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DELIVERABLE
Project Acronym: MAGHRENOV
Grant Agreement number: 609453
Project Title: Convergence between EU and MAGHREB MPC innovation systems
in the field of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RE&EE) –
A test-bed for fostering Euro Mediterranean Innovation Space
(EMIS)
D3.1 MAPPING OF EXISTING RE&EE
ROADMAPS ADAPTED TO THE REGION
Version: 1.0
Authors:
Encarna Baras Marín (KIC SE)
Internal Reviewers:
Antoni Martinez (KIC SE)
Josep Bordonau (UPC)
Abdelhak Chaibi (R&D Maroc)
Hélène Ben Khemis (ANME)
Dissemination Level
P Public X
C Confidential, only for members of the consortium and the Commission Services
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D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1	
   Revision History .................................................................................................................5	
  
2	
   Executive Summary.............................................................................................................6	
  
3	
   Introduction and global context ..............................................................................................7	
  
4	
   Global energy situation in the region...................................................................................... 11	
  
4.1	
   Tunisia..................................................................................................................... 16	
  
4.1.1	
   Tunisia. Energy Efficiency ........................................................................................... 19	
  
4.1.2	
   Tunisia. Renewable Energy ......................................................................................... 22	
  
4.2	
   Morocco ................................................................................................................... 27	
  
4.2.1	
   Morocco. Energy Efficiency .......................................................................................... 30	
  
4.2.2	
   Morocco. Renewable Energy......................................................................................... 34	
  
4.2.3	
   Morocco. R&D strategy ............................................................................................... 38	
  
4.3	
   Algeria, .................................................................................................................... 41	
  
4.3.1	
   Algeria. Energy Efficiency............................................................................................ 43	
  
4.3.2	
   Algeria. Renewable Energy .......................................................................................... 47	
  
4.3.3	
   Algeria. Development of industrial capacity...................................................................... 49	
  
4.3.4	
   Algeria. R&D strategy................................................................................................. 49	
  
5	
   Energy AgencIes and Research centers on Energy ....................................................................... 50	
  
5.1	
   Dedicated Agency for Formulating and Implementing EE Policies ............................................... 50	
  
5.1.1	
   Tunisia .................................................................................................................. 50	
  
5.1.2	
   Morocco ................................................................................................................. 51	
  
5.1.3	
   Algeria .................................................................................................................. 52	
  
6	
   Technology Roadmaps........................................................................................................ 54	
  
6.1	
   Energy efficiency priorities ............................................................................................ 54	
  
6.2	
   Renewable energy ....................................................................................................... 54	
  
7	
   Wind Energy Roadmaps ...................................................................................................... 56	
  
7.1	
   IEA Technology Roadmap 2013: Wind Energy ....................................................................... 56	
  
7.1.1	
   Key findings and actions ............................................................................................. 56	
  
7.1.2	
   Key actions in the next ten years................................................................................... 57	
  
7.1.3	
   LCOE..................................................................................................................... 57	
  
7.1.4	
   Potential for cost reductions ........................................................................................ 58	
  
7.1.5	
   Wind technology development: actions and time frames....................................................... 59	
  
7.1.6	
   Wind power technology .............................................................................................. 60	
  
7.1.7	
   Special considerations for offshore development ................................................................ 61	
  
7.1.8	
   Wind characteristic assessment..................................................................................... 63	
  
7.1.9	
   Supply chains, manufacturing and installation ................................................................... 65	
  
7.1.10	
   System integration: actions and time frames ................................................................... 65	
  
7.1.11	
   Plan and deploy regional super grids and offshore grids....................................................... 66	
  
7.1.12	
   Reliable system operation with large shares of wind energy ................................................. 66	
  
7.2	
   KIC INNOENERGY Technology Roadmap 2013: Wind Energy....................................................... 68	
  
7.3	
   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy ...................................................................... 71	
  
7.3.1	
   Strategic objective.................................................................................................... 71	
  
7.3.2	
   Industrial sector objective........................................................................................... 71	
  
7.3.3	
   Technology objectives................................................................................................ 71	
  
8	
   PV Roadmaps .................................................................................................................. 73	
  
8.1	
   IEA Technology Roadmap 2010: PV ................................................................................... 73	
  
8.1.1	
   Key findings and actions ............................................................................................. 73	
  
8.1.2	
   Technology performance and cost.................................................................................. 74	
  
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8.1.3	
   LCOE..................................................................................................................... 74	
  
8.1.4	
   Applications and market end-use sectors ......................................................................... 75	
  
8.1.5	
   Cost reduction goals .................................................................................................. 75	
  
8.1.6	
   PV market deployment and competitiveness levels ............................................................. 76	
  
8.1.7	
   Technology development: Strategic goals and milestones...................................................... 77	
  
8.1.7.1	
   Specific technology goals and R&D issues. Crystalline silicon ............................................... 78	
  
8.1.7.2	
   Specific technology goals and R&D issues. Thin films......................................................... 79	
  
8.1.7.3	
   Specific technology goals and R&D issues. Emerging technologies and novel concepts ................. 79	
  
8.1.7.4	
   Specific technology goals and R&D issues. CPV ................................................................ 80	
  
8.2	
   KIC INNOENERGY Technology Roadmap 2013: PV Energy.......................................................... 81	
  
8.3	
   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: PV .................................................................................. 82	
  
8.3.1.1	
   Strategic objective ................................................................................................. 82	
  
8.3.2	
   Industrial sector objective........................................................................................... 82	
  
8.3.3	
   Technology objectives................................................................................................ 82	
  
9	
   CSP Roadmaps ................................................................................................................. 83	
  
9.1	
   IEA Technology Roadmap: CSP 2010 .................................................................................. 83	
  
9.1.1	
   Key findings and actions ............................................................................................. 86	
  
9.1.2	
   LCOE..................................................................................................................... 87	
  
9.1.3	
   Technology development: Strategic goals and milestones...................................................... 87	
  
9.1.4	
   Deployment in developing economies.............................................................................. 88	
  
9.2	
   KIC INNOENERGY Technology Roadmap 2013: CSP Energy ........................................................ 89	
  
9.3	
   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: CSP ................................................................................ 90	
  
9.3.1	
   Strategic objective.................................................................................................... 90	
  
9.3.2	
   Industrial sector objective........................................................................................... 90	
  
9.3.3	
   Technology objectives................................................................................................ 90	
  
10	
   Ocean Roadmaps ............................................................................................................ 92	
  
10.1	
   IEA (OES) Technology Roadmap 2012: Ocean ...................................................................... 92	
  
10.1.1	
   Key findings and actions ............................................................................................ 92	
  
10.1.2	
   LCOE ................................................................................................................... 93	
  
10.1.3	
   Technology challenges .............................................................................................. 93	
  
10.2	
   KIC Innoenergy Technology Roadmap 2013: Ocean ............................................................... 94	
  
11	
   Bioenergy Roadmaps ........................................................................................................ 95	
  
11.1	
   IEA Technology Roadmap 2012: Bioenergy ......................................................................... 95	
  
11.1.1	
   Key findings and actions ............................................................................................ 95	
  
11.1.2	
   Economics today ..................................................................................................... 97	
  
11.1.3	
   Electricity generation technology options and costs ........................................................... 97	
  
11.1.4	
   Heat production options and costs ................................................................................ 99	
  
11.1.5	
   Applications and market end-use sectors ....................................................................... 100	
  
11.1.6	
   Milestones for technology improvements ....................................................................... 101	
  
11.1.7	
   Bioenergy in developing countries ............................................................................... 102	
  
11.1.8	
   Near-term actions for stakeholders .............................................................................. 104	
  
11.2	
   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: Bioenergy ...................................................................... 106	
  
11.2.1	
   Strategic objective ................................................................................................. 106	
  
11.2.2	
   Industrial sector objective ........................................................................................ 106	
  
11.2.3	
   Technology objectives ............................................................................................. 106	
  
12	
   Energy Efficiency SMART CITIES Roadmaps............................................................................. 108	
  
12.1	
   KIC Innoenergy Intelligent Energy Efficient Buildings and Cities Strategy and Roadmap 2013............ 108	
  
12.1.1	
   Market challenges and business drivers ......................................................................... 108	
  
12.1.2	
   Technologies to address those challenges ...................................................................... 108	
  
12.1.3	
   Roadmap: Overview ................................................................................................ 109	
  
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12.2	
   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: Smart Cities ................................................................... 113	
  
12.2.1	
   Strategic objective ................................................................................................. 113	
  
12.2.2	
   Specific objectives.................................................................................................. 113	
  
12.2.3	
   Buildings: .......................................................................................................... 113	
  
12.2.4	
   Energy networks.................................................................................................. 113	
  
12.3	
   EeB PPP Energy Efficient Buildings Roadmap 2010............................................................... 114	
  
12.3.1	
   Strategic objectives ................................................................................................ 115	
  
12.3.2	
   Key challenges for a long term strategy......................................................................... 115	
  
12.4	
   IEA Renewable Heating & Cooling 2011............................................................................ 118	
  
12.4.1	
   Key findings and actions ........................................................................................... 118	
  
12.4.2	
   Solar resources ...................................................................................................... 119	
  
12.4.3	
   Costs of solar heating and cooling (USD/MWhth) .............................................................. 120	
  
12.4.4	
   Deployment of solar heating and cooling to 2050 ............................................................. 121	
  
12.4.5	
   Technology development: actions and milestones. Solar heat .............................................. 125	
  
12.4.6	
   Technology development: actions and milestones. Concentrating solar for heat applications......... 125	
  
12.4.7	
   Technology development: actions and milestones. Solar heat for cooling ................................ 126	
  
12.4.8	
   Technology development: actions and milestones. Thermal storage....................................... 127	
  
12.4.9	
   Technology development: actions and milestones. Hybrid applications and advanced technologies . 127	
  
12.5	
   RHC Platform Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable Heating & Cooling ............. 128	
  
12.5.1	
   RHC Strategic objectives .......................................................................................... 129	
  
12.5.2	
   Synoptic tables of research and innovation priorities by RHC technology type........................... 133	
  
13	
   Smart Grids Roadmaps..................................................................................................... 136	
  
13.1	
   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: Smart GRIDS . ETP Smart Grids Roadmap 2012 ........................... 136	
  
13.1.1	
   Key drivers and challenges ........................................................................................ 136	
  
13.1.2	
   SmartGrids 2035 Technological Priorities ....................................................................... 138	
  
13.1.3	
   The SRA 2035 Research Areas with tasks and research topics ............................................... 139	
  
13.2	
   KIC Innoenergy Smart Grids Roadmap.............................................................................. 140	
  
13.2.1.1	
   Market challenges and business drivers....................................................................... 140	
  
13.2.2	
   Roadmap: Smart Distribution Networks ......................................................................... 141	
  
13.2.3	
   Roadmap: Smart Transmission Networks........................................................................ 142	
  
13.2.4	
   Roadmap: Storage as a Tool for Network Flexibility .......................................................... 143	
  
14	
   References................................................................................................................... 144	
  
15	
   IEA and European Technology Roadmaps links......................................................................... 145	
  
16	
   KIC InnoEnergy ROADMAPS ................................................................................................ 146	
  
