam. Boko Haram kidnaps and traffics people within their
territorial control who seek an education, terrorizing not only the kidnap and trafficking
victims but also the entire community. Students are viciously targeted no matter their age
or gender 2
. Many attacks focus on schools and universities by kidnapping students and
threatening the safety of nearby schools thereby forcing their closure as well. Boko
1
Wheaton, Elizabeth M., Edward J. Schauer, and Thomas V. Galli. 2010. "Economics of Human
Trafficking." International Migration 48 (4): 114-141.
2
"Boko Haram: The Growing Threat to Schoolgirls in Nigeria and Beyond." African Press
Organisation. Database of Press Releases Related to Africa, May 22, 2014.

Wright 3
Haram successfully uses human trafficking to oppress the population into submission and
removes any presence of or inclination toward Western education. The following
research includes background on Boko Haram and their ideology, a review of the current
literature on the relationship between human trafficking and terrorist organizations, with
attention to the lack of academic research on the important role human trafficking plays
for terrorist groups, such as Boko Haram, to spread their ideological war against
education. Lastly, this analysis will dig deeper into the terrorist/human trafficking
connection in support of my argument that human trafficking is key to Boko Haram’s
ideological goal of creating a pure Islamic state free of Western education.
Background of Boko Haram
Emerging in the early 2000s, Boko Haram began as a small Sunni Islamic sect
that advocated a strict interpretation and implementation of Islamic law for Nigeria 3
.
Originally called “Jama'a Ahl as-Sunna Li-da'wa wa-al Jihad”, roughly translated from
Arabic as “People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad,"
the group’s current name is Boko Haram, which translates “Western education is
forbidden"4
. This name was given by local communities to describe the group's view that
Western education and cultures are corrupting influences that are forbidden under its
conservative interpretation of Islam5
. Boko Haram states that the ‘Western World has
completely changed the focused thinking of the Muslim about their faith,’ inducing them
3
Blanchard, Lauren Ploch. "NIGERIA'S BOKO HARAM: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
*." Current Politics and Economics of Africa 7, no. 2 (2014): 143-172.
http://oasys.lib.oxy.edu/docview/1622616388?accountid=12935.
4
Onapajo, Hakeem, Ufo Okeke Uzodike, and Ayo Whetho. "Boko Haram Terrorism in Nigeria:
The International Dimension. "South African Journal of International Affairs 19, no. 3 (01,
2012): 337-357. doi:http://0-dx.doi.org.oasys.lib.oxy.edu/10.1080/10220461.2012.740319.
5
Blanchard "NIGERIA'S BOKO HARAM: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS”.

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to betray God and the Islamic religion 6
. The Islamic faith is based on the idea that every
act of kindness is meant for public good and the furtherance of the common good of
humanity constitutes Jihad 7
. However, Jihad, unlike what most Westerners have come
to believe, references efforts to be a good Muslim as well as working to inform people
about the faith of Islam 8
. This is where terrorist groups like Boko Haram manipulate the
Islamic faith towards goals of violence and war in the name of Jihad. Similar to other
terrorist organizations such as ISIS, Boko Haram is exploiting the use of religion to
strengthen their ideology and gather followers. In what many religious experts and
followers of Islam call a skewed, fanatical version of Islam, Boko Haram not only forbids
Western education but also forbids knowledge derived from Islamic religion books that
include modern science and culture 9
. Many Boko Haram supporters do not even allow
their children in the public school system because of their belief that the West has
infiltrated the institution with their forbidden beliefs, such as evolution10
. Boko Haram’s
ideological hatred of the West drives both its actions and rhetoric to lead their followers
away from the corrupt, evil West towards their faith based on their own version of Islam.
The belief that Western education creates and sustains social inequality, and that
followers of such practices are cheats intending to create further deprivation in society
drives the terrorist organization’s ideologically motivated attacks against education in
Nigeria 11
.
6
Zuru, Shehu Abdullahi and Mustapha Bintube. "The Social Legal Analysis of the Dynamics of
an Ideology of Terror: Is the Boko Haram Insurgency on Trial?" Journal of Politics and Law 7,
no. 4 (12, 2014): 127-137.
7
Id.
8
Id.
9
"The Popular Discourses of Salafi Radicalism and Salafi Counter-radicalism in Nigeria: A Case
Study of Boko Haram." Journal Of Religion In Africa 42, no. 2 (May 2012): 118-144. Academic
Search Elite, EBSCOhost (accessed April 27, 2015).
10
Id.
11
Id.

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The Relationship between Terrorism and Human Trafficking
In order to understand terrorist organization’s use of human trafficking to serve
ideological purposes it is vital to first comprehend the many uses human trafficking has
served for terrorist organizations in the past and its evolution to becoming a practice to
purpose ideology. Since the United States declared its war on terror, which helped disable
many traditional funding sources for terrorist organizations, terrorist groups have been
forced to look for alternative income generators 12
. Thus, human trafficking has taken on
an increasingly important role in the operation of 21st century terrorist organizations as
these organizations have been forced by outside pressures to alter their mode of income
generation. Terrorist organizations have turned to various forms of organized crime,
including human trafficking, to fund their ideological battles meaning the relationship
between extremist ideology, terrorism and human trafficking has become increasingly
interconnected. The trafficking of humans is the most profitable funding opportunity for
terrorist organizations, even ahead of drug trafficking, and these terrorist cells have
quickly joined organized crime rings to become part of the profitable illicit trade 13
.
Human trafficking thrives in conditions of poverty, political instability, extremism and
lack of political freedom, which are the same ingredients that provide fertile ground for
terrorism 14
. It is important to understand this intersection of terrorism and crime and the
motivations behind the use of human trafficking including revenue generation, the use of
captives for fighting power, to vanquish the enemy and decimate communities,
12
de Andrés, Amado Philip. 2008. "WEST AFRICA UNDER ATTACK: DRUGS, ORGANIZED
CRIME AND TERRORISM AS THE NEW THREATS TO GLOBAL SECURITY." UNISCI Discussion
Papers (16): 203-227. http://oasys.lib.oxy.edu/docview/224066804?accountid=12935.
13
Wheaton, "Economics of Human Trafficking."
14
United Nations Office on Drug and Crime. "Forum on Crime and Society." United Nations,
edited by Alex P. Schmid, 1-113. Vol. 4. N.p.: n.p., 2004.

Wright 6
intimidating the population and reducing resistance while simultaneously being used as
tools of war in the ideological fight.
Revenue
Terrorist organizations resort to human trafficking and organized crime in part
because the trafficking of humans is more profitable than the trafficking of arms or
drugs 15
. In addition, the act of kidnapping a school of children, for example, is cheaper
to do than manufacturing thousands of dollars worth of drugs or weapons 16
. There are
many types of human trafficking, all of them profitable. From organ trafficking,
kidnapping for ransom, human smuggling, human trafficking, sex slavery, forced
marriages or domestic slavery, terrorist cells need only maintain a few crime rings to
maintain funds. It has been widely reported that the terrorist organization Al Qaeda
partakes in all of the activities listed above; the attempts of the United States and other
countries to cut Al Qaeda’s supply of funds only led the organization to shift its focus and
become more deeply involved in a different type of criminal activity as needed to fund
their acts of terrorism and feed their supporters 17
. ISIS is another well-known terrorist
organization that relies on human trafficking as a prominent source of revenue. ISIS is
one of the world’s best-funded militant groups, generating a bulk of its money through
criminal activities such as: kidnapping, extortion, oil smuggling and human trafficking 18
.
Ransom from kidnappings make up about 20% of ISIS’s revenue and the US Treasury
15
Wheaton. "Economics of Human Trafficking."
16
Del Cid Gómez, Juan Miguel. "A Financial Profile of the Terrorism of Al-Qaeda and its
Affiliates." Perspectives on Terrorism [Online], 4.4 (2010): n. pag. Web. 19 Mar. 2015
17
McGirk, Tim, and Hannah Bloch. "Lifting the Veil On Sex Slavery." Time 159, no. 7
(February 18, 2002): 8. Academic Search Elite, EBSCOhost (accessed March 19, 2015).
18
Kan, Paul Rexton. 2015. "Defeating the Islamic State: A Financial-Military Strategy."
Parameters 44 (4): 71-80.