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1 REVISION HISTORY
Revision Date Author Organization Description
0.1 17/02/2014 Encarna Baras KIC SE Initial draft
0.2 25/02/2014 Encarna Baras KIC SE Revision draft
0.3 27/02/2014 Encarna Baras KIC SE Integrating of
revision
remarks
1.0 27/02/2014 Encarna Baras KIC SE Final Version
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2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents a Mapping of Possible Regional RE&EE Roadmaps of Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria, and
include informations about the energy situation and energy strategy of each country, renewable energy and
energy efficiency technologies, technology roadmaps (SET Plan and KIC Innoenergy), and a preliminary analysis if
the fit of the existing roadmaps in the region.
The document is divided into two separate blocks.
The first section presents information on the energy situation in the Maghreb region, in general, and also in
particular, in the three countries -Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria-. It also includes the strategies for energy
efficiency and renewable energy published by each country, some considerations concerning general aspects of
energy development in Africa, and also about the need to develop infrastructures that enable development of
these technologies.
The second block includes the technology roadmaps in renewables and energy efficiency recently published.
Selected roadmaps are those that include technological development objectives in the field of the European
Union, and those published by the International Energy Agency. The adaptation of these roadmaps to each
country depend largely, besides the strategic commitment of each country in the development and
implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency, of the energy available resources, and of the
scientific basis and the specific industry structure each country.
A particularly interesting aspect for the definition of roadmaps in these countries is that it is possible to consider
the development of these technologies in conjunction with the necessary infrastructure to facilitate their
efficient implementation. In developed countries, the currently available infrastructure was designed to meet
the demand by large generation plants away from consumption centers, and this is now an obstacle when
implementing new technologies based on the concept of distributed generation. By contrast, in countries that
are currently under development, these networks can be designed from the outset to include intelligence, so be
smart since its conception. That is why it would be particularly necessary to address these roadmaps holistic
manner, taking into account cross-cutting issues that may foster the development of these technologies.
Moreover, to fully optimize the renewable resources available in the area is necessary to establish systems of
interconnection between different countries and with Europe to allow efficient exchange of energy
Finally, it’s necessary to note that the differences between African countries are enormous, both in the
availability of resources, and the degree of development. It is therefore necessary to perform a separate analysis
for each specific region, and within each region, each country in particular.
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3 INTRODUCTION AND GLOBAL CONTEXT
The World Energy outlook of the International energy Agency remarks that the centre of gravity of energy
demand is switching decisively to the emerging economies. The links between energy and development are
illustrated clearly in Africa, where, despite a wealth of resources, energy use per capita is less than one-third of
the global average in 2035. Africa today is home to nearly half of the 1.3 billion people in the world without
access to electricity and one-quarter of the 2.6 billion people relying on the traditional use of biomass for
cooking. Globally, fossil fuels continue to meet a dominant share of global energy demand, with implications for
the links between energy, the environment and climate change1
.
Taking this into account, in a situation such as that presented by these countries, fast growth of energy demands,
and in some cases a high external dependence to satisfy this demand, it is essential, while a good opportunity to
establish a technology roadmap in time to define a balanced growth under the current situation of general
context where energy efficiency measures and implementation of renewable must be predominant in all regions.
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organization that supports countries
in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international
cooperation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on
renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable
energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable
development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. This organism has
publicized recently a report about he Renewable future for Africa 2
. The conclusions of the report are
summarized below:
• “Africa’s population is set to double by 2050 and its energy needs will grow even faster. If current growth rates
are maintained
• Africa’s GDP will increase seven-fold by 2050. Providing full electricity access to all Africans will require at
least a doubling of total electricity production by 2030 from current levels. The continent’s vast untapped
renewable energy resources can supply the majority of this future energy demand and are suited to supply both
concentrated, high-load urban centres and remote, dispersed rural areas.
• Investing in renewable energy in Africa makes good business sense. With world-class solar and hydropower
resources, complemented by bioenergy, wind, geothermal and marine resources in some regions, Africa has the
opportunity to leapfrog to modern renewable energy. Renewable energy technologies are now the most
economical solution for off-grid and mini-grid electrification in remote areas, as well as for grid extension in
some cases of centralised grid supply with good renewable resources. Notably, on average, solar photovoltaic
module costs have fallen by more than 60% over the last two years to below USD 1/Watt.
• African governments are embracing renewable energy to fuel the sustainable growth of their economies. A
number of recent Ministerial declarations attest to the strong political commitment and far-sighted vision of
African decision-makers, which are being articulated through dedicated regional and national institutions and
plans.
• Renewable resources are plentiful, demand is growing, technology costs are falling and the political will has
never been stronger. The moment is right for a rapid scale-up of renewable energy in Africa.
• Governments must provide leadership to create the enabling framework for private investors in Africa’s energy
sector. Streamlining and standardizing procedures is an essential element of successful public policies to
promote a sound business environment.
• In the power sector, improving the governance structure, operational performance and financial viability of
national utilities is an important pre-condition to deploy renewable energy at scale.
• Local entrepreneurs will be essential for African countries to have electricity access and modern cooking for all
by 2030. They already help in meeting both urban and rural demand for energy products and services.
Renewable energy champions should be encouraged by governments and their business models should be
promoted and replicated. The potential markets are huge, for example, residential solar heat appliances and
solar PV panels can improve energy services for millions of African customers. Expanding regional grid
1
IEA. World energy Outlook 2013
2
IRENA. Afircas Renewable Future. The Path to Sustainable Growth. The Road to a Renewable Future
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integration and power trade can unlock economies of scale and connect abundant and low-cost renewable
energy resources to urban poles of growth. Power trade at full potential can save African countries an
estimated USD 2 billion in annual costs of power system operation and development. Regional planning,
harmonization of standards and procedures, equitable commercial terms and coordination at power pools level
are all essential elements of successful regional integration.
• Off-grid solutions are of particular importance in Africa and deserve dedicated public policies and innovative
financing mechanisms to accelerate their deployment. While they represent a small portion of total demand,
they enable productive uses and increase incomes. They are crucial to reach universal access by 2030, which
can improve the living conditions of millions in remote areas of Africa.
• The availability of local financing plays a decisive role in the development of local markets. Commercial banks
and financial intermediaries need to be better informed about renewable energy technologies and project
profiles. Public financing, either from African governments, international or regional development banks, can
be leveraged to reduce financial risk perception by commercial banks.
• Ambitious regional grid integration projects such as the East and Southern Africa Clean Energy Corridor have
the potential to significantly transform the African energy landscape. Such projects must be backed by strong
political commitment and a sound technical rationale. Emerging examples show that public-private
partnerships, enabled by sound policies and government leadership, can mobilise significant levels of
financing”
However, the differences between countries are enormous, as can be seen in the maps showed below, both in
the availability of resources, and the degree of development. It is therefore necessary to perform a separate
analysis for each specific region, and within each region, each country in particular.
Integration and harmonization of the different national electricity markets has been placed on the agenda.
Particularly progressive signs show the Maghreb states Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia1. In 2003 they signed a
protocol for the stepwise integration of their power markets with the long-term objective of a common
electricity market with the European Union. Already today, the three Maghreb countries are electrically
interconnected with each other and are likewise synchronized with the European electricity network via an
undersea interlink between Morocco and Spain. Further projects for transmediterranean interconnections, as
well as ongoing construction of new interconnectors between the Maghreb countries indicates that an integrated
electricity market might become a realistic scenario in the future 3
.
3
EWI Working Paper, No. 10/02 The renewable energy targets of the Maghreb countries: Impact on electricity supply and conventional power
markets
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4 GLOBAL ENERGY SITUATION IN THE REGION
The report has been elaborated with information provided by KIC Innoenergy, information accessible via internet
from IEA, OECD, UNESCO, IRENA, IEREN, ADEREE, MASEN, CDER and from the Regional Center for Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency of the Arab region (RCREEE).
The RCREEE is an independent not-for-profit regional organization which aims to enable and increase the
adoption of renewable energy and energy efficiency practices in the Arab region. RCREEE teams with regional
governments and global organizations to initiate and lead clean energy policy dialogues, strategies, technologies
and capacity development in order to increase Arab states’ share of tomorrow’s energy.
The RCREEE was formally established June 25, 2008 through the signing of the "Cairo Declaration of Intentions on
Establishment of a Regional Centre for Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE)" by representatives of
its member states: Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen. The
overall objective of RCREEE is, through its interventions, to achieve:
a) rapid implementation of cost-effective policies and instruments for the increased penetration of renewable
energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) technologies and practices in member countries; and
b) increased market shares of companies and plants located in MENA-countries on the markets for technologies
and services related to RE and EE in the MENA and EU regions.
In an attempt to provide comprehensive analysis of Arab states' current states and capabilities in sustainable
energy, RCREEE works on various research and data analysis initiatives, like the publications of this energy
Efficiency and Renewables reports of their member states.
The information included below is an extract from various reports produced by this organism. A general overview
of the region, and an analysis to Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria are included. From the general overview can be
seen that different countries have very different energy characteristics, and therefore technological interests
may be very different from each other.
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Specific situation in Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria
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4.1 Tunisia4
.
4 RCREE. Country Profile - Energy Efficiency - Tunisia 2012.
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5
The total primary energy consumption in 2007 was 7.7 Mtoe, of which 14% were imported. In 2007 the two main
primary energy sources were petroleum products (54.6%) and natural gas (45.1%). The net electricity demand was
14.6 TWh in 2008, an increase of about 5% compared to 13.8 TWh in 2007. Tunisia’s electricity production is
heavily based on natural gas (95%) with a share of below 1% (in 2008) from renewable energy sources (mainly
hydro and wind power).
The installed generation capacity (without autoproducers) in 2008 totalled 3, 313 MW of which 3, 232 MW were
thermal power plants, 62 MW hydroelectric power stations and 19 MW wind farms. There are several power
plants in the planning and building stage, mainly natural gas plants.
Tunisia has some domestic oil and gas reserves. In 2007 the national output of crude oil and condensates was
34.6 million barrels and of natural gas about 2.2 billion cubic meters. Compared to the previous year the share of
imported energy in 2007 (in addition to the pipeline royalties) decreased by more than 90% due to a significant
increase of national primary energy production (+17%).
By 2030, seen from the side of natural potentials renewable energies could contribute nearly 20 Mtoe to the
nation’s primary energy supply. Wind power is considered the most promising. By 2011, the national government
aims to ramp up wind power capacity to 240 MW, currently (end 2009) there are 54 MW of wind turbines
operating. The national renewable energy strategy of Tunisia strives for an expansion of wind power to a 10%
share of the total installed electric capacity by 2030.
Energy efficiency improvements have led to a significant decline of the Tunisian energy intensity since the early
nineties. On average, energy intensity was reduced by 2% per year until 2007 with energy demand successively
being decoupled from economic growth.
The institutional framework for the support of renewable energies and energy efficiency in Tunisia is well
developed. Renewable energy is part of the responsibility of the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mines. It is
supported by the National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME), which plays an important role in fostering
research and development as well as designing and implementing policies and strategies. In the years 2004 and
2005 some important steps were taken, e.g. the establishment of the National Energy Conservation Fund.
Population
(million)
1
GDP (billion
US$2009)
1
GDP (PPP)
(billion
US$2009)
1
Energy
prod.
(Mtoe)
3
Net energy
imports incl.
royalties
(Mtoe)
3
T otal Primary
Energy
Supply
(TPES)
(Mtoe)
3
Elec.
demand
(TWh)
3
CO2 emiss.
(Mt of
CO2)
4
10.4 39.6 86.4 6.6 1.1 7.7 14.6
20.4
1
IMF (2009) International Monetary Fund
2
ETAP (2007). ENTREPRISE TUNISIENNE D'ACTIVITES PETROLIERES
3
STEG (2008) Société Tunisienne de l'Electricité et du Gaz
4
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only, IEA (2009)
5
RCREEE. Economical, Technological and Environmental Impact Assessment of National Regulations and Incentives for RE and EE: Country
Report Tunisia
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4.1.1 Tunisia. Energy Efficiency
The Tunisian government estimates the country’s energy saving potential at a cummulated 80 Mtoe until 2030. In
recent years, the Tunisian government has made considerable efforts to reap this potential. These efforts were
stimulated by a growing energy bill which currently covers 14% of the GDP compared to 10% in 2004 and less than
7% in 2000. Escalating expenditures for energy are mainly due to a rapid growth of energy demand. In 2007
industry (36%) and transportation (31%) were the largest national energy consumers whereas the tertiary (10%)
and the residential sector (16%) as well as agriculture (7%) accounted for smaller shares.
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4.1.2 Tunisia. Renewable Energy 6
Renewable energy is part of the responsibility of the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mines. It is supported by the
National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME), which plays an important role in fostering research and
development as well as designing and implementing policies and strategies.
The ANME launched in 2012, with the support of the European Union, a strategic study on the development of
renewable energies. This study define an action plan for the period 2014-2020 and provide strategic guidance for
2030, in line with the strategic choices already established in the framework of the strategy mix of electric and
Solar Plan Tunisia, which provide a penetration of renewables in electricity generation from 20% in 2020 and 30%
in 2030.
Tunisia has an energy dependence and structural energy deficit that has increased since the early 2000s.
Deficit that currently represents approximately 20% of primary energy consumption could reach 40% -60%
depending on the scenario of demand in 2030.
Energy costs in the country are around 14% of GDP, which is likely to significantly affect the competitiveness of
the Tunisian economy.
The electricity mix is very in-diverse with a strong reliance on natural gas, which currently represents over 99%
of the primary energy consumption of the sector.
In 2008, renewable energy contributed about 1.2% to Tunisia’s total primary energy consumption. In the power
sector, the share of renewable energy was 0.6% with the net contribution equally divided between hydro and
wind power. In 2008, installed capacities for power generation from wind turbines and hydro power plants
cumulated to 79 MW. Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is mainly used in individual photovoltaic kits; there are
a few small PV power stations providing electricity for remote rural villages. The installed capacity for solar
water heating (SWH) systems totalled 320, 000 m2. The renewable energy installed in 2012 (ANME) is presented
in the box below.
The solar thermal energy remains largely under exploited in comparison to other countries in the region. Indeed,
the penetration rate in Tunisia in 2012 is around 54 m2/1000 (45 in 2010) inhabitants, far behind countries such
as Cyprus, Israel and Jordan.
6
ANME. Plan d’action de développement des energies renouvelables en Tunisie
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The action plan establish the objectives to 2016, 2020 and 2030 for each technology
In order to improve the technical and economic integration of renewable energies in the national electricity
system, the action plan recommended that the program of construction of new conventional power technologies
provides enough flexibility to meet the increased demand fluctuations and strengthening the electrical grid.
Furthermore, it is proposed that the support program ANME research / development, including on systems of
short-term forecasting of wind and solar resources and intelligent systems for flexible management of the park.
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2014
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4.2 Morocco 7
7
RECREEE. Economical, Technological and Environmental Impact Assessment of National Regulations and
Incentives for RE and EE: Country Report Morocco
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Morocco is a net importer of energy. In 2008 it imported about 98% of its primary energy supply to satisfy a total
energy consumption of 14.7 Mtoe worth approximately DH 71 billion (US$2008 9.2 billion). In 2008 Morocco’s GDP
was DH 670.6 billion (US$2008 86.5 billion), i.e. the cost of energy imports amounted to 11% of the GDP. The
country has virtually no conventional oil or gas reserves: in 2008 the national output of crude oil and condensates
was 8.9 kt (or about 65, 200 barrels) and that of natural gas about 50 million cubic meters. In order to become
more independent of energy imports Morocco is investing heavily in onshore and offshore explorations and
surveys with a substantial part of the financial burden being carried by major international oil companies.
Primary energy sources are petroleum products (2008: 61%) and coal (26%). The remaining energy demand was
satisfied by imported electricity (7.5%) and natural gas (3.7%), renewable energy sources covered 2.1%.
The net electricity consumption was 24 TWh, an increase of about 6% compared to 22.6 TWh in 2007. Morocco’s
electricity production is heavily based on fossil fuels with a share of 7% from renewable energy sources (hydro
and wind power). Coal contributes more than 50% to electricity supply. The Moroccan power generation system
as well as its transmission and distribution grid were originally exclusively operated by the state owned Office
National de l’Electricité (ONE). Since 1999 efforts have been made to liberalize the power sector. There are now
several independent power producers who provide about 60% of the total electricity demand. The installed
generation capacity in 2007 totaled 5, 292 MW
Morocco has significant potential for solar power generation and wind farms.
The Moroccan government has launched the initiative “EnergiPro” which encourages companies to cover their
own electricity demand using renewable energy sources. Currently more than 250, 000 rural households are
equipped with solar home systems, in total 70, 000 SHS were installed; the total capacity amounts to 3 MW.
The country aims at providing 2, 000 MW capacity through concentrated solar power (CSP) plants by 2020 on IPP
basis. Some projects are already on the way, e.g. the Ouarzazate CSP plant is intended to have a capacity of 500
MW by 2015. If Morocco’s ambitious plans were realized, the share of renewable energies of the total electricity
consumption could be as high as 42% by 2020.
The long-term energy strategy of the Moroccan government aims at a 12% reduction in energy use by 2020 and
15% reduction by 2030 compared to the reference scenario based on the projected energy demand without
energy efficiency measures. Morocco’s short term energy efficiency priorities until 2012 are described in the Plan
Nationale des Actions Prioritaires. They include both specific measures, such as the introduction of low energy
lighting, as well as legal and structural reforms. There are first initiatives to introduce standards and labels.
Standards for solar water heaters have been defined based on European norms. The introduction of labels will be
under the responsibility of ADEREE, the agency that will shortly be created as the successor of CDER.
The institutional framework in the field of renewable energies is well developed in Morocco. However, this is not
yet the case for energy efficiency, which was neglected in former years. This will change with the creation of
ADEREE, an agency that will be responsible for renewables as well as efficiency. With a strong agency it seems
possible to realize the ambitious plans for sustainable energy system development.
Population
(million)1
GDP (billion
US$2009)1
GDP (PPP)
(billion
US$2009)1
Energy
prod.
(Mtoe)2
Net energy
imports
(Mtoe)2
Net energy
imports incl.
royalties
(Mtoe)2
Elec. demand
(TWh)2
CO2 emiss.
(Mt of CO2)3
31.2 90.5 138.2 0.4 14.3 14.7 24.0 40.8
1
IMF (2009) International Monetary Fund
2
ONHYM (2008a). Office Nationale des Hydrocarbures et des Mines
3
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only, IEA (2009)
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4.2.1 Morocco. Energy Efficiency
The demand for energy is expected to increase strongly, especially the demand for electricity. Demand for
primary energy is expected to increase at 5% per annum to 2030 and within that total electricity demand will
grow at 8%. The high rates of growth are attributed to the rapid economic development of the country, the
modernisation of agriculture and the expansion of the tourist industry. The supply side is mainly focused on the
construction and reinforcement of the electricity network with a strong emphasis on coal, but also sets ambitious
targets for renewables.
The strategy sets targets for energy efficiency of a 12% reduction in energy use by 2020 and a 15% reduction by
2030. These percentages are related to the expected energy demand at those dates in the absence of the energy