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estimates $20 million has been paid in ransoms to ISIS in 2015 alone 19
. The United
Nations estimates that terrorist organizations produce nearly $100 billion a year in the
smuggling of people20
.
Literature from the United Nations and other academic sources analyze the many
connections between terrorist organizations and organized crime but fail to include in
their analysis data on terrorist organizations’ multifaceted use of human trafficking.
Instead the literature breaks down terrorist activities in organized crime into individual
instances, taking the spotlight away from the terrorist organizations’ expansive and
overlapping presence in the world of human trafficking. Other literature discusses the
growing uses of human trafficking for revenue generation but fails to mention human
trafficking’s dual role in allowing terrorist organization’s to spread their ideology through
fear and intimidation. In many instances, human trafficking is a “kill two birds with one
stone” approach providing resources and furthering these groups’ ideological goals.
However, it is clear in all the literature on human trafficking and terrorist organizations
that the organized crime/terrorist relationship will benefit terrorists at an increasing rate,
and must be addressed. Human trafficking has become a successful, profitable and safe
source of income for terrorist organizations that have taken advantage of the opportunity
to generate income while also terrorizing communities.
Fighting Power
Terrorist organizations also utilize human trafficking to replenish their fighting
power. Terrorist organizations rely on trafficked individuals to supply their army and
19
Giovanni, Janine Di, McGrath Goodman Leah, and Damien Sharkov And. 2014. "How does
ISIS Fund its Reign of Terror?" Newsweek, Nov 14.
20
United Nations Office on Drug and Crime. "Forum on Crime and Society."

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uses threats, violence and fear to enforce their ideology and intimidate them to stay 21
. In
Northern Uganda, the Lord’s Resistance Army kidnaps individuals en masse and forces
them into child soldiering or sexual slavery. During the International Criminal Court’s
proceedings against LRA leaders for child soldiering, is was reported that the only reason
the LRA maintains a standing army is directly because of continuous child abductions
and forced recruitment into their ranks 22
. The LRA does not sell the kidnapped children
for revenue but depends on their function as a soldier or slave 23
.
The LRA is not alone in its use of children in combat. Children are also
kidnapped and used in war for political purposes. Research has shown that a society
which mobilizes and trains its young for war weaves violence into the fabric of life,
increasing the likelihood that violence and war will be its future 24
. Because children are
far easier to threaten, manipulate and are much more inconspicuous to their opposition
they remain targets for terrorist organizations and rogue nations 25
. Al Qaeda is also
known to use human trafficking and forced military recruitment to replenish their ranks
and supply their need of suicide bombers 26
. This strategy is especially common in
developing countries, similar to countries with strong terrorist presence, where children
make up nearly half the population and are often raised in a system that mixes war,
poverty, violence, hunger, environmental degradation, and political instability 27
.
21
"Q&A on Joseph Kony and the Lord's Resistance Army." Human Rights Watch. Last modified
March 21, 2012.
22
Kasaija, P. A. (2004). The international criminal court (ICC) and the lord's resistance army
(LRA) insurgency in northern uganda. Criminal Law Forum, 15(4), 391-409.
23
"Q&A on Joseph Kony and the Lord's Resistance Army." Human Rights Watch.
24
Wessells, Mike. "Child Soldiers." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 53, no. 6 (1997): 32-39.
25
Id.
26
Seib, Philip. 2008. "The Al-Qaeda Media Machine." Military Review 88 (3): 74-80.
27
Wessells, Mike. "Child Soldiers."

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In Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burma/ Myanmar, El Salvador, Ethiopia, and
Mozambique, soldiers have recruited children forcibly from schools 28
. These soldiers
targeted schools because they knew a large number of “fighting age” boys would be
vulnerable and easily kidnapped into the army 29
. The literature goes into great detail
describing the persistent uses of child soldering and human trafficking by terrorist
organizations and other forms of armed militias to build their ranks and describes the
difference between soldiers and child soldiers but could go deeper into analyzing the
heightened uses of child soldiering in areas of heavy terrorist activity, activity driven by
ideology. This link between terrorism and human trafficking is not as obvious as a simple
need for revenue; by forcing abductees into religious conversion or public recognition of
the terrorist ideology, human trafficking is also used by terrorists to further their fighting
needs and ideological motivations. Terrorist organizations are using old tools of war in a
modern, globalized method to support their terrorist agendas and needs using human
trafficking.
Vanquishing the Enemy, Decimating Communities
So far in the literature, rationales linking terrorist organizations and human
trafficking emphasize resource generation and supporting the upkeep and survival of the
terrorist organization as if the only purpose of human trafficking is to provide directly for
the organization. The use of human trafficking to vanquish the enemy through fear,
decimating the community with threats of violence and oppression that intimidates the
population and reduces resistance are growing uses of human trafficking by international
terrorist organizations. Acts of human trafficking by terrorist groups harbor institutional
28
Id.
29
Id.

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weakness, autocratic governance and economic marginality 30
. The kidnapping,
enslavement, and rape of members of a community effectively subdues the community to
terrorist offenses. Forced abductions are used in many conflicts to intimidate
populations 31
. Over the past two decades terrorist organizations have torn and, arguably
destroyed, much of the underlying social fabric holding the country through the
systematic selling or enslaving of members of communities 32
. It is an added benefit that
terrorist organizations also generate easy profits at the expense of human beings and
societal security 33
. The presence of terrorist organizations in a society is enough to tear a
community apart, break down societal functions and remove all sense of security. Add to
that the practice of human trafficking and a community has little hope of remaining
functional and strong throughout the loss of its people and breakdown of families and
social structures.
Conclusion
Human trafficking and terrorism have a definitive link that has grown and
developed with time. From terrorist organizations in the Middle East such as Al Qaeda
and ISIS to the LRA in Northern Uganda and Boko Haram in Nigeria, terrorist
organizations are economically and resource dependent on many different forms of
human trafficking. Based on the academic literature and research, human trafficking is
used by terrorist organizations to generate revenue, as a source of fighting power, to
vanquish the enemy and decimate communities, intimidating the population and reducing
resistance. I believe there is an additional and possibly more powerful force that brings
30
de Andrés, A. P. (2008). “WEST AFRICA UNDER ATTACK”
31
Wessells, Mike. "Child Soldiers."
32
Id.
33
Id.

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human trafficking and terrorist organizations together, that has not been analyzed or
researched in current academic literature, and that is the use of human trafficking to serve
ideological purposes.
Ideology driven Human Trafficking
The relationship between extremist ideology, terrorism and human trafficking has
become more and more interconnected. Terrorist organization, Boko Haram, is a clear
example of this. Its very name exudes antipathy towards Western norms, especially
Western education. In order to spread their ideology throughout Nigeria, Boko Haram
focuses its attacks on the main outlets of Western ideology and practice: educational
institutions. Boko Haram utilizes human trafficking to serve its ideological opposition to
education, which they believe threatens their interpretation of Islam. Boko Haram
additionally practices human trafficking in its attacks against civilians to generate income
through the sale of trafficked people or formation of an army made of child soldiers;
however, the use of human trafficking also plays a vital role in propagating and enforcing
their extremist ideology in the communities they terrorize. Although current academic
literature fails to identity this relationship, human trafficking is inextricably linked to, and
serves as a critical strategic element of, Boko Haram’s attacks against schools and other
education institutions to further the terrorist organization’s ideological opposition to
Western practices.
Boko Haram’s main ideological purpose to serve Islam while opposing any
Western ideology calls for attacks on schools as a regular practice. The kidnapping and
trafficking of students is a major facet of the terrorist organization’s strategy to gain
control of the region for Boko Haram. As mentioned, Boko Haram utilizes human