efficiency initiatives.
Share of Total Moroccan Energy saving potential by sector: Industry: 48%, transport: 23% residential: 19%,
tertiary: 10%
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4.2.2 Morocco. Renewable Energy
Morocco enjoys important national resources in the form of wind, hydro and solar that is as yet scarcely
exploited. Wind is especially attractive in the medium terms. Morocco has an excellent wind potential mainly in
the North and in the South: Essaouira, Tangier & Tetouan have an annual average between 9.5 & 11 m/s at 40
meters. Tarfaya, Taza & Dakhla have an annual average between 7.5 m/s & 9.5 m/s at 40 meters.
The government estimates that the potential for development in the medium-term is 7, 300 MW. Of this
resource, it is calculated that wind energy can be developed the most quickly and cheaply. According to the
“Centre de développement des énergies renouvelables” (CDER) the results of a study conducted with GTZ show
the wind potential is 5, 290 TWh/year (2, 645 GW) and the technical potential is 3, 264 TWh/year (1, 632 GW)
In November 2009 the government announced a ambitious programme for renewable energy, known as the
Integrated Solar Energy Generation Project. Under this plan, the part of installed capacity of renewable energy
in the power system will represent 42% of total installed capacity by 2020. The essence of the project is a
proposal to generate electricity from installations working on the basis of concentrated solar power (CSP).
The aim of the CSP component is an installed capacity of CSP of 2, 000 MW by 2019 on 5 sites covering 10, 000
hectares. The investment will be comprised of 3x500 MW plants and single plants of 100 MW and 400 MW. 400 MW
plants located; the capacity created would be equal to 38 % of the current total installed capacity in Morocco.
The generation from these plants would be 4500 GWh per year, corresponding to 18% of the current annual
generation. The cost, as estimated in the solar plan, would be 70 billion Moroccan dirhams ((9 billion US dollars).
The schedule is demanding; the first plant is to be commissioned in 2015 and the final component by the end of
2019. It is envisaged that the programme would save approximately 1 million toe per year, with a value at
present prices of about $ 500 million dollars and would save about 3.7 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions each year.
A dedicated agency is to be created for the implementation of this plan, to be known as Moroccan Agency for
Solar Energy. The tasks of the agency will be to:
•Manage the overall project, including design, choice of operators, implementation.
•Coordinate and supervise all the other activities related to this programme
The solar regime in Morocco is very good with on average 3, 000 hours per year of sun and 5.5. kWh/m2/day.
Support to the adoption of solar water heating has been offered through a programme PROMASOL that includes
among the instruments capital subsidies. The programme was carried out in cooperation with the UNDP and was
originally designed to start in 2000 with the overall aim of installing 100.000 m2 of collectors over a period of
four years. At the time the total installed capacity across the country was some 50, 000 m2. It was expected that
the programme would also lead to improvements in the quality of equipment, a reduction of cost, better
availability and a better supporting environment. As a consequence of various delays the programme actually
began in 2002; implementation was slower than expected and the programme was eventually extended to 2008;
it was managed by CDER.
The area of solar collectors in Morocco installed from 2002 to 2008 was about 140, 000 m2, so the overall target
was attained, albeit over a longer period than initially foreseen. The figures though are still disappointing. The
total installed capacity in the country is only 200, 000 m2 and the rate of installation is around 40, 000 m2. These
are both low compared to other countries in the region with similar solar regimes. Bottled gas is subsidised as
part of a programme to prevent deforestation by low income people using fuel-wood for cooking. It also means
that gas water heating is economically attractive and competes strongly with SWH.
New targets have been set for SWH of 1.7 million m2 by 2020. To achieve this PROMOSOL II will: in-+troduce a
new regime of incentives; continue to strengthen the quality of equipment and servicing; introduce a
promotional exercise for public buildings and the tertiary sector; continue with sensitisation and communication;
increase the supply and availability of equipment. A gas/solar hybrid plant is under construction in the East of
the country; it is a 472 MW plant owned by ONE of which the solar share is 20 MW. The solar component is a pilot
project essentially funded by a grant from the World Bank.
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4.2.3 Morocco. R&D strategy
The “Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et Energies Nouvelles”, IRESEN was created to bring the R&D in
applied sciences nationally , develop innovation and encourage networking. IRESEN also responsible for ensuring
the definition of research areas , to achieve, to fund and manage projects of research and development.
IRESEN is composed of seven founding members:
•ADEREE - l´Agence de Développement des Energies Renouvelables et de l´Efficacité Energétique,
•CNESTEN - le Centre National de l´Energie, des Sciences et des_Techniques Nucléaires,
•MASEN - Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy,
•OCP - Groupe OCP,
•ONE - l´Office Nationale de l´Electricité,
•ONHYM - l´Office National des Hydrocarbures et des Mines,
•SIE - la Société d´Investissement Energétique.
IRESEN gradually developing and expanding its field of operations and infrastructure based on demand and need
for R & D but ensures a support and support university research.
To meet its growing energy needs , Morocco has set an aggressive energy strategy which aims to :
•To secure the supply of energy in various forms.
•To ensure the availability and accessibility at any time prices optimized.
•To create a national renewable energy industry and support businesses.
•And protect the environment through the use of clean technologies.
The strategy puts renewable energy among the top priorities. They must reach 42 % of the installed power by
2020 , against 26 % currently. R & D takes place at this stage to support and strengthen the national strategy.
Strategic axes IRESEN8
•Implementation of devices to develop, coordinate and enhance the efficiency of research in the areas of solar
energy and new energy.
•Translation of the national strategy for R&D projects
•Achievement and participation in financing projects undertaken by research institutions and industry ,
•Valorisation and dissemination of results of research projects.
Thematics Research / Platforms and Infrastructure R&D
The IRESEN has defined the national strategy for research projects by technologies.
8
http://www.iresen.org/index-3.html
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Solar Energy:
Photovoltaic Solar Energy:
•Installation Platforms Research and Development ,
•Establishment of a laboratory photovoltaic (module and cells)
•Development of software simulation systems ,
•Technology of thin films,
•Technology concentrating photovoltaic systems ,
•Characterization of crystalline photovoltaics,
•BIPV.
CSP
•Installation platforms research and development.
•Modeling and optimization of systems,
•Technology parabolic trough ,
•Technology solar towers ,
•Technology Linear Fresnel reflectors ,
•CSP with ORC ,
•Software control and monitoring of heliostats
•Durability and maintenance of facilities in desert conditions
Solar Energy and Applications:
•Desalination of sea water by solar energy,
•Solar Air Conditioning - Steam generation from solar energy
•Electric Car / charge based solar- energy
Resources
•Development of model wind mapping resolution on the basis of evaluation of satellite images and
meteorological data,
•Development of model offshore wind mapping
•Development of software for optimizing sites for solar power plants and minimizing the variability of
returns ,
•Development of software for optimization of wind farm locations and minimizing the variability of
returns ,
•Short-term prediction of wind generation ,
•Predicting short-term production of solar power plants.
Wind energy:
•Software modeling sites
•Optimized Architecture of wind farms,
•Simulation and optimization of pale
•Evaluation of the impact of wind integration on a large scale ,
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Energy storage :
•Station of energy transfer pumping
•Thermal Energy Storage ,
•Chemical Energy Storage.
Energetic efficiency :
•Industrial heat recovery by organic Rankine cycle
•Energy efficiency in the building.
Electrical nerwork
•Integration of ENR network ,
•Manager Electrical systems. island with strong integration of renewable energy ,
•Intelligent Networks.
Other:
•Hydroelectric ,
•Biomass
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4.3 Algeria9
,10
9
RCREE. Country Profile - Energy Efficiency - Algeria 2012
10
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program March 2011. Ministère de l’énergie et des mines. SATINFO
Société du Groupe Sonelgaz.
http://portail.cder.dz/IMG/pdf/Renewable_Energy_and_Energy_Efficiency_Algerian_Program_EN.pdf
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Today, Algeria’s energy needs are met almost exclusively by hydrocarbons, mainly natural gas. The other forms
of energy are mobilized only when natural gas cannot be used. The long term extension of the national energy
consumption pattern can affect the existing supply-demand balance for this energy source.
The level of natural gas volumes, produced of the domestic market would be 45 billions m3 in 2020 and 55
billions m3 in 2030. Other volumes of natural gas are intended for export to help finance national economy.
Electricity consumption is expected to reach 75 to 80TWh in 2020 and 130 to 150TWh in 2030. The massive
integration of renewable sources in the energy mix represents a major challenge for preserving fossil resources,
diversifying electricity production systems and contributing to sustainable development.
Algeria has created a green momentum by launching an ambitious program to develop renewable energies (REn)
and promote energy efficiency. This program leans on a strategy focussed on developing and expanding the use
of inexhaustible resources, such as solar energy in order to diversify energy sources and prepares Algeria of
tomorrow. Through combining initiatives and the acquisition of knowledge, Algeria is engaged in a new age of
sustainable energy use.
Algeria’s reform objectives of bringing its market closer in line with international standards are built around an
electricity law enacted in 2002. As a direct consequence of the law, the state electricity and gas monopolist
Sonelgaz was forced to unbundle its activities, and an independent regulatory body was established. In the years
following Algeria’s electricity reform, several projects of independent power producers (IPP) – some even with
international equity participation – emerged in the country. Algeria’s renewable electricity goals.
All these considerations justify the strong integration, right today, of renewable energies in the strategy of long-
term energy offer, while granting an important role to energy savings and to energy efficiency.
4.3.1 Algeria. Energy Efficiency
The energy efficiency program is governed by Algeria’s commitment to promote a more responsible use of energy
and to investigate all the ways to protect the resources and systematize (explore all possible avenues for
conserving resources and systematizing) efficient and optimal consumption.
Energy efficiency aims to produce the same goods and services by using least possible energy (the less possible
energy). The program provides for measures that favour forms of energy most suitable for different uses and
require behavioural change and improved equipment.
The energy efficiency program consists mainly in the achievement of the following:
•Improving heat insulation of buildings.
•Developing solar water heating.
•Spreading the use of low energy consumption lamps.
•Substituting all mercury lamps by sodium lamps.
•Promoting LPG and NG fuels.
•Promoting co-generation.
•Conversing simple cycle power plants to combined cycle power plants, wherever possible.
•Developing solar cooling systems.
•Desalinating brackish water using renewable energy.
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4.3.2 Algeria. Renewable Energy
Algeria’s renewable electricity goals are set out as percentage values of overall power generation. As a short-
term goal, for 2017, the Algerian electricity regulatory commission (CREG 2008) published a 5 percent renewable
electricity target. In the long run, by 2030, Algeria expects to reach 20 percent overall renewable coverage, of
which 70 percent is generated by CSP, 20 percent by wind and 10 percent by PV (CIF 2009)11
.
The program to develop renewable energies consists of installing up to 22 000 MW of power generating capacity
from renewable sources between 2011 and 2030, of which 12 000 MW will be intended to meet the domestic
electricity demand and 10000 MW destined for export. This last option depends on the availability of a demand
that is ensured on the long term by reliable partners as well as on attractive external funding.
In this program, renewable energies are at the heart of Algeria’s energy and economic policies : It is expected
that about 40% of electricity produced for domestic consumption will be from renewable energy sources by 2030.
Algeria is indeed aiming to be a major actor in the production of electricity from solar photovoltaic and solar
power, which will be drivers of sustainable economic development to promote a new model of growth.
The national potential for renewable energy is strongly dominated by solar energy. Algeria considers this source
of energy as an opportunity and a lever for economic and social development, particularly through the
establishment of wealth and job-creating industries. The potential for wind, biomass, geothermal and
hydropower energies is comparatively very small. This does not, however, preclude the launch of several wind
farm development projects and the implementation of experimental projects in biomass and geothermal energy.
The renewable energy and energy efficiency program is organized in five chapters :
•Capacities to install by field of energy activity.
•Energy efficiency program.
•Industrial capacities to build in order to back up the program.
•Research and development.
•Incentives and regulatory measures.
The program provides for the development by 2020 of about sixty solar photovoltaic and concentrating solar
power plants, wind farms as well as hybrid power plants.
These program is a part of Algeria’s strategy, which is aimed at developing a genuine solar industry along with a
training and capitalization program that will ultimately enable the use of local engineering and establish efficient
know-how, including in the fields of engineering and project management. The renewable energy program to
meet domestic needs in electricity will generate several thousand of direct and indirect jobs.
Today, Algeria’s energy needs are met almost exclusively by hydrocarbons, mainly natural gas. The other forms
of energy are mobilized only when natural gas cannot be used. The long term extension of the national energy
consumption pattern can affect the existing supply-demand balance for this energy source.
The renewable energy development program has a national character affecting the majority of sectors. Its
implementation, under the aegis of the Ministry of Energy and Mines, is opened to both public and private
operators.
The government’s willingness to promote renewable energies is also reflected in the establishment of a
Commission for renewable energy, responsible to coordinate the national effort in this area.
11
EWI Working Paper, No. 10/02 The renewable energy targets of the Maghreb countries: Impact on electricity supply and conventional power
markets
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4.3.3 Algeria. Development of industrial capacity
In order to follow up and ensure the success of the renewable energy program, Algeria plans to strengthen the
industrial fabric to take a lead in the positive changes in the industrial and technological plans as well as in terms
of engineering and research. Algeria is also determined to invest in all creative segments of industry and develop
them locally.
For PV, industrial integration in Algeria is expected to reach 60% over the period 2011-2013. This ambitious
target will be achieved through the construction by “Rouiba-Eclairage”, a subsidiary of the Sonelgaz Group, of a
photovoltaic module manufacturing plant with a capacity equivalent to 120 MWp/per year, whose start up is
scheduled for late 2013.The period will also be marked by the implementation of measures to strengthen
engineering and business development support to the photovoltaic industry through a joint venture that will bring
together various stakeholders (Rouiba- Eclairage, Sonelgaz, CREDEG, CDER and UDTS) in partnership with
research centers.
The objective of the Algerian industry for the 2014-2020 period is to achieve a capacity integration level of 80%.
To do this, it is expected the construction of a plant for the manufacture of Silicon.
For solar thermal energy the industrial integration rate is expected to reach 50% over the 2014-2020 period
through the implementation of three major projects in parallel with actions for engineering capacity building,
and over the 2021-2030 period, the rate of integration should exceed 80%
In wind energy the objective for the 2014-2020 period is to attain an integration rate of 50%. The rate of
industrial integration is to exceed 80% over the 2021-2030 period with the expansion of wind tower and turbine
rotors production capacity and the development of a national subcontracting network for manufacturing the
nacelle equipment. There are also plans to design and build wind farms, power plants and brackish water
desalination plants using Algeria’s own resources.
4.3.4 Algeria. R&D strategy
Algeria fosters research to make of the renewable energy program a catalyst for developing a national industry.
In addition to the research centers affiliated to companies like Electricity and Gas
Research and Development Center (CREDEG), which is a subsidiary of Sonelgaz, the energy and mining sector has
an Agency for the Promotion and Rational Use of Energy (APRUE) and a company specialized in the development
of REn (NEAL). These bodies which cooperate with the research centers attached to the Ministry of Scientific
Research include CDER and UDTS.
CDER or Center for Renewable Energy Development is responsible for developing and implementing programs of
scientific and technological research and development of systems using solar, wind, geothermal and biomass
energies.
UDTS or Silicon Technology Development Unit conducts scientific research, technological innovation and
advanced and post-graduation training activities in the sciences and technologies of semiconductor materials and
processes applied to several areas including photovoltaics, detection, optoelectronics, photonics and energy
storage. UDTS actively contributes, in collaboration with several Algerian universities to developing knowledge
and technological know-how and processes as well as products necessary to economic and societal growth.
The Algerian government has also established an institute for renewable energy and energy
efficiency (IAER) which will play a key role in training efforts deployed by the country and ensures quality
development of renewable energies in Algeria. The training provided by the Institute cover areas including
engineering, safety and security, energy auditing and project management.
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5 ENERGY AGENCIES AND RESEARCH CENTERS ON ENERGY12
The same way as is essential to know the existing resources and policies promoted by governments, it is also
important to know the existence of agencies or organizations in these countries that are engaged in promoting
such policies, as well as research centers or industries in this sector that may be interested in the development
of technology projects in this field.
The Arab Future Energy IndexTM (AFEX) Energy Efficiency is a policy assessment and benchmark tool that aims to
provide a comprehensive assessment of the current state of energy efficiency (EE) and quality of EE governance
in the Arab region.
AFEX Energy Efficiency has been developed to:
•Provide systematic comprehensive assessment of EE progress in RCREEE member states.
•Benchmark countries’ performance in order to provide additional stimulus to strive towards EE.
•Effectively communicate the assessment results.
•Identify areas for possible intervention at the regional level to support EE efforts.
AFEX Energy Efficiency assesses four major areas:
•The current structure of energy pricing.
•States’ efforts and level of commitment in overcoming market, social and political barriers to EE through
strategies, policies and specific action plans.
•Institutional capacity to design, implement and evaluate EE policies.
•Efficiency of utility sector, including power generation efficiency, and efficiency in power transmission and
distribution networks.
AFEX Energy Efficiency is constructed in accordance with the OECD methodology for constructing composite
indicators (OECD, 2008). The conceptual framework of AFEX Energy Efficiency consists of four evaluation
categories relating to the index’s objectives: (1) Energy Pricing; (2) Policy Framework; (3) Institutional Capacity;
and (4) Utility.
The Institutional Capacity category assesses the capacity of states to formulate and successfully implement
EE policies. Strong institutional capacity is critical to ensuring the effectiveness of EE policies and programs.
It consists of three factors: (1) EE agency; (2) implementation capacity; and (3) monitoring and evaluation.
5.1 Dedicated Agency for Formulating and Implementing EE Policies
A designated EE agency constitutes “the heart of any system of energy efficiency governance”, the structure and
design of which ought to be carefully considered (IEA, 2010). An EE agency should be a dedicated body with a
strong capability to design, formulate, implement, and evaluate EE policies and programs. It should also be
capable to coordinate activities among various stakeholders and government institutions to ensure more efficient
use of existing human, capital and technical resources in achieving EE objectives (World Energy Council, 2008).
This factor has been assessed by an expert survey based on three criteria: (1) the actual existence of a dedicated
body responsible for developing and implementing EE policies and programs; (2) human, financial and technical
capacity of the agency; and (3) the output of the agency in terms of policy formulation and implementation.
5.1.1 Tunisia
National Agency for Energy Management (ANME)
Brief Description:
ANME was established in 1986, with current staff of around 135 people. Main activities of ANME include various
initiatives in all economy sectors:
•Participate in the creation and implementation of national EE programs with the following main actions:
compulsory and periodic energy audits, prior consultation for projects that consume a significant amount of
12
AFEX
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energy, co-generation, labeling of equipment and apparatus, thermal regulation for buildings, rational energy
use in public lighting, diagnostics of automotive engines, mobility plans for large cities, RE promotion and energy
substitution.
•Propose legislation and conduct studies such as a strategic study on EE in 2005; information system on the
rationalization of the use of energy and environment in 2006; the study of co-generation development and tri-
generation in Tunisia; the study of EE development in agriculture and fishing sectors; study on the energy and
thermal retrofitting of existing buildings; the study of RE generation by 2030 and the inventory of GHG emissions
due to energy and industrial processes.
•Managing the national fund for the rationalization of energy use, aiming at incentivizing EE. Technical
demonstration and support of R&D through the Federated Research Projects (Projets de Recherche Fédérés -
PRF) namely the PRF solar heating, PRF solar desalination techniques mastering, PRF solar cooling and PRF solar
drying for agricultural products.
Supporting Energy Research Institution:
•Mechanical and Electrical Industries Technical Center (CETIME) Technical Centre for Wood Industry and
Furniture (CETIBA) Technical Centre for Building Materials, Ceramics and Glass (CTMCCV) - Construction Testing
and Techniques Center (CETEC).
5.1.2 Morocco
National Agency for the Development of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ADEREE)
Brief Description:
•ADEREE was established in 1982, with current staff of around 131 people. Main activities include:
•Developing a program to improve EE in the building sector. The program benefits from EUR 10 million of
financial support from the EU Commission to demonstrate EE measures. ADEREE completed the first stage of the
program on the development of technical specifications for thermal regulations for buildings, estimating
potential socio-economic, environmental and energy impact of thermal regulations. Currently, nine
demonstration projects are currently under construction in six climatic zones in Morocco.
•Implementing a program to encourage EE in the industrial sector (PPEI), which includes various EE measures
targeting 360 companies.
•Preparing minimum energy performance standards with appropriate labeling schemes for refrigerators and air
conditioners
•International cooperation, particularly with the AACID (Agence Andalouse de Coopération Internationale au
Développement) and the Junta de Andualucia (Spain) on the implementation of two projects related to
electrification of rural schools with PV, replacing inefficient light bulbs, installation of solar water heaters in
public buildings, hospitals and schools.
The “Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et Energies Nouvelles”, IRESEN
Brief Description:
IRESEN was created to bring the R&D in applied sciences nationally , develop innovation and encourage
networking. IRESEN also responsible for ensuring the definition of research areas , to achieve, to fund and
manage projects of research and development.
IRESEN gradually developing and expanding its field of operations and infrastructure based on demand and need
for R & D but ensures a support and support university research.
To meet its growing energy needs , Morocco has set an aggressive energy strategy which aims to :
•To secure the supply of energy in various forms.
•To ensure the availability and accessibility at any time prices optimized.
•To create a national renewable energy industry and support businesses.
•And protect the environment through the use of clean technologies.
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The “Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy”, MASEN13
Brief Description:
Founded in March 2010, the company aims at implementing a program for the development of integrated
electricity production projects from solar energy with a minimum total capacity of 2000 MW.
Objectives:
Implementation of the program of integrated projects for generating electricity from solar energy comprising:
•Solar power generation plants;
•Achievements and related activities contributing to the development of settlement areas and countries
Mission:
•The design of integrated solar development projects in the areas of Morocco which are capable of hosting the
plants for the production of electricity from solar energy.
•Conducting the technical, economic and financial studies which are necessary to the qualification of the sites,
the design the realization and the exploitation of the solar projects.
•The contribution to research and to the raising of the funding necessary to the realization and to the
exploitation of the solar projects.
•Proposing to the Moroccan administration modes of industrial integration for each solar project.
•The project management for the realization of the solar projects.
•The realization of the infrastructures allowing the connection of the said power plants to the electricity
transportation grid, as well as the infrastructures allowing to supply them with water , subject to the powers
granted in connection therewith by the legislation in force to any other public or private law entity.
•The promotion of the program with national foreign investors.
•The contribution to the development of applied research and to the promotion of the technological innovations
tin the solar subsectors of electricity production.
•The contribution to the creation of specialized training curricula in the field of solar energy in partnership with
the schools of engineers, the universities and the vocational training centers.
•By the same token, the company is empowered, in general, to conduct all industrial, commercial, real estate,
stock exchange and financial operations necessary or useful to the realization of its corporate purpose.
Supporting Energy Research Institution:
National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST).
5.1.3 Algeria
National Agency for the Promotion and Rationalization of Use of Energy (APRUE)
Brief Description:
APRUE was established in 1985, with current staff of around 50 people. Main activities of APRUE include:
•Implementation of program Eco-Lumiere: distribution of one million energy efficient light bulbs (CFLs).
Implementation and follow-up on National Program on the Rationalization of Use of Energy (PNME) for 2011-2013,
which includes activities on thermal insulation of buildings, development of solar heating, widespread use of
energy efficient light bulbs, introduction of EE in public lighting, introduction of EE in the industrial facilities,
increased use of LPG and pilot projects on solar cooling.
•Funding EE projects through the FNME (Fond National pour la Maîtrise de l’Energie) mainly through giving
credits, soft loans and loan guarantees.
13
MASEN. http://www.masen.org.ma
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Supporting Energy Research Institution:
•Algerian Institute for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (IAEREE).
•Center of Research and Development on Electricity and Gas (CREDEG)
•“Société spécialisée dans le développement des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables” (NEAL).
•“Centre de développement des énergies renouvelables “ (CDER).
•“Unité de développement de la technologie du silicium” (UDT).
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6 TECHNOLOGY ROADMAPS
6.1 Energy efficiency priorities14
Households, SMEs and the building sector should be the priority targets of an effective energy-efficiency and
DSM policy. They represent a major share of energy consumption and they have substantial potential for energy
efficiency gains at low cost. In particular, the introduction of eco-labelling and technical, mandatory, standard
regulations on consumption for equipment and appliances concerning cooling, heating, lighting and industrial
machinery have proven to be the most effective and durable at low (or even negative) costs. Supporting the
purchase/installation of proven, small equipment based on renewable energy sources (solar water heaters and
PV) by these sectors should also be at the top of the agenda.
6.2 Renewable energy
Renewable energy projects, due to their intermittency (now well forecasted days ahead), require the
reinforcement of grids (especially with the use of software for grid management and weather forecasts) to
enable their integration into larger, interconnected electricity networks and markets, therefore further fostering
the integration of the SEMCs (southern and eastern Mediterranean countries).
Part of the renewable electricity could also be exported to Europe via HVDC (high voltage direct current)
electricity interconnections.
Renewable energy projects could develop significant new industry and service sectors (e.g. installers), leading to
local job creation and manufacturing developments. By sharing manufacturing facilities and therefore exploiting
larger economies of scale, south– south cooperation could be promoted. This is particularly important in a region
that presently has a low level of intra-regional trade.
The economic and industrial development consequent to the large-scale implementation of renewable energy
projects in the SEMCs could have several positive spillovers for the EU, such as preventing migratory flows,
creating new markets and securing the existing energy infrastructure in the Mediterranean.
Renewable energy and energy-efficiency projects in the SEMCs could become a stimulus for enhanced Euro-
Mediterranean cooperation in socio-economic areas, similar to the case of the European Coal and Steel
Community, which sparked Europe’s post-World War II integration.
It is important to avoid focusing solely on large- scale renewable energy projects, but also to firmly develop
decentralised systems, such as solar water heaters and rural PV systems. These systems are cost-efficient, but
nevertheless need to be promoted. Best practices already exist in some SEMCs, such as Israel, the Palestinian
territories, Tunisia and Morocco.
Towards a new structure of regional and interconnected markets
The core challenge to the production and trade of renewable energy in the SEMCs is that the development of the
electricity supply system is limited by the lack of a regional market, largely due to energy price gaps and
subsidies. The rigidities that this imposes mean that existing infrastructure is not used optimally, investment in
new infrastructure is distorted and probably hindered, and the development of renewable energy is delayed.
14
MEDPRO – Prospective Analysis for the Mediterranean Region
MEDPRO – Mediterranean Prospects – is a consortium of 17 highly reputed institutions from throughout the
Mediterranean funded under the EU’s 7th Framework Programme and coordinated by the Centre for European
Policy Studies based in Brussels. At its core, MEDPRO explores the key challenges facing the countries in the
Southern Mediterranean region in the coming decades. Towards this end, MEDPRO will undertake a prospective
analysis, building on scenarios for regional integration and cooperation with the EU up to 2030 and on various
impact assessments. A multidisciplinary approach is taken to the research, which is organised into seven fields of
study: geopolitics and governance; demography, health and ageing; management of environment and natural
resources; energy and climate change mitigation; economic integration, trade, investment and sectoral analyses;
financial services and capital markets; human capital, social protection, inequality and migration. By carrying out
this work, MEDPRO aims to deliver a sound scientific underpinning for future policy decisions at both domestic
and EU levels.
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For renewable energy to contribute most effectively to the development of the SEMCs, it must be embedded in a
functioning, regional electricity market that permits the exchange of power in substantial volumes, has no
barriers to trade and is friendly to private investment. The exchange of energy is to the benefit of both buyer
and seller: it enables both parties to balance portfolios of generating assets, it can alleviate some of the
disadvantages of non-dispatchable and intermittent supplies, and it can permit joint ventures to share risks. Such
a market does not yet exist across the SEMCs. There is neither the infrastructure nor the regulatory and
legislative framework that would be necessary for a regional market to function correctly.
Indeed, electricity interconnection remains a key issue for energy cooperation in the region. It is of crucial
importance to reinforce the national transmission lines in the SEMCs, which are often weak, as well as
interconnections between these countries. Since the late 1990s, the two shores of the Mediterranean have been
connected through a line across the Strait of Gibraltar; however, the electricity interconnection between the two
shores needs to be further reinforced. Moreover, non- technical (commercial) distribution losses remain at very
high levels (up to 40% in Lebanon and 20% in Algeria) at the expense of paying customers and distributors. In this
sector, an increasing role will be played by the Mediterranean transmission system operators (Med-TSO).
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7 WIND ENERGY ROADMAPS
7.1 IEA Technology Roadmap 2013: Wind Energy15
Additionally to its role within the portfolio of energy technologies to mitigate energy-related greenhouse gas
emissions, wind power provides additional benefits such as pollution reduction, enhanced security of energy
supply and economic growth. The objective of the Wind Roadmap is to identify actions to encourage the rapid,
enhanced research, design, development and deployment on wind power, both on land and offshore.
The roadmap has been compiled with inputs from a wide range of stakeholders in the wind industry and the
wider power sector, power system operators, research and development (R&D) institutions, finance, and
government institutions. Two workshops were held to identify technological and deployment issues.
7.1.1 Key findings and actions
Since 2008, wind power deployment has more than doubled, approaching 300 gigawatts (GW) of cumulative
installed capacities, led by China (75 GW), the United States (60 GW) and Germany (31 GW). Wind power now
provides 2.5% of global electricity demand – and up to 30% in Denmark, 20% in Portugal and 18% in Spain. Policy
support has been instrumental in stimulating this tremendous growth.
Progress over the past five years has boosted energy yields (especially in low-wind-resource sites) and reduced
operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. Land-based wind power generation costs range from USD 60 per
megawatt hour (USD/MWh) to USD 130/MWh at most sites. It can already be competitive where wind resources
are strong and financing conditions are favourable, but still requires support in most countries. Offshore wind
technology costs levelled off after a decade-long increase, but are still higher than land-based costs.
This roadmap targets 15% to 18% share of global electricity from wind power by 2050, a notable increase
from the 12% aimed for in 2009. The new target of 2 300 GW to 2 800 GW of installed wind capacity will
avoid emissions of up to 4.8 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.
Achieving these targets requires rapid scaling up of the current annual installed wind power capacity (including
repowering), from 45 GW in 2012 to 65 GW by 2020, to 90 GW by 2030 and to 104 GW by 2050. The annual
investment needed would be USD 146 billion to USD 170 billion.
The geographical pattern of deployment is rapidly changing. While countries belonging to the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) led early wind development, from 2010 non-OECD
countries installed more wind turbines. After 2030, non- OECD countries will have more than 50% of global
installed capacity.
While there are no fundamental barriers to achieving – or exceeding – these goals, several obstacles could delay
progress including costs, grid integration issues and permitting difficulties.
This roadmap assumes the cost of energy from wind will decrease by as much as 25% for land- based and 45%
for offshore by 2050 on the back of strong research and development (R&D) to improve design, materials,
manufacturing technology and reliability, to optimise performance and to reduce uncertainties for plant
output. To date, wind power has received only 2% of public energy R&D funding: greater investment is
needed to achieve wind’s full potential.
As long as markets do not reflect climate change and other environmental externalities, accompanying the cost
of wind energy to competitive levels will need transitional policy support mechanisms.
To achieve high penetrations of variable wind power without diminishing system reliability, improvements are
needed in grid infrastructure and in the flexibility of power systems as well as in the design of electricity
markets.
To engage public support for wind, improved techniques are required to assess, minimise and mitigate social and
environmental impacts and risks. Also, more vigorous communication is needed on the value of wind energy and
the role of transmission in meeting climate targets and in protecting water, air and soil quality.
15
EA Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy 2013
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7.1.2 Key actions in the next ten years
Set long-term targets, supported by predictable mechanisms to drive investment and to apply appropriate carbon
pricing.
Address non-economic barriers. Advance planning of new plants by including wind power in long-term land and
maritime spatial planning; develop streamlined procedures for permitting; address issues of land-use and sea-use
constraints posed by various authorities (environment, building, traffic, defence and navigation).
Strengthen research, development and demonstration (RD&D) efforts and financing. Increase current public
funding by two- to five- fold to drive cost reductions of turbines and support structures, to increase performance
and reliability (especially in offshore and other new market areas) and to scale up turbine technology for
offshore.
Adapt wind power plant design to specific local conditions (e.g. cold climates and low-wind sites),
penetration rates, grid connection costs and the effects of variability on the entire system.
Many countries, particularly in emerging regions, are only just beginning to develop wind energy. Accordingly,
milestone dates should be considered as indicative of urgency, rather than as absolutes. Individual countries will
have to choose what to prioritise in the rather comprehensive action lists, based on their mix of energy and
industrial policies.
Improve processes for planning and permitting transmission across large regions; modernise grid operating
procedures (e.g. balancing area co-ordination and fast-interval dispatch and scheduling); increase power system
flexibility using ancillary services from all (also wind) generation and demand response; and expand and improve
electricity markets, and adapt their operation for variable generation.
Increase public acceptance by raising awareness of the benefits of wind power (including emission reductions,
security of supply and economic growth), and of the accompanying need for additional transmission.
Enhance international collaboration in R&D and standardisation, large-scale testing harmonisation, and improving
wind integration. Exchange best practices to help overcome deployment barriers.
7.1.3 LCOE
The LCOE of wind energy can vary significantly according to the quality of the wind resource, the investment
cost, O&M requirements, the cost of capital, and also the technology improvements leading to higher capacity
factors.
Turbines recently made available with higher hub heights and larger rotor diameters offer increased energy
capture. This counterbalances the decade- long increase in investment costs, as the LCOE of recent turbines is
similar to that of projects installed in 2002/03. For some sites, LCOEs of less than USD 50/MWh have been
announced; this is true of the recent Brazil auctions and some private-public agreements signed in the United
States. Technology options available today for low-wind speed – tall, long-bladed turbines with greater swept
area per MW – reduce the range of LCOE across wind speeds. More favourable terms for turbine purchasers, such
as faster delivery, less need for large frame agreement orders, longer initial O&M contract durations, improved
warranty terms and more stringent performance guarantees, have also helped reduce costs (Wiser and Bolinger,
2013).
Higher wind speeds off shore mean that plants can produce up to 50% more energy than land-based ones, partly
offsetting the higher investment costs. However, being in the range of USD 136/MWh to USD 218/MWh, the LCOE
seen in offshore projects constructed in 2010-12 is still high compared to land-based (JRC, 2012; Crown Estate,
2012b). This reflects the trend of siting plants farther from the shore and in deeper waters, which increases the
foundation, grid connection and installation costs. Costs of financing have also been higher for larger deals at
new sites, as investors perceive higher risk.
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7.1.4 Potential for cost reductions
The main metric for improvements of technology is the cost for produced energy, for a certain site holding
constant the quality of wind resource. This will take into account both the improvements in extraction of energy
as well as in the design for producing the equipment with cost efficient material use.
The European Wind Initiative (EWI) targets competitive land-based wind by 2020 and offshore by 2030, as well as
reducing the average cost of wind energy by 20% by 2020 (in comparison to 2009 levels). The cost
competitiveness will depend on costs of other technologies as well, and assumes that externalities of fossil fuels
are incorporated.
A compilation of trends from various publications is summarised in Wind IA Task 26 (2012) where most LCOE
estimates anticipate 20% to 30% reduction by 2030.
Technology innovation, which will continue to improve energy capture, reduce the cost of components, lower
O&M needs and extend turbine lifespan, remains a crucial driver for reducing LCOE (see Wind power technology).
Larger markets will improve economies of scale, and manufacturing automation with stronger supply chains can
yield further cost reductions.
Given its earlier state of development, offshore wind energy is likely to see faster reductions in cost. Foundations
and grid connection comprise a larger share of total investment cost, with foundations having substantial cost-
reduction potential. Greater reliability, availability and reduced O&M cost are particularly important for offshore
development as access can be difficult and expensive.
The 2DS assumes a learning rate3 for wind energy of 7% on land and 9% off shore up to 2050, leading to an overall
cost reduction of 25% by 2050. Offshore investment costs are assumed to fall by 37% by 2030, and by 45% in 2050
(Figure 15). The analyses assume a 20% reduction of onshore O&M costs by 2030, rising to 23% by 2050. Larger
reductions are anticipated for offshore O&M costs, of 35% in 2030 and 43% in 2050.
The cost of generating energy is expected to decrease by 26% on land and 52% off shore by 2050, assuming
capacity factor increases from 26% to 31% on land and 36% to 42% off shore. All figures anticipate that improved
wind turbine technology and better resource knowledge will more than offset the possible saturation of excellent
sites.
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2DS: 2°C Scenario
7.1.5 Wind technology development: actions and time frames
Increased efforts in wind technology R&D are essential to realising the vision of this roadmap, with a main focus
on reducing the investment costs and increasing performance and reliability to reach a lower LCOE. Good
resource and performance assessments are also important to reduce financing costs.
Wind energy technology is already proven and making progress. No single element of onshore turbine design is
likely to reduce dramatically the cost of energy in the years ahead. Design and reliability can be improved in
many areas, however; when taken together, these factors will reduce both cost of energy and the uncertainties
that stifle investment decisions. Greater potential for cost reductions, or even technology breakthrough, exists in
the offshore sector.
Actions related to technology development fall into three main categories:
•Wind power technology: turbine technology and design with corresponding development of system design and
tools, advanced components, O&M, reliability and testing;
•Wind characteristics: assessment of wind energy resource with resource estimates for siting, wind and
external conditions for the turbine technology, and short-term forecasting methods;
•Supply chains, manufacturing and installation issues.
In light of continually evolving technology, continued efforts in standards and certification procedures will be
crucial to ensure the high reliability and successful deployment of new wind power technologies. Mitigating
environmental impacts is also important to pursue.
This roadmap draws from the Wind IA Long-term R&D Needs report, which examines most technology
development areas in more detail (Wind IA, forthcoming).
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7.1.6 Wind power technology
Cost reduction is the main driver for technology development but others include grid compatibility, acoustic
emissions, visual appearance and suitability for site conditions (EWI, 2013). Reducing the cost of components, as
well as achieving better performance and reliability (thereby optimising O&M), all result in reducing the cost of
energy.
System design Time frames
1. Wind turbines for diverse operating conditions: specific designs for
cold and icy climates, tropical cyclones and low-wind conditions.
Ongoing. Commercial-scale
prototypes by 2015.
2. Systems engineering: to provide an integrated approach to optimising
the design of wind plants from both performance and cost optimisation
perspectives.
Ongoing. Complete by 2020.
3. Wind turbine and component design: improve models and tools to
include more details and improve accuracy.
Ongoing. Complete by 2020.
5. Floating offshore wind plants: numerical design tools and novel
designs for deep offshore.
Ongoing. Complete by 2025.
4. Wind turbine scaling: 10 MW to 20 MW range turbine design to push
for improved component design and references for offshore conditions.
Ongoing. Complete by 2020-25.
Advanced components Time frames
6. Advanced rotors: smart materials and stronger, lighter materials to
enable larger rotors; improved aerodynamic models, novel rotor
architectures and active blade elements
Ongoing. Complete by 2025.
8. Support structures: new tower materials, new foundations for deep
waters and floating structures.
Ongoing. Complete by 2025.
7. Drive-train and power electronics: advanced generator designs;
alternative materials for rare earth magnets and power electronics;
improved grid support through power electronics; reliability
improvements of gearboxes.
Ongoing. Complete by 2025.
9. Wind turbine and wind farm controls: to reduce loads
and aerodynamic losses.
Ongoing. Complete by 2020-25.
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Mapping of existing RE&EE roadmaps energy efficiency

  • 1. 1 DELIVERABLE Project Acronym: MAGHRENOV Grant Agreement number: 609453 Project Title: Convergence between EU and MAGHREB MPC innovation systems in the field of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (RE&EE) – A test-bed for fostering Euro Mediterranean Innovation Space (EMIS) D3.1 MAPPING OF EXISTING RE&EE ROADMAPS ADAPTED TO THE REGION Version: 1.0 Authors: Encarna Baras Marín (KIC SE) Internal Reviewers: Antoni Martinez (KIC SE) Josep Bordonau (UPC) Abdelhak Chaibi (R&D Maroc) Hélène Ben Khemis (ANME) Dissemination Level P Public X C Confidential, only for members of the consortium and the Commission Services
  • 2. 2 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1   Revision History .................................................................................................................5   2   Executive Summary.............................................................................................................6   3   Introduction and global context ..............................................................................................7   4   Global energy situation in the region...................................................................................... 11   4.1   Tunisia..................................................................................................................... 16   4.1.1   Tunisia. Energy Efficiency ........................................................................................... 19   4.1.2   Tunisia. Renewable Energy ......................................................................................... 22   4.2   Morocco ................................................................................................................... 27   4.2.1   Morocco. Energy Efficiency .......................................................................................... 30   4.2.2   Morocco. Renewable Energy......................................................................................... 34   4.2.3   Morocco. R&D strategy ............................................................................................... 38   4.3   Algeria, .................................................................................................................... 41   4.3.1   Algeria. Energy Efficiency............................................................................................ 43   4.3.2   Algeria. Renewable Energy .......................................................................................... 47   4.3.3   Algeria. Development of industrial capacity...................................................................... 49   4.3.4   Algeria. R&D strategy................................................................................................. 49   5   Energy AgencIes and Research centers on Energy ....................................................................... 50   5.1   Dedicated Agency for Formulating and Implementing EE Policies ............................................... 50   5.1.1   Tunisia .................................................................................................................. 50   5.1.2   Morocco ................................................................................................................. 51   5.1.3   Algeria .................................................................................................................. 52   6   Technology Roadmaps........................................................................................................ 54   6.1   Energy efficiency priorities ............................................................................................ 54   6.2   Renewable energy ....................................................................................................... 54   7   Wind Energy Roadmaps ...................................................................................................... 56   7.1   IEA Technology Roadmap 2013: Wind Energy ....................................................................... 56   7.1.1   Key findings and actions ............................................................................................. 56   7.1.2   Key actions in the next ten years................................................................................... 57   7.1.3   LCOE..................................................................................................................... 57   7.1.4   Potential for cost reductions ........................................................................................ 58   7.1.5   Wind technology development: actions and time frames....................................................... 59   7.1.6   Wind power technology .............................................................................................. 60   7.1.7   Special considerations for offshore development ................................................................ 61   7.1.8   Wind characteristic assessment..................................................................................... 63   7.1.9   Supply chains, manufacturing and installation ................................................................... 65   7.1.10   System integration: actions and time frames ................................................................... 65   7.1.11   Plan and deploy regional super grids and offshore grids....................................................... 66   7.1.12   Reliable system operation with large shares of wind energy ................................................. 66   7.2   KIC INNOENERGY Technology Roadmap 2013: Wind Energy....................................................... 68   7.3   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy ...................................................................... 71   7.3.1   Strategic objective.................................................................................................... 71   7.3.2   Industrial sector objective........................................................................................... 71   7.3.3   Technology objectives................................................................................................ 71   8   PV Roadmaps .................................................................................................................. 73   8.1   IEA Technology Roadmap 2010: PV ................................................................................... 73   8.1.1   Key findings and actions ............................................................................................. 73   8.1.2   Technology performance and cost.................................................................................. 74  
  • 3. 3 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 8.1.3   LCOE..................................................................................................................... 74   8.1.4   Applications and market end-use sectors ......................................................................... 75   8.1.5   Cost reduction goals .................................................................................................. 75   8.1.6   PV market deployment and competitiveness levels ............................................................. 76   8.1.7   Technology development: Strategic goals and milestones...................................................... 77   8.1.7.1   Specific technology goals and R&D issues. Crystalline silicon ............................................... 78   8.1.7.2   Specific technology goals and R&D issues. Thin films......................................................... 79   8.1.7.3   Specific technology goals and R&D issues. Emerging technologies and novel concepts ................. 79   8.1.7.4   Specific technology goals and R&D issues. CPV ................................................................ 80   8.2   KIC INNOENERGY Technology Roadmap 2013: PV Energy.......................................................... 81   8.3   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: PV .................................................................................. 82   8.3.1.1   Strategic objective ................................................................................................. 82   8.3.2   Industrial sector objective........................................................................................... 82   8.3.3   Technology objectives................................................................................................ 82   9   CSP Roadmaps ................................................................................................................. 83   9.1   IEA Technology Roadmap: CSP 2010 .................................................................................. 83   9.1.1   Key findings and actions ............................................................................................. 86   9.1.2   LCOE..................................................................................................................... 87   9.1.3   Technology development: Strategic goals and milestones...................................................... 87   9.1.4   Deployment in developing economies.............................................................................. 88   9.2   KIC INNOENERGY Technology Roadmap 2013: CSP Energy ........................................................ 89   9.3   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: CSP ................................................................................ 90   9.3.1   Strategic objective.................................................................................................... 90   9.3.2   Industrial sector objective........................................................................................... 90   9.3.3   Technology objectives................................................................................................ 90   10   Ocean Roadmaps ............................................................................................................ 92   10.1   IEA (OES) Technology Roadmap 2012: Ocean ...................................................................... 92   10.1.1   Key findings and actions ............................................................................................ 92   10.1.2   LCOE ................................................................................................................... 93   10.1.3   Technology challenges .............................................................................................. 93   10.2   KIC Innoenergy Technology Roadmap 2013: Ocean ............................................................... 94   11   Bioenergy Roadmaps ........................................................................................................ 95   11.1   IEA Technology Roadmap 2012: Bioenergy ......................................................................... 95   11.1.1   Key findings and actions ............................................................................................ 95   11.1.2   Economics today ..................................................................................................... 97   11.1.3   Electricity generation technology options and costs ........................................................... 97   11.1.4   Heat production options and costs ................................................................................ 99   11.1.5   Applications and market end-use sectors ....................................................................... 100   11.1.6   Milestones for technology improvements ....................................................................... 101   11.1.7   Bioenergy in developing countries ............................................................................... 102   11.1.8   Near-term actions for stakeholders .............................................................................. 104   11.2   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: Bioenergy ...................................................................... 106   11.2.1   Strategic objective ................................................................................................. 106   11.2.2   Industrial sector objective ........................................................................................ 106   11.2.3   Technology objectives ............................................................................................. 106   12   Energy Efficiency SMART CITIES Roadmaps............................................................................. 108   12.1   KIC Innoenergy Intelligent Energy Efficient Buildings and Cities Strategy and Roadmap 2013............ 108   12.1.1   Market challenges and business drivers ......................................................................... 108   12.1.2   Technologies to address those challenges ...................................................................... 108   12.1.3   Roadmap: Overview ................................................................................................ 109  
  • 4. 4 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 12.2   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: Smart Cities ................................................................... 113   12.2.1   Strategic objective ................................................................................................. 113   12.2.2   Specific objectives.................................................................................................. 113   12.2.3   Buildings: .......................................................................................................... 113   12.2.4   Energy networks.................................................................................................. 113   12.3   EeB PPP Energy Efficient Buildings Roadmap 2010............................................................... 114   12.3.1   Strategic objectives ................................................................................................ 115   12.3.2   Key challenges for a long term strategy......................................................................... 115   12.4   IEA Renewable Heating & Cooling 2011............................................................................ 118   12.4.1   Key findings and actions ........................................................................................... 118   12.4.2   Solar resources ...................................................................................................... 119   12.4.3   Costs of solar heating and cooling (USD/MWhth) .............................................................. 120   12.4.4   Deployment of solar heating and cooling to 2050 ............................................................. 121   12.4.5   Technology development: actions and milestones. Solar heat .............................................. 125   12.4.6   Technology development: actions and milestones. Concentrating solar for heat applications......... 125   12.4.7   Technology development: actions and milestones. Solar heat for cooling ................................ 126   12.4.8   Technology development: actions and milestones. Thermal storage....................................... 127   12.4.9   Technology development: actions and milestones. Hybrid applications and advanced technologies . 127   12.5   RHC Platform Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda for Renewable Heating & Cooling ............. 128   12.5.1   RHC Strategic objectives .......................................................................................... 129   12.5.2   Synoptic tables of research and innovation priorities by RHC technology type........................... 133   13   Smart Grids Roadmaps..................................................................................................... 136   13.1   SET PLAN Technology Roadmap: Smart GRIDS . ETP Smart Grids Roadmap 2012 ........................... 136   13.1.1   Key drivers and challenges ........................................................................................ 136   13.1.2   SmartGrids 2035 Technological Priorities ....................................................................... 138   13.1.3   The SRA 2035 Research Areas with tasks and research topics ............................................... 139   13.2   KIC Innoenergy Smart Grids Roadmap.............................................................................. 140   13.2.1.1   Market challenges and business drivers....................................................................... 140   13.2.2   Roadmap: Smart Distribution Networks ......................................................................... 141   13.2.3   Roadmap: Smart Transmission Networks........................................................................ 142   13.2.4   Roadmap: Storage as a Tool for Network Flexibility .......................................................... 143   14   References................................................................................................................... 144   15   IEA and European Technology Roadmaps links......................................................................... 145   16   KIC InnoEnergy ROADMAPS ................................................................................................ 146  
  • 5. 5 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 1 REVISION HISTORY Revision Date Author Organization Description 0.1 17/02/2014 Encarna Baras KIC SE Initial draft 0.2 25/02/2014 Encarna Baras KIC SE Revision draft 0.3 27/02/2014 Encarna Baras KIC SE Integrating of revision remarks 1.0 27/02/2014 Encarna Baras KIC SE Final Version
  • 6. 6 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents a Mapping of Possible Regional RE&EE Roadmaps of Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria, and include informations about the energy situation and energy strategy of each country, renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies, technology roadmaps (SET Plan and KIC Innoenergy), and a preliminary analysis if the fit of the existing roadmaps in the region. The document is divided into two separate blocks. The first section presents information on the energy situation in the Maghreb region, in general, and also in particular, in the three countries -Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria-. It also includes the strategies for energy efficiency and renewable energy published by each country, some considerations concerning general aspects of energy development in Africa, and also about the need to develop infrastructures that enable development of these technologies. The second block includes the technology roadmaps in renewables and energy efficiency recently published. Selected roadmaps are those that include technological development objectives in the field of the European Union, and those published by the International Energy Agency. The adaptation of these roadmaps to each country depend largely, besides the strategic commitment of each country in the development and implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency, of the energy available resources, and of the scientific basis and the specific industry structure each country. A particularly interesting aspect for the definition of roadmaps in these countries is that it is possible to consider the development of these technologies in conjunction with the necessary infrastructure to facilitate their efficient implementation. In developed countries, the currently available infrastructure was designed to meet the demand by large generation plants away from consumption centers, and this is now an obstacle when implementing new technologies based on the concept of distributed generation. By contrast, in countries that are currently under development, these networks can be designed from the outset to include intelligence, so be smart since its conception. That is why it would be particularly necessary to address these roadmaps holistic manner, taking into account cross-cutting issues that may foster the development of these technologies. Moreover, to fully optimize the renewable resources available in the area is necessary to establish systems of interconnection between different countries and with Europe to allow efficient exchange of energy Finally, it’s necessary to note that the differences between African countries are enormous, both in the availability of resources, and the degree of development. It is therefore necessary to perform a separate analysis for each specific region, and within each region, each country in particular.
  • 7. 7 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 3 INTRODUCTION AND GLOBAL CONTEXT The World Energy outlook of the International energy Agency remarks that the centre of gravity of energy demand is switching decisively to the emerging economies. The links between energy and development are illustrated clearly in Africa, where, despite a wealth of resources, energy use per capita is less than one-third of the global average in 2035. Africa today is home to nearly half of the 1.3 billion people in the world without access to electricity and one-quarter of the 2.6 billion people relying on the traditional use of biomass for cooking. Globally, fossil fuels continue to meet a dominant share of global energy demand, with implications for the links between energy, the environment and climate change1 . Taking this into account, in a situation such as that presented by these countries, fast growth of energy demands, and in some cases a high external dependence to satisfy this demand, it is essential, while a good opportunity to establish a technology roadmap in time to define a balanced growth under the current situation of general context where energy efficiency measures and implementation of renewable must be predominant in all regions. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organization that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international cooperation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. This organism has publicized recently a report about he Renewable future for Africa 2 . The conclusions of the report are summarized below: • “Africa’s population is set to double by 2050 and its energy needs will grow even faster. If current growth rates are maintained • Africa’s GDP will increase seven-fold by 2050. Providing full electricity access to all Africans will require at least a doubling of total electricity production by 2030 from current levels. The continent’s vast untapped renewable energy resources can supply the majority of this future energy demand and are suited to supply both concentrated, high-load urban centres and remote, dispersed rural areas. • Investing in renewable energy in Africa makes good business sense. With world-class solar and hydropower resources, complemented by bioenergy, wind, geothermal and marine resources in some regions, Africa has the opportunity to leapfrog to modern renewable energy. Renewable energy technologies are now the most economical solution for off-grid and mini-grid electrification in remote areas, as well as for grid extension in some cases of centralised grid supply with good renewable resources. Notably, on average, solar photovoltaic module costs have fallen by more than 60% over the last two years to below USD 1/Watt. • African governments are embracing renewable energy to fuel the sustainable growth of their economies. A number of recent Ministerial declarations attest to the strong political commitment and far-sighted vision of African decision-makers, which are being articulated through dedicated regional and national institutions and plans. • Renewable resources are plentiful, demand is growing, technology costs are falling and the political will has never been stronger. The moment is right for a rapid scale-up of renewable energy in Africa. • Governments must provide leadership to create the enabling framework for private investors in Africa’s energy sector. Streamlining and standardizing procedures is an essential element of successful public policies to promote a sound business environment. • In the power sector, improving the governance structure, operational performance and financial viability of national utilities is an important pre-condition to deploy renewable energy at scale. • Local entrepreneurs will be essential for African countries to have electricity access and modern cooking for all by 2030. They already help in meeting both urban and rural demand for energy products and services. Renewable energy champions should be encouraged by governments and their business models should be promoted and replicated. The potential markets are huge, for example, residential solar heat appliances and solar PV panels can improve energy services for millions of African customers. Expanding regional grid 1 IEA. World energy Outlook 2013 2 IRENA. Afircas Renewable Future. The Path to Sustainable Growth. The Road to a Renewable Future
  • 8. 8 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 integration and power trade can unlock economies of scale and connect abundant and low-cost renewable energy resources to urban poles of growth. Power trade at full potential can save African countries an estimated USD 2 billion in annual costs of power system operation and development. Regional planning, harmonization of standards and procedures, equitable commercial terms and coordination at power pools level are all essential elements of successful regional integration. • Off-grid solutions are of particular importance in Africa and deserve dedicated public policies and innovative financing mechanisms to accelerate their deployment. While they represent a small portion of total demand, they enable productive uses and increase incomes. They are crucial to reach universal access by 2030, which can improve the living conditions of millions in remote areas of Africa. • The availability of local financing plays a decisive role in the development of local markets. Commercial banks and financial intermediaries need to be better informed about renewable energy technologies and project profiles. Public financing, either from African governments, international or regional development banks, can be leveraged to reduce financial risk perception by commercial banks. • Ambitious regional grid integration projects such as the East and Southern Africa Clean Energy Corridor have the potential to significantly transform the African energy landscape. Such projects must be backed by strong political commitment and a sound technical rationale. Emerging examples show that public-private partnerships, enabled by sound policies and government leadership, can mobilise significant levels of financing” However, the differences between countries are enormous, as can be seen in the maps showed below, both in the availability of resources, and the degree of development. It is therefore necessary to perform a separate analysis for each specific region, and within each region, each country in particular. Integration and harmonization of the different national electricity markets has been placed on the agenda. Particularly progressive signs show the Maghreb states Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia1. In 2003 they signed a protocol for the stepwise integration of their power markets with the long-term objective of a common electricity market with the European Union. Already today, the three Maghreb countries are electrically interconnected with each other and are likewise synchronized with the European electricity network via an undersea interlink between Morocco and Spain. Further projects for transmediterranean interconnections, as well as ongoing construction of new interconnectors between the Maghreb countries indicates that an integrated electricity market might become a realistic scenario in the future 3 . 3 EWI Working Paper, No. 10/02 The renewable energy targets of the Maghreb countries: Impact on electricity supply and conventional power markets
  • 9. 9 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014
  • 10. 10 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014
  • 11. 11 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4 GLOBAL ENERGY SITUATION IN THE REGION The report has been elaborated with information provided by KIC Innoenergy, information accessible via internet from IEA, OECD, UNESCO, IRENA, IEREN, ADEREE, MASEN, CDER and from the Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency of the Arab region (RCREEE). The RCREEE is an independent not-for-profit regional organization which aims to enable and increase the adoption of renewable energy and energy efficiency practices in the Arab region. RCREEE teams with regional governments and global organizations to initiate and lead clean energy policy dialogues, strategies, technologies and capacity development in order to increase Arab states’ share of tomorrow’s energy. The RCREEE was formally established June 25, 2008 through the signing of the "Cairo Declaration of Intentions on Establishment of a Regional Centre for Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency (RCREEE)" by representatives of its member states: Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen. The overall objective of RCREEE is, through its interventions, to achieve: a) rapid implementation of cost-effective policies and instruments for the increased penetration of renewable energy (RE) and energy efficiency (EE) technologies and practices in member countries; and b) increased market shares of companies and plants located in MENA-countries on the markets for technologies and services related to RE and EE in the MENA and EU regions. In an attempt to provide comprehensive analysis of Arab states' current states and capabilities in sustainable energy, RCREEE works on various research and data analysis initiatives, like the publications of this energy Efficiency and Renewables reports of their member states. The information included below is an extract from various reports produced by this organism. A general overview of the region, and an analysis to Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria are included. From the general overview can be seen that different countries have very different energy characteristics, and therefore technological interests may be very different from each other.
  • 12. 12 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014
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  • 15. 15 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 Specific situation in Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria
  • 16. 16 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4.1 Tunisia4 . 4 RCREE. Country Profile - Energy Efficiency - Tunisia 2012.
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  • 18. 18 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 5 The total primary energy consumption in 2007 was 7.7 Mtoe, of which 14% were imported. In 2007 the two main primary energy sources were petroleum products (54.6%) and natural gas (45.1%). The net electricity demand was 14.6 TWh in 2008, an increase of about 5% compared to 13.8 TWh in 2007. Tunisia’s electricity production is heavily based on natural gas (95%) with a share of below 1% (in 2008) from renewable energy sources (mainly hydro and wind power). The installed generation capacity (without autoproducers) in 2008 totalled 3, 313 MW of which 3, 232 MW were thermal power plants, 62 MW hydroelectric power stations and 19 MW wind farms. There are several power plants in the planning and building stage, mainly natural gas plants. Tunisia has some domestic oil and gas reserves. In 2007 the national output of crude oil and condensates was 34.6 million barrels and of natural gas about 2.2 billion cubic meters. Compared to the previous year the share of imported energy in 2007 (in addition to the pipeline royalties) decreased by more than 90% due to a significant increase of national primary energy production (+17%). By 2030, seen from the side of natural potentials renewable energies could contribute nearly 20 Mtoe to the nation’s primary energy supply. Wind power is considered the most promising. By 2011, the national government aims to ramp up wind power capacity to 240 MW, currently (end 2009) there are 54 MW of wind turbines operating. The national renewable energy strategy of Tunisia strives for an expansion of wind power to a 10% share of the total installed electric capacity by 2030. Energy efficiency improvements have led to a significant decline of the Tunisian energy intensity since the early nineties. On average, energy intensity was reduced by 2% per year until 2007 with energy demand successively being decoupled from economic growth. The institutional framework for the support of renewable energies and energy efficiency in Tunisia is well developed. Renewable energy is part of the responsibility of the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mines. It is supported by the National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME), which plays an important role in fostering research and development as well as designing and implementing policies and strategies. In the years 2004 and 2005 some important steps were taken, e.g. the establishment of the National Energy Conservation Fund. Population (million) 1 GDP (billion US$2009) 1 GDP (PPP) (billion US$2009) 1 Energy prod. (Mtoe) 3 Net energy imports incl. royalties (Mtoe) 3 T otal Primary Energy Supply (TPES) (Mtoe) 3 Elec. demand (TWh) 3 CO2 emiss. (Mt of CO2) 4 10.4 39.6 86.4 6.6 1.1 7.7 14.6 20.4 1 IMF (2009) International Monetary Fund 2 ETAP (2007). ENTREPRISE TUNISIENNE D'ACTIVITES PETROLIERES 3 STEG (2008) Société Tunisienne de l'Electricité et du Gaz 4 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only, IEA (2009) 5 RCREEE. Economical, Technological and Environmental Impact Assessment of National Regulations and Incentives for RE and EE: Country Report Tunisia
  • 19. 19 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4.1.1 Tunisia. Energy Efficiency The Tunisian government estimates the country’s energy saving potential at a cummulated 80 Mtoe until 2030. In recent years, the Tunisian government has made considerable efforts to reap this potential. These efforts were stimulated by a growing energy bill which currently covers 14% of the GDP compared to 10% in 2004 and less than 7% in 2000. Escalating expenditures for energy are mainly due to a rapid growth of energy demand. In 2007 industry (36%) and transportation (31%) were the largest national energy consumers whereas the tertiary (10%) and the residential sector (16%) as well as agriculture (7%) accounted for smaller shares.
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  • 22. 22 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4.1.2 Tunisia. Renewable Energy 6 Renewable energy is part of the responsibility of the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mines. It is supported by the National Agency for Energy Conservation (ANME), which plays an important role in fostering research and development as well as designing and implementing policies and strategies. The ANME launched in 2012, with the support of the European Union, a strategic study on the development of renewable energies. This study define an action plan for the period 2014-2020 and provide strategic guidance for 2030, in line with the strategic choices already established in the framework of the strategy mix of electric and Solar Plan Tunisia, which provide a penetration of renewables in electricity generation from 20% in 2020 and 30% in 2030. Tunisia has an energy dependence and structural energy deficit that has increased since the early 2000s. Deficit that currently represents approximately 20% of primary energy consumption could reach 40% -60% depending on the scenario of demand in 2030. Energy costs in the country are around 14% of GDP, which is likely to significantly affect the competitiveness of the Tunisian economy. The electricity mix is very in-diverse with a strong reliance on natural gas, which currently represents over 99% of the primary energy consumption of the sector. In 2008, renewable energy contributed about 1.2% to Tunisia’s total primary energy consumption. In the power sector, the share of renewable energy was 0.6% with the net contribution equally divided between hydro and wind power. In 2008, installed capacities for power generation from wind turbines and hydro power plants cumulated to 79 MW. Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is mainly used in individual photovoltaic kits; there are a few small PV power stations providing electricity for remote rural villages. The installed capacity for solar water heating (SWH) systems totalled 320, 000 m2. The renewable energy installed in 2012 (ANME) is presented in the box below. The solar thermal energy remains largely under exploited in comparison to other countries in the region. Indeed, the penetration rate in Tunisia in 2012 is around 54 m2/1000 (45 in 2010) inhabitants, far behind countries such as Cyprus, Israel and Jordan. 6 ANME. Plan d’action de développement des energies renouvelables en Tunisie
  • 23. 23 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 The action plan establish the objectives to 2016, 2020 and 2030 for each technology In order to improve the technical and economic integration of renewable energies in the national electricity system, the action plan recommended that the program of construction of new conventional power technologies provides enough flexibility to meet the increased demand fluctuations and strengthening the electrical grid. Furthermore, it is proposed that the support program ANME research / development, including on systems of short-term forecasting of wind and solar resources and intelligent systems for flexible management of the park.
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  • 27. 27 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4.2 Morocco 7 7 RECREEE. Economical, Technological and Environmental Impact Assessment of National Regulations and Incentives for RE and EE: Country Report Morocco
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  • 29. 29 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 Morocco is a net importer of energy. In 2008 it imported about 98% of its primary energy supply to satisfy a total energy consumption of 14.7 Mtoe worth approximately DH 71 billion (US$2008 9.2 billion). In 2008 Morocco’s GDP was DH 670.6 billion (US$2008 86.5 billion), i.e. the cost of energy imports amounted to 11% of the GDP. The country has virtually no conventional oil or gas reserves: in 2008 the national output of crude oil and condensates was 8.9 kt (or about 65, 200 barrels) and that of natural gas about 50 million cubic meters. In order to become more independent of energy imports Morocco is investing heavily in onshore and offshore explorations and surveys with a substantial part of the financial burden being carried by major international oil companies. Primary energy sources are petroleum products (2008: 61%) and coal (26%). The remaining energy demand was satisfied by imported electricity (7.5%) and natural gas (3.7%), renewable energy sources covered 2.1%. The net electricity consumption was 24 TWh, an increase of about 6% compared to 22.6 TWh in 2007. Morocco’s electricity production is heavily based on fossil fuels with a share of 7% from renewable energy sources (hydro and wind power). Coal contributes more than 50% to electricity supply. The Moroccan power generation system as well as its transmission and distribution grid were originally exclusively operated by the state owned Office National de l’Electricité (ONE). Since 1999 efforts have been made to liberalize the power sector. There are now several independent power producers who provide about 60% of the total electricity demand. The installed generation capacity in 2007 totaled 5, 292 MW Morocco has significant potential for solar power generation and wind farms. The Moroccan government has launched the initiative “EnergiPro” which encourages companies to cover their own electricity demand using renewable energy sources. Currently more than 250, 000 rural households are equipped with solar home systems, in total 70, 000 SHS were installed; the total capacity amounts to 3 MW. The country aims at providing 2, 000 MW capacity through concentrated solar power (CSP) plants by 2020 on IPP basis. Some projects are already on the way, e.g. the Ouarzazate CSP plant is intended to have a capacity of 500 MW by 2015. If Morocco’s ambitious plans were realized, the share of renewable energies of the total electricity consumption could be as high as 42% by 2020. The long-term energy strategy of the Moroccan government aims at a 12% reduction in energy use by 2020 and 15% reduction by 2030 compared to the reference scenario based on the projected energy demand without energy efficiency measures. Morocco’s short term energy efficiency priorities until 2012 are described in the Plan Nationale des Actions Prioritaires. They include both specific measures, such as the introduction of low energy lighting, as well as legal and structural reforms. There are first initiatives to introduce standards and labels. Standards for solar water heaters have been defined based on European norms. The introduction of labels will be under the responsibility of ADEREE, the agency that will shortly be created as the successor of CDER. The institutional framework in the field of renewable energies is well developed in Morocco. However, this is not yet the case for energy efficiency, which was neglected in former years. This will change with the creation of ADEREE, an agency that will be responsible for renewables as well as efficiency. With a strong agency it seems possible to realize the ambitious plans for sustainable energy system development. Population (million)1 GDP (billion US$2009)1 GDP (PPP) (billion US$2009)1 Energy prod. (Mtoe)2 Net energy imports (Mtoe)2 Net energy imports incl. royalties (Mtoe)2 Elec. demand (TWh)2 CO2 emiss. (Mt of CO2)3 31.2 90.5 138.2 0.4 14.3 14.7 24.0 40.8 1 IMF (2009) International Monetary Fund 2 ONHYM (2008a). Office Nationale des Hydrocarbures et des Mines 3 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only, IEA (2009)
  • 30. 30 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4.2.1 Morocco. Energy Efficiency The demand for energy is expected to increase strongly, especially the demand for electricity. Demand for primary energy is expected to increase at 5% per annum to 2030 and within that total electricity demand will grow at 8%. The high rates of growth are attributed to the rapid economic development of the country, the modernisation of agriculture and the expansion of the tourist industry. The supply side is mainly focused on the construction and reinforcement of the electricity network with a strong emphasis on coal, but also sets ambitious targets for renewables. The strategy sets targets for energy efficiency of a 12% reduction in energy use by 2020 and a 15% reduction by 2030. These percentages are related to the expected energy demand at those dates in the absence of the energy efficiency initiatives. Share of Total Moroccan Energy saving potential by sector: Industry: 48%, transport: 23% residential: 19%, tertiary: 10%
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  • 34. 34 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4.2.2 Morocco. Renewable Energy Morocco enjoys important national resources in the form of wind, hydro and solar that is as yet scarcely exploited. Wind is especially attractive in the medium terms. Morocco has an excellent wind potential mainly in the North and in the South: Essaouira, Tangier & Tetouan have an annual average between 9.5 & 11 m/s at 40 meters. Tarfaya, Taza & Dakhla have an annual average between 7.5 m/s & 9.5 m/s at 40 meters. The government estimates that the potential for development in the medium-term is 7, 300 MW. Of this resource, it is calculated that wind energy can be developed the most quickly and cheaply. According to the “Centre de développement des énergies renouvelables” (CDER) the results of a study conducted with GTZ show the wind potential is 5, 290 TWh/year (2, 645 GW) and the technical potential is 3, 264 TWh/year (1, 632 GW) In November 2009 the government announced a ambitious programme for renewable energy, known as the Integrated Solar Energy Generation Project. Under this plan, the part of installed capacity of renewable energy in the power system will represent 42% of total installed capacity by 2020. The essence of the project is a proposal to generate electricity from installations working on the basis of concentrated solar power (CSP). The aim of the CSP component is an installed capacity of CSP of 2, 000 MW by 2019 on 5 sites covering 10, 000 hectares. The investment will be comprised of 3x500 MW plants and single plants of 100 MW and 400 MW. 400 MW plants located; the capacity created would be equal to 38 % of the current total installed capacity in Morocco. The generation from these plants would be 4500 GWh per year, corresponding to 18% of the current annual generation. The cost, as estimated in the solar plan, would be 70 billion Moroccan dirhams ((9 billion US dollars). The schedule is demanding; the first plant is to be commissioned in 2015 and the final component by the end of 2019. It is envisaged that the programme would save approximately 1 million toe per year, with a value at present prices of about $ 500 million dollars and would save about 3.7 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions each year. A dedicated agency is to be created for the implementation of this plan, to be known as Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy. The tasks of the agency will be to: •Manage the overall project, including design, choice of operators, implementation. •Coordinate and supervise all the other activities related to this programme The solar regime in Morocco is very good with on average 3, 000 hours per year of sun and 5.5. kWh/m2/day. Support to the adoption of solar water heating has been offered through a programme PROMASOL that includes among the instruments capital subsidies. The programme was carried out in cooperation with the UNDP and was originally designed to start in 2000 with the overall aim of installing 100.000 m2 of collectors over a period of four years. At the time the total installed capacity across the country was some 50, 000 m2. It was expected that the programme would also lead to improvements in the quality of equipment, a reduction of cost, better availability and a better supporting environment. As a consequence of various delays the programme actually began in 2002; implementation was slower than expected and the programme was eventually extended to 2008; it was managed by CDER. The area of solar collectors in Morocco installed from 2002 to 2008 was about 140, 000 m2, so the overall target was attained, albeit over a longer period than initially foreseen. The figures though are still disappointing. The total installed capacity in the country is only 200, 000 m2 and the rate of installation is around 40, 000 m2. These are both low compared to other countries in the region with similar solar regimes. Bottled gas is subsidised as part of a programme to prevent deforestation by low income people using fuel-wood for cooking. It also means that gas water heating is economically attractive and competes strongly with SWH. New targets have been set for SWH of 1.7 million m2 by 2020. To achieve this PROMOSOL II will: in-+troduce a new regime of incentives; continue to strengthen the quality of equipment and servicing; introduce a promotional exercise for public buildings and the tertiary sector; continue with sensitisation and communication; increase the supply and availability of equipment. A gas/solar hybrid plant is under construction in the East of the country; it is a 472 MW plant owned by ONE of which the solar share is 20 MW. The solar component is a pilot project essentially funded by a grant from the World Bank.
  • 35. 35 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014
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  • 38. 38 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4.2.3 Morocco. R&D strategy The “Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et Energies Nouvelles”, IRESEN was created to bring the R&D in applied sciences nationally , develop innovation and encourage networking. IRESEN also responsible for ensuring the definition of research areas , to achieve, to fund and manage projects of research and development. IRESEN is composed of seven founding members: •ADEREE - l´Agence de Développement des Energies Renouvelables et de l´Efficacité Energétique, •CNESTEN - le Centre National de l´Energie, des Sciences et des_Techniques Nucléaires, •MASEN - Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy, •OCP - Groupe OCP, •ONE - l´Office Nationale de l´Electricité, •ONHYM - l´Office National des Hydrocarbures et des Mines, •SIE - la Société d´Investissement Energétique. IRESEN gradually developing and expanding its field of operations and infrastructure based on demand and need for R & D but ensures a support and support university research. To meet its growing energy needs , Morocco has set an aggressive energy strategy which aims to : •To secure the supply of energy in various forms. •To ensure the availability and accessibility at any time prices optimized. •To create a national renewable energy industry and support businesses. •And protect the environment through the use of clean technologies. The strategy puts renewable energy among the top priorities. They must reach 42 % of the installed power by 2020 , against 26 % currently. R & D takes place at this stage to support and strengthen the national strategy. Strategic axes IRESEN8 •Implementation of devices to develop, coordinate and enhance the efficiency of research in the areas of solar energy and new energy. •Translation of the national strategy for R&D projects •Achievement and participation in financing projects undertaken by research institutions and industry , •Valorisation and dissemination of results of research projects. Thematics Research / Platforms and Infrastructure R&D The IRESEN has defined the national strategy for research projects by technologies. 8 http://www.iresen.org/index-3.html
  • 39. 39 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 Solar Energy: Photovoltaic Solar Energy: •Installation Platforms Research and Development , •Establishment of a laboratory photovoltaic (module and cells) •Development of software simulation systems , •Technology of thin films, •Technology concentrating photovoltaic systems , •Characterization of crystalline photovoltaics, •BIPV. CSP •Installation platforms research and development. •Modeling and optimization of systems, •Technology parabolic trough , •Technology solar towers , •Technology Linear Fresnel reflectors , •CSP with ORC , •Software control and monitoring of heliostats •Durability and maintenance of facilities in desert conditions Solar Energy and Applications: •Desalination of sea water by solar energy, •Solar Air Conditioning - Steam generation from solar energy •Electric Car / charge based solar- energy Resources •Development of model wind mapping resolution on the basis of evaluation of satellite images and meteorological data, •Development of model offshore wind mapping •Development of software for optimizing sites for solar power plants and minimizing the variability of returns , •Development of software for optimization of wind farm locations and minimizing the variability of returns , •Short-term prediction of wind generation , •Predicting short-term production of solar power plants. Wind energy: •Software modeling sites •Optimized Architecture of wind farms, •Simulation and optimization of pale •Evaluation of the impact of wind integration on a large scale ,
  • 40. 40 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 Energy storage : •Station of energy transfer pumping •Thermal Energy Storage , •Chemical Energy Storage. Energetic efficiency : •Industrial heat recovery by organic Rankine cycle •Energy efficiency in the building. Electrical nerwork •Integration of ENR network , •Manager Electrical systems. island with strong integration of renewable energy , •Intelligent Networks. Other: •Hydroelectric , •Biomass
  • 41. 41 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4.3 Algeria9 ,10 9 RCREE. Country Profile - Energy Efficiency - Algeria 2012 10 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program March 2011. Ministère de l’énergie et des mines. SATINFO Société du Groupe Sonelgaz. http://portail.cder.dz/IMG/pdf/Renewable_Energy_and_Energy_Efficiency_Algerian_Program_EN.pdf
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  • 43. 43 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 Today, Algeria’s energy needs are met almost exclusively by hydrocarbons, mainly natural gas. The other forms of energy are mobilized only when natural gas cannot be used. The long term extension of the national energy consumption pattern can affect the existing supply-demand balance for this energy source. The level of natural gas volumes, produced of the domestic market would be 45 billions m3 in 2020 and 55 billions m3 in 2030. Other volumes of natural gas are intended for export to help finance national economy. Electricity consumption is expected to reach 75 to 80TWh in 2020 and 130 to 150TWh in 2030. The massive integration of renewable sources in the energy mix represents a major challenge for preserving fossil resources, diversifying electricity production systems and contributing to sustainable development. Algeria has created a green momentum by launching an ambitious program to develop renewable energies (REn) and promote energy efficiency. This program leans on a strategy focussed on developing and expanding the use of inexhaustible resources, such as solar energy in order to diversify energy sources and prepares Algeria of tomorrow. Through combining initiatives and the acquisition of knowledge, Algeria is engaged in a new age of sustainable energy use. Algeria’s reform objectives of bringing its market closer in line with international standards are built around an electricity law enacted in 2002. As a direct consequence of the law, the state electricity and gas monopolist Sonelgaz was forced to unbundle its activities, and an independent regulatory body was established. In the years following Algeria’s electricity reform, several projects of independent power producers (IPP) – some even with international equity participation – emerged in the country. Algeria’s renewable electricity goals. All these considerations justify the strong integration, right today, of renewable energies in the strategy of long- term energy offer, while granting an important role to energy savings and to energy efficiency. 4.3.1 Algeria. Energy Efficiency The energy efficiency program is governed by Algeria’s commitment to promote a more responsible use of energy and to investigate all the ways to protect the resources and systematize (explore all possible avenues for conserving resources and systematizing) efficient and optimal consumption. Energy efficiency aims to produce the same goods and services by using least possible energy (the less possible energy). The program provides for measures that favour forms of energy most suitable for different uses and require behavioural change and improved equipment. The energy efficiency program consists mainly in the achievement of the following: •Improving heat insulation of buildings. •Developing solar water heating. •Spreading the use of low energy consumption lamps. •Substituting all mercury lamps by sodium lamps. •Promoting LPG and NG fuels. •Promoting co-generation. •Conversing simple cycle power plants to combined cycle power plants, wherever possible. •Developing solar cooling systems. •Desalinating brackish water using renewable energy.
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  • 47. 47 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4.3.2 Algeria. Renewable Energy Algeria’s renewable electricity goals are set out as percentage values of overall power generation. As a short- term goal, for 2017, the Algerian electricity regulatory commission (CREG 2008) published a 5 percent renewable electricity target. In the long run, by 2030, Algeria expects to reach 20 percent overall renewable coverage, of which 70 percent is generated by CSP, 20 percent by wind and 10 percent by PV (CIF 2009)11 . The program to develop renewable energies consists of installing up to 22 000 MW of power generating capacity from renewable sources between 2011 and 2030, of which 12 000 MW will be intended to meet the domestic electricity demand and 10000 MW destined for export. This last option depends on the availability of a demand that is ensured on the long term by reliable partners as well as on attractive external funding. In this program, renewable energies are at the heart of Algeria’s energy and economic policies : It is expected that about 40% of electricity produced for domestic consumption will be from renewable energy sources by 2030. Algeria is indeed aiming to be a major actor in the production of electricity from solar photovoltaic and solar power, which will be drivers of sustainable economic development to promote a new model of growth. The national potential for renewable energy is strongly dominated by solar energy. Algeria considers this source of energy as an opportunity and a lever for economic and social development, particularly through the establishment of wealth and job-creating industries. The potential for wind, biomass, geothermal and hydropower energies is comparatively very small. This does not, however, preclude the launch of several wind farm development projects and the implementation of experimental projects in biomass and geothermal energy. The renewable energy and energy efficiency program is organized in five chapters : •Capacities to install by field of energy activity. •Energy efficiency program. •Industrial capacities to build in order to back up the program. •Research and development. •Incentives and regulatory measures. The program provides for the development by 2020 of about sixty solar photovoltaic and concentrating solar power plants, wind farms as well as hybrid power plants. These program is a part of Algeria’s strategy, which is aimed at developing a genuine solar industry along with a training and capitalization program that will ultimately enable the use of local engineering and establish efficient know-how, including in the fields of engineering and project management. The renewable energy program to meet domestic needs in electricity will generate several thousand of direct and indirect jobs. Today, Algeria’s energy needs are met almost exclusively by hydrocarbons, mainly natural gas. The other forms of energy are mobilized only when natural gas cannot be used. The long term extension of the national energy consumption pattern can affect the existing supply-demand balance for this energy source. The renewable energy development program has a national character affecting the majority of sectors. Its implementation, under the aegis of the Ministry of Energy and Mines, is opened to both public and private operators. The government’s willingness to promote renewable energies is also reflected in the establishment of a Commission for renewable energy, responsible to coordinate the national effort in this area. 11 EWI Working Paper, No. 10/02 The renewable energy targets of the Maghreb countries: Impact on electricity supply and conventional power markets
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  • 49. 49 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 4.3.3 Algeria. Development of industrial capacity In order to follow up and ensure the success of the renewable energy program, Algeria plans to strengthen the industrial fabric to take a lead in the positive changes in the industrial and technological plans as well as in terms of engineering and research. Algeria is also determined to invest in all creative segments of industry and develop them locally. For PV, industrial integration in Algeria is expected to reach 60% over the period 2011-2013. This ambitious target will be achieved through the construction by “Rouiba-Eclairage”, a subsidiary of the Sonelgaz Group, of a photovoltaic module manufacturing plant with a capacity equivalent to 120 MWp/per year, whose start up is scheduled for late 2013.The period will also be marked by the implementation of measures to strengthen engineering and business development support to the photovoltaic industry through a joint venture that will bring together various stakeholders (Rouiba- Eclairage, Sonelgaz, CREDEG, CDER and UDTS) in partnership with research centers. The objective of the Algerian industry for the 2014-2020 period is to achieve a capacity integration level of 80%. To do this, it is expected the construction of a plant for the manufacture of Silicon. For solar thermal energy the industrial integration rate is expected to reach 50% over the 2014-2020 period through the implementation of three major projects in parallel with actions for engineering capacity building, and over the 2021-2030 period, the rate of integration should exceed 80% In wind energy the objective for the 2014-2020 period is to attain an integration rate of 50%. The rate of industrial integration is to exceed 80% over the 2021-2030 period with the expansion of wind tower and turbine rotors production capacity and the development of a national subcontracting network for manufacturing the nacelle equipment. There are also plans to design and build wind farms, power plants and brackish water desalination plants using Algeria’s own resources. 4.3.4 Algeria. R&D strategy Algeria fosters research to make of the renewable energy program a catalyst for developing a national industry. In addition to the research centers affiliated to companies like Electricity and Gas Research and Development Center (CREDEG), which is a subsidiary of Sonelgaz, the energy and mining sector has an Agency for the Promotion and Rational Use of Energy (APRUE) and a company specialized in the development of REn (NEAL). These bodies which cooperate with the research centers attached to the Ministry of Scientific Research include CDER and UDTS. CDER or Center for Renewable Energy Development is responsible for developing and implementing programs of scientific and technological research and development of systems using solar, wind, geothermal and biomass energies. UDTS or Silicon Technology Development Unit conducts scientific research, technological innovation and advanced and post-graduation training activities in the sciences and technologies of semiconductor materials and processes applied to several areas including photovoltaics, detection, optoelectronics, photonics and energy storage. UDTS actively contributes, in collaboration with several Algerian universities to developing knowledge and technological know-how and processes as well as products necessary to economic and societal growth. The Algerian government has also established an institute for renewable energy and energy efficiency (IAER) which will play a key role in training efforts deployed by the country and ensures quality development of renewable energies in Algeria. The training provided by the Institute cover areas including engineering, safety and security, energy auditing and project management.
  • 50. 50 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 5 ENERGY AGENCIES AND RESEARCH CENTERS ON ENERGY12 The same way as is essential to know the existing resources and policies promoted by governments, it is also important to know the existence of agencies or organizations in these countries that are engaged in promoting such policies, as well as research centers or industries in this sector that may be interested in the development of technology projects in this field. The Arab Future Energy IndexTM (AFEX) Energy Efficiency is a policy assessment and benchmark tool that aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current state of energy efficiency (EE) and quality of EE governance in the Arab region. AFEX Energy Efficiency has been developed to: •Provide systematic comprehensive assessment of EE progress in RCREEE member states. •Benchmark countries’ performance in order to provide additional stimulus to strive towards EE. •Effectively communicate the assessment results. •Identify areas for possible intervention at the regional level to support EE efforts. AFEX Energy Efficiency assesses four major areas: •The current structure of energy pricing. •States’ efforts and level of commitment in overcoming market, social and political barriers to EE through strategies, policies and specific action plans. •Institutional capacity to design, implement and evaluate EE policies. •Efficiency of utility sector, including power generation efficiency, and efficiency in power transmission and distribution networks. AFEX Energy Efficiency is constructed in accordance with the OECD methodology for constructing composite indicators (OECD, 2008). The conceptual framework of AFEX Energy Efficiency consists of four evaluation categories relating to the index’s objectives: (1) Energy Pricing; (2) Policy Framework; (3) Institutional Capacity; and (4) Utility. The Institutional Capacity category assesses the capacity of states to formulate and successfully implement EE policies. Strong institutional capacity is critical to ensuring the effectiveness of EE policies and programs. It consists of three factors: (1) EE agency; (2) implementation capacity; and (3) monitoring and evaluation. 5.1 Dedicated Agency for Formulating and Implementing EE Policies A designated EE agency constitutes “the heart of any system of energy efficiency governance”, the structure and design of which ought to be carefully considered (IEA, 2010). An EE agency should be a dedicated body with a strong capability to design, formulate, implement, and evaluate EE policies and programs. It should also be capable to coordinate activities among various stakeholders and government institutions to ensure more efficient use of existing human, capital and technical resources in achieving EE objectives (World Energy Council, 2008). This factor has been assessed by an expert survey based on three criteria: (1) the actual existence of a dedicated body responsible for developing and implementing EE policies and programs; (2) human, financial and technical capacity of the agency; and (3) the output of the agency in terms of policy formulation and implementation. 5.1.1 Tunisia National Agency for Energy Management (ANME) Brief Description: ANME was established in 1986, with current staff of around 135 people. Main activities of ANME include various initiatives in all economy sectors: •Participate in the creation and implementation of national EE programs with the following main actions: compulsory and periodic energy audits, prior consultation for projects that consume a significant amount of 12 AFEX
  • 51. 51 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 energy, co-generation, labeling of equipment and apparatus, thermal regulation for buildings, rational energy use in public lighting, diagnostics of automotive engines, mobility plans for large cities, RE promotion and energy substitution. •Propose legislation and conduct studies such as a strategic study on EE in 2005; information system on the rationalization of the use of energy and environment in 2006; the study of co-generation development and tri- generation in Tunisia; the study of EE development in agriculture and fishing sectors; study on the energy and thermal retrofitting of existing buildings; the study of RE generation by 2030 and the inventory of GHG emissions due to energy and industrial processes. •Managing the national fund for the rationalization of energy use, aiming at incentivizing EE. Technical demonstration and support of R&D through the Federated Research Projects (Projets de Recherche Fédérés - PRF) namely the PRF solar heating, PRF solar desalination techniques mastering, PRF solar cooling and PRF solar drying for agricultural products. Supporting Energy Research Institution: •Mechanical and Electrical Industries Technical Center (CETIME) Technical Centre for Wood Industry and Furniture (CETIBA) Technical Centre for Building Materials, Ceramics and Glass (CTMCCV) - Construction Testing and Techniques Center (CETEC). 5.1.2 Morocco National Agency for the Development of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ADEREE) Brief Description: •ADEREE was established in 1982, with current staff of around 131 people. Main activities include: •Developing a program to improve EE in the building sector. The program benefits from EUR 10 million of financial support from the EU Commission to demonstrate EE measures. ADEREE completed the first stage of the program on the development of technical specifications for thermal regulations for buildings, estimating potential socio-economic, environmental and energy impact of thermal regulations. Currently, nine demonstration projects are currently under construction in six climatic zones in Morocco. •Implementing a program to encourage EE in the industrial sector (PPEI), which includes various EE measures targeting 360 companies. •Preparing minimum energy performance standards with appropriate labeling schemes for refrigerators and air conditioners •International cooperation, particularly with the AACID (Agence Andalouse de Coopération Internationale au Développement) and the Junta de Andualucia (Spain) on the implementation of two projects related to electrification of rural schools with PV, replacing inefficient light bulbs, installation of solar water heaters in public buildings, hospitals and schools. The “Institut de Recherche en Energie Solaire et Energies Nouvelles”, IRESEN Brief Description: IRESEN was created to bring the R&D in applied sciences nationally , develop innovation and encourage networking. IRESEN also responsible for ensuring the definition of research areas , to achieve, to fund and manage projects of research and development. IRESEN gradually developing and expanding its field of operations and infrastructure based on demand and need for R & D but ensures a support and support university research. To meet its growing energy needs , Morocco has set an aggressive energy strategy which aims to : •To secure the supply of energy in various forms. •To ensure the availability and accessibility at any time prices optimized. •To create a national renewable energy industry and support businesses. •And protect the environment through the use of clean technologies.
  • 52. 52 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 The “Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy”, MASEN13 Brief Description: Founded in March 2010, the company aims at implementing a program for the development of integrated electricity production projects from solar energy with a minimum total capacity of 2000 MW. Objectives: Implementation of the program of integrated projects for generating electricity from solar energy comprising: •Solar power generation plants; •Achievements and related activities contributing to the development of settlement areas and countries Mission: •The design of integrated solar development projects in the areas of Morocco which are capable of hosting the plants for the production of electricity from solar energy. •Conducting the technical, economic and financial studies which are necessary to the qualification of the sites, the design the realization and the exploitation of the solar projects. •The contribution to research and to the raising of the funding necessary to the realization and to the exploitation of the solar projects. •Proposing to the Moroccan administration modes of industrial integration for each solar project. •The project management for the realization of the solar projects. •The realization of the infrastructures allowing the connection of the said power plants to the electricity transportation grid, as well as the infrastructures allowing to supply them with water , subject to the powers granted in connection therewith by the legislation in force to any other public or private law entity. •The promotion of the program with national foreign investors. •The contribution to the development of applied research and to the promotion of the technological innovations tin the solar subsectors of electricity production. •The contribution to the creation of specialized training curricula in the field of solar energy in partnership with the schools of engineers, the universities and the vocational training centers. •By the same token, the company is empowered, in general, to conduct all industrial, commercial, real estate, stock exchange and financial operations necessary or useful to the realization of its corporate purpose. Supporting Energy Research Institution: National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST). 5.1.3 Algeria National Agency for the Promotion and Rationalization of Use of Energy (APRUE) Brief Description: APRUE was established in 1985, with current staff of around 50 people. Main activities of APRUE include: •Implementation of program Eco-Lumiere: distribution of one million energy efficient light bulbs (CFLs). Implementation and follow-up on National Program on the Rationalization of Use of Energy (PNME) for 2011-2013, which includes activities on thermal insulation of buildings, development of solar heating, widespread use of energy efficient light bulbs, introduction of EE in public lighting, introduction of EE in the industrial facilities, increased use of LPG and pilot projects on solar cooling. •Funding EE projects through the FNME (Fond National pour la Maîtrise de l’Energie) mainly through giving credits, soft loans and loan guarantees. 13 MASEN. http://www.masen.org.ma
  • 53. 53 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 Supporting Energy Research Institution: •Algerian Institute for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (IAEREE). •Center of Research and Development on Electricity and Gas (CREDEG) •“Société spécialisée dans le développement des énergies nouvelles et renouvelables” (NEAL). •“Centre de développement des énergies renouvelables “ (CDER). •“Unité de développement de la technologie du silicium” (UDT).
  • 54. 54 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 6 TECHNOLOGY ROADMAPS 6.1 Energy efficiency priorities14 Households, SMEs and the building sector should be the priority targets of an effective energy-efficiency and DSM policy. They represent a major share of energy consumption and they have substantial potential for energy efficiency gains at low cost. In particular, the introduction of eco-labelling and technical, mandatory, standard regulations on consumption for equipment and appliances concerning cooling, heating, lighting and industrial machinery have proven to be the most effective and durable at low (or even negative) costs. Supporting the purchase/installation of proven, small equipment based on renewable energy sources (solar water heaters and PV) by these sectors should also be at the top of the agenda. 6.2 Renewable energy Renewable energy projects, due to their intermittency (now well forecasted days ahead), require the reinforcement of grids (especially with the use of software for grid management and weather forecasts) to enable their integration into larger, interconnected electricity networks and markets, therefore further fostering the integration of the SEMCs (southern and eastern Mediterranean countries). Part of the renewable electricity could also be exported to Europe via HVDC (high voltage direct current) electricity interconnections. Renewable energy projects could develop significant new industry and service sectors (e.g. installers), leading to local job creation and manufacturing developments. By sharing manufacturing facilities and therefore exploiting larger economies of scale, south– south cooperation could be promoted. This is particularly important in a region that presently has a low level of intra-regional trade. The economic and industrial development consequent to the large-scale implementation of renewable energy projects in the SEMCs could have several positive spillovers for the EU, such as preventing migratory flows, creating new markets and securing the existing energy infrastructure in the Mediterranean. Renewable energy and energy-efficiency projects in the SEMCs could become a stimulus for enhanced Euro- Mediterranean cooperation in socio-economic areas, similar to the case of the European Coal and Steel Community, which sparked Europe’s post-World War II integration. It is important to avoid focusing solely on large- scale renewable energy projects, but also to firmly develop decentralised systems, such as solar water heaters and rural PV systems. These systems are cost-efficient, but nevertheless need to be promoted. Best practices already exist in some SEMCs, such as Israel, the Palestinian territories, Tunisia and Morocco. Towards a new structure of regional and interconnected markets The core challenge to the production and trade of renewable energy in the SEMCs is that the development of the electricity supply system is limited by the lack of a regional market, largely due to energy price gaps and subsidies. The rigidities that this imposes mean that existing infrastructure is not used optimally, investment in new infrastructure is distorted and probably hindered, and the development of renewable energy is delayed. 14 MEDPRO – Prospective Analysis for the Mediterranean Region MEDPRO – Mediterranean Prospects – is a consortium of 17 highly reputed institutions from throughout the Mediterranean funded under the EU’s 7th Framework Programme and coordinated by the Centre for European Policy Studies based in Brussels. At its core, MEDPRO explores the key challenges facing the countries in the Southern Mediterranean region in the coming decades. Towards this end, MEDPRO will undertake a prospective analysis, building on scenarios for regional integration and cooperation with the EU up to 2030 and on various impact assessments. A multidisciplinary approach is taken to the research, which is organised into seven fields of study: geopolitics and governance; demography, health and ageing; management of environment and natural resources; energy and climate change mitigation; economic integration, trade, investment and sectoral analyses; financial services and capital markets; human capital, social protection, inequality and migration. By carrying out this work, MEDPRO aims to deliver a sound scientific underpinning for future policy decisions at both domestic and EU levels.
  • 55. 55 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 For renewable energy to contribute most effectively to the development of the SEMCs, it must be embedded in a functioning, regional electricity market that permits the exchange of power in substantial volumes, has no barriers to trade and is friendly to private investment. The exchange of energy is to the benefit of both buyer and seller: it enables both parties to balance portfolios of generating assets, it can alleviate some of the disadvantages of non-dispatchable and intermittent supplies, and it can permit joint ventures to share risks. Such a market does not yet exist across the SEMCs. There is neither the infrastructure nor the regulatory and legislative framework that would be necessary for a regional market to function correctly. Indeed, electricity interconnection remains a key issue for energy cooperation in the region. It is of crucial importance to reinforce the national transmission lines in the SEMCs, which are often weak, as well as interconnections between these countries. Since the late 1990s, the two shores of the Mediterranean have been connected through a line across the Strait of Gibraltar; however, the electricity interconnection between the two shores needs to be further reinforced. Moreover, non- technical (commercial) distribution losses remain at very high levels (up to 40% in Lebanon and 20% in Algeria) at the expense of paying customers and distributors. In this sector, an increasing role will be played by the Mediterranean transmission system operators (Med-TSO).
  • 56. 56 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 7 WIND ENERGY ROADMAPS 7.1 IEA Technology Roadmap 2013: Wind Energy15 Additionally to its role within the portfolio of energy technologies to mitigate energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, wind power provides additional benefits such as pollution reduction, enhanced security of energy supply and economic growth. The objective of the Wind Roadmap is to identify actions to encourage the rapid, enhanced research, design, development and deployment on wind power, both on land and offshore. The roadmap has been compiled with inputs from a wide range of stakeholders in the wind industry and the wider power sector, power system operators, research and development (R&D) institutions, finance, and government institutions. Two workshops were held to identify technological and deployment issues. 7.1.1 Key findings and actions Since 2008, wind power deployment has more than doubled, approaching 300 gigawatts (GW) of cumulative installed capacities, led by China (75 GW), the United States (60 GW) and Germany (31 GW). Wind power now provides 2.5% of global electricity demand – and up to 30% in Denmark, 20% in Portugal and 18% in Spain. Policy support has been instrumental in stimulating this tremendous growth. Progress over the past five years has boosted energy yields (especially in low-wind-resource sites) and reduced operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. Land-based wind power generation costs range from USD 60 per megawatt hour (USD/MWh) to USD 130/MWh at most sites. It can already be competitive where wind resources are strong and financing conditions are favourable, but still requires support in most countries. Offshore wind technology costs levelled off after a decade-long increase, but are still higher than land-based costs. This roadmap targets 15% to 18% share of global electricity from wind power by 2050, a notable increase from the 12% aimed for in 2009. The new target of 2 300 GW to 2 800 GW of installed wind capacity will avoid emissions of up to 4.8 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year. Achieving these targets requires rapid scaling up of the current annual installed wind power capacity (including repowering), from 45 GW in 2012 to 65 GW by 2020, to 90 GW by 2030 and to 104 GW by 2050. The annual investment needed would be USD 146 billion to USD 170 billion. The geographical pattern of deployment is rapidly changing. While countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) led early wind development, from 2010 non-OECD countries installed more wind turbines. After 2030, non- OECD countries will have more than 50% of global installed capacity. While there are no fundamental barriers to achieving – or exceeding – these goals, several obstacles could delay progress including costs, grid integration issues and permitting difficulties. This roadmap assumes the cost of energy from wind will decrease by as much as 25% for land- based and 45% for offshore by 2050 on the back of strong research and development (R&D) to improve design, materials, manufacturing technology and reliability, to optimise performance and to reduce uncertainties for plant output. To date, wind power has received only 2% of public energy R&D funding: greater investment is needed to achieve wind’s full potential. As long as markets do not reflect climate change and other environmental externalities, accompanying the cost of wind energy to competitive levels will need transitional policy support mechanisms. To achieve high penetrations of variable wind power without diminishing system reliability, improvements are needed in grid infrastructure and in the flexibility of power systems as well as in the design of electricity markets. To engage public support for wind, improved techniques are required to assess, minimise and mitigate social and environmental impacts and risks. Also, more vigorous communication is needed on the value of wind energy and the role of transmission in meeting climate targets and in protecting water, air and soil quality. 15 EA Technology Roadmap: Wind Energy 2013
  • 57. 57 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 7.1.2 Key actions in the next ten years Set long-term targets, supported by predictable mechanisms to drive investment and to apply appropriate carbon pricing. Address non-economic barriers. Advance planning of new plants by including wind power in long-term land and maritime spatial planning; develop streamlined procedures for permitting; address issues of land-use and sea-use constraints posed by various authorities (environment, building, traffic, defence and navigation). Strengthen research, development and demonstration (RD&D) efforts and financing. Increase current public funding by two- to five- fold to drive cost reductions of turbines and support structures, to increase performance and reliability (especially in offshore and other new market areas) and to scale up turbine technology for offshore. Adapt wind power plant design to specific local conditions (e.g. cold climates and low-wind sites), penetration rates, grid connection costs and the effects of variability on the entire system. Many countries, particularly in emerging regions, are only just beginning to develop wind energy. Accordingly, milestone dates should be considered as indicative of urgency, rather than as absolutes. Individual countries will have to choose what to prioritise in the rather comprehensive action lists, based on their mix of energy and industrial policies. Improve processes for planning and permitting transmission across large regions; modernise grid operating procedures (e.g. balancing area co-ordination and fast-interval dispatch and scheduling); increase power system flexibility using ancillary services from all (also wind) generation and demand response; and expand and improve electricity markets, and adapt their operation for variable generation. Increase public acceptance by raising awareness of the benefits of wind power (including emission reductions, security of supply and economic growth), and of the accompanying need for additional transmission. Enhance international collaboration in R&D and standardisation, large-scale testing harmonisation, and improving wind integration. Exchange best practices to help overcome deployment barriers. 7.1.3 LCOE The LCOE of wind energy can vary significantly according to the quality of the wind resource, the investment cost, O&M requirements, the cost of capital, and also the technology improvements leading to higher capacity factors. Turbines recently made available with higher hub heights and larger rotor diameters offer increased energy capture. This counterbalances the decade- long increase in investment costs, as the LCOE of recent turbines is similar to that of projects installed in 2002/03. For some sites, LCOEs of less than USD 50/MWh have been announced; this is true of the recent Brazil auctions and some private-public agreements signed in the United States. Technology options available today for low-wind speed – tall, long-bladed turbines with greater swept area per MW – reduce the range of LCOE across wind speeds. More favourable terms for turbine purchasers, such as faster delivery, less need for large frame agreement orders, longer initial O&M contract durations, improved warranty terms and more stringent performance guarantees, have also helped reduce costs (Wiser and Bolinger, 2013). Higher wind speeds off shore mean that plants can produce up to 50% more energy than land-based ones, partly offsetting the higher investment costs. However, being in the range of USD 136/MWh to USD 218/MWh, the LCOE seen in offshore projects constructed in 2010-12 is still high compared to land-based (JRC, 2012; Crown Estate, 2012b). This reflects the trend of siting plants farther from the shore and in deeper waters, which increases the foundation, grid connection and installation costs. Costs of financing have also been higher for larger deals at new sites, as investors perceive higher risk.
  • 58. 58 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 7.1.4 Potential for cost reductions The main metric for improvements of technology is the cost for produced energy, for a certain site holding constant the quality of wind resource. This will take into account both the improvements in extraction of energy as well as in the design for producing the equipment with cost efficient material use. The European Wind Initiative (EWI) targets competitive land-based wind by 2020 and offshore by 2030, as well as reducing the average cost of wind energy by 20% by 2020 (in comparison to 2009 levels). The cost competitiveness will depend on costs of other technologies as well, and assumes that externalities of fossil fuels are incorporated. A compilation of trends from various publications is summarised in Wind IA Task 26 (2012) where most LCOE estimates anticipate 20% to 30% reduction by 2030. Technology innovation, which will continue to improve energy capture, reduce the cost of components, lower O&M needs and extend turbine lifespan, remains a crucial driver for reducing LCOE (see Wind power technology). Larger markets will improve economies of scale, and manufacturing automation with stronger supply chains can yield further cost reductions. Given its earlier state of development, offshore wind energy is likely to see faster reductions in cost. Foundations and grid connection comprise a larger share of total investment cost, with foundations having substantial cost- reduction potential. Greater reliability, availability and reduced O&M cost are particularly important for offshore development as access can be difficult and expensive. The 2DS assumes a learning rate3 for wind energy of 7% on land and 9% off shore up to 2050, leading to an overall cost reduction of 25% by 2050. Offshore investment costs are assumed to fall by 37% by 2030, and by 45% in 2050 (Figure 15). The analyses assume a 20% reduction of onshore O&M costs by 2030, rising to 23% by 2050. Larger reductions are anticipated for offshore O&M costs, of 35% in 2030 and 43% in 2050. The cost of generating energy is expected to decrease by 26% on land and 52% off shore by 2050, assuming capacity factor increases from 26% to 31% on land and 36% to 42% off shore. All figures anticipate that improved wind turbine technology and better resource knowledge will more than offset the possible saturation of excellent sites.
  • 59. 59 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 2DS: 2°C Scenario 7.1.5 Wind technology development: actions and time frames Increased efforts in wind technology R&D are essential to realising the vision of this roadmap, with a main focus on reducing the investment costs and increasing performance and reliability to reach a lower LCOE. Good resource and performance assessments are also important to reduce financing costs. Wind energy technology is already proven and making progress. No single element of onshore turbine design is likely to reduce dramatically the cost of energy in the years ahead. Design and reliability can be improved in many areas, however; when taken together, these factors will reduce both cost of energy and the uncertainties that stifle investment decisions. Greater potential for cost reductions, or even technology breakthrough, exists in the offshore sector. Actions related to technology development fall into three main categories: •Wind power technology: turbine technology and design with corresponding development of system design and tools, advanced components, O&M, reliability and testing; •Wind characteristics: assessment of wind energy resource with resource estimates for siting, wind and external conditions for the turbine technology, and short-term forecasting methods; •Supply chains, manufacturing and installation issues. In light of continually evolving technology, continued efforts in standards and certification procedures will be crucial to ensure the high reliability and successful deployment of new wind power technologies. Mitigating environmental impacts is also important to pursue. This roadmap draws from the Wind IA Long-term R&D Needs report, which examines most technology development areas in more detail (Wind IA, forthcoming).
  • 60. 60 D3.1 Mapping of Existing RE&EE Roadmaps Adapted to the Region Version 28/02/2014 7.1.6 Wind power technology Cost reduction is the main driver for technology development but others include grid compatibility, acoustic emissions, visual appearance and suitability for site conditions (EWI, 2013). Reducing the cost of components, as well as achieving better performance and reliability (thereby optimising O&M), all result in reducing the cost of energy. System design Time frames 1. Wind turbines for diverse operating conditions: specific designs for cold and icy climates, tropical cyclones and low-wind conditions. Ongoing. Commercial-scale prototypes by 2015. 2. Systems engineering: to provide an integrated approach to optimising the design of wind plants from both performance and cost optimisation