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trafficking for similar reasons as other terrorist organizations; reasons of revenue,
fighting power, and to vanquish the enemy but also to carry out their ideology that
Western culture and education are “haram” or forbidden because Western practices
corrupt Muslims. According to Boko Haram, what Western education teaches is "far
more dangerous than taking poison; for poison kills only a soul but education
indoctrinates the entire society" 34
. Boko Haram attacks schools, universities and
individuals working in educational institutions to terrorize and traumatize communities.
Human trafficking is used as a scare tactic to intimidate neighboring schools into closure,
threatening all youth seeking education through Western practices and creating a steady
supply of youth for mass conversions to Islam.
Boko Haram’s army is estimated to consist of nearly ten thousand fighters, with
this number continuously growing35
. The United States Department of State and
President Obama’s administration do not consider the terrorist group to be affiliated with
Al Qaeda, which is important to note when thinking about ideology driving action36
. In
addition to the usual educational content and methodology of traditional Islamic schools,
the group also specializes in training militants37
. These armed militants have wreaked
havoc in the regions they occupy. More than 4,000 people have been killed in Boko
Haram-related violence alone38
. United Nations and Nigerian officials report that more
than six million Nigerians have been affected and more than 300,000 have been displaced
34
Zuru, Bintube. "The Social Legal Analysis of the Dynamics of an Ideology of Terror"
35
"Boko Haram at a glance." Amnesty International. Last modified January 29, 2015.
Accessed April 27, 2015.
36
"Foreign Terrorist Organizations." U.S. Department of State. Accessed April 27, 2015.
http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm.
37
Ayoola, Kehinde A. and Ibrahim E. Olaosun. "Media Representation of Boko Haram in some
Nigerian Newspapers." International Journal of English Linguistics 4, no. 3 (06, 2014): 49-58.
38
Adesoji, Abimbola. "The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria." Afrika
Spectrum 45, no. 2 (2010): 95-108.

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by Boko Haram insurgency39
. Clearly, Boko Haram’s ideology is harmful to sustaining
peace in the region as well as development within communities, which struggle to
educate their citizenry. As a powerful terrorist organization, Boko Haram’s use of human
trafficking to fulfill its ideological goals has had and will continue to have detrimental
effects on the region and people.
The Target: Education
A favorite target of Boko Haram, over one hundred schools have fallen victim to
terrorist attacks and 30% of schools have shut down in the northern Nigerian region40
.
Teachers and students have been advised to avoid school until safe replacement
institutions can be created and schools can be relocated 41
. Boko Haram is carrying out an
all out assault on youth seeking an education and practices human trafficking to ensure
these students have few options outside of Boko Haram’s sphere of influence to break
away from their ideology against the West42
.
Although the most famous, the Nigerian Schoolgirl kidnapping of nearly 300
students was not the first of Boko Haram’s attacks and trafficking of students in Nigeria.
Beginning in 2012 Boko Haram started to target schools on a regular basis, before this
only three attacks against schools had been recorded43
. In 2012 Boko Haram carried out
47 attacks on schools resulting in 77 fatalities and the trafficking of the remaining
students, mostly female44
. After 2012, however, these attacks decreased because of Boko
39
Blanchard "NIGERIA'S BOKO HARAM: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS”
40
Moki, Edwin Kindzeka. Cameroon: 130 Schools Closed due to Boko Haram Fears. Lanham:
Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc, 2014.
41
Id.
42
"Boko Haram: The Growing Threat to Schoolgirls in Nigeria and Beyond."
43
Onuoha, Freedom C. "The Audacity of the Boko Haram: Background, Analysis and Emerging
Trend." Security Journal 25, no. 2 (04, 2012): 134-151.
44
"Boko Haram Recent Attacks." U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and
Technology Center of Excellence headquartered at the University of Maryland. May 2014.

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Haram’s success in closing schools in its areas of operations. Even though attacks after
2012 decreased, Boko Haram was still responsible for 14 attacks on schools, killing 119
people 45
. In July 2013, the leader of Boko Haram publicly threatened to “burn secular
schools and kill their teachers”, describing the schools as a plot against Islam 46
. In
February of 2014 Boko Haram attacked a boarding school in Yobe state, killing 29 male
students and sending all the female students away to be sold into slavery or as brides to
Boko Haram fighters 47
. In Nigeria, Boko Haram was responsible for 80% of all terrorist
attacks between 1970 and 2013, and 7% of these conflicts were attacks on schools and
education institutions 48
. Boko Haram targets education institutions to carry out their
ideological purpose eliminating Western education and furthermore, utilizes human
trafficking in these attacks to serve their ideological purposes regarding their opposition
to Western education.
How is Human Trafficking used to further Ideology?
Boko Haram uses human trafficking for ideological purposes through multiple
avenues; to force their ideology onto a community, threaten neighboring communities,
remove current and growing generations of Western- educated citizens and convert them
to Islam, building Boko Haram’s base. The systematic killing of males found in
education institutions and the kidnapping of females to be sold into slavery or as brides is
a common practice used by Boko Haram to ensure all future generations’ access to
Westernized education is completely cut off, sufficiently limiting the supply of educated
45
Id.
46
Blanchard. "NIGERIA'S BOKO HARAM: FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS”
47
"Boko Haram Recent Attacks." U.S. Department of Homeland Security
48
Id.

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Nigerian youth, consequently Islamizing Nigeria as a whole 49
. This ideologically driven
practice not only asserts Boko Haram’s control through the kidnapping and trafficking of
innocent students and members of the community, it also solidifies their success in
spreading their ideology while eliminating opposition, particularly local Westernized
opposition. The systematic removal of all educated youth through murder or kidnapping
is also a form of genocide used by Boko Haram to eliminate opposing ideologies and
peoples until only one remains, their own. Boko Haram’s goal to Islamize Nigeria
through systematic practices of human trafficking focused on debilitating their largest
opposition and ideological enemy, Western ideology and education, is the perfect
example of “killing two birds with one stone.” Boko Haram terrorizes communities,
weakens social and political infrastructure, removes Western education, generates
revenue and fighters and imposes their ideology through this single practice, human
trafficking. Through the use of human trafficking, Boko Haram successfully takes away
these trafficked individuals right to an education, forcing them into Boko Haram society
where they lose any strength, personal agency, or empowerment, leaving them with one
of two options, death or conversion to Islam and slavery.
Final Thoughts
The relationship between terrorist organizations and human trafficking is
undeniable. Through its various practices, human trafficking has become a vital part of
terrorist organizations’ survival. Without human trafficking, terrorist organizations would
lose a debilitating amount of revenue and soldiers, likely to the point of their demise.
Deputy National Security Adviser and now President Barack Obama’s chief of staff,
49 Id.

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Denis McDonough at the 2012 Human Trafficking Task Force meeting said, “Human
trafficking is at the nexus of organized crime, is a source for funding for international
terrorist groups, and is a source for funding for transnational terrorist groups. It
fundamentally endangers international security.” 50
What has been missing in the analysis
of the terrorist/human trafficking relationship is the critical role that ideology plays in
that cycle of violence. While academic research has not yet analyzed this relationship
between terrorist organizations and their use of human trafficking to serve ideological
purposes, it will inevitably be recognized as a key element in the terrorist/trafficking
relationship for terrorist organizations, such as Boko Haram. Information is power.
Making this unavoidable link could provide the international community with more
insight into the ever-widening cycle of human tragedy that is human trafficking. It could
also provide a new tool in the fight against terrorism and human trafficking taking place
around the world, both of which are being inflicted on millions of innocents worldwide in
the name of ideological purity and extremism. Understanding the role that ideology plays
for terrorist organizations, like Boko Haram, could be critical in breaking the deadly
human trafficking/terrorist cycle.
50 "Terrorists use human trafficking to generate revenue, demoralize adversaries, fill the ranks." Homeland
Security Newswire. Last modified December 31, 2014. Accessed April 9, 2015.

Wright 17
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Wright 18
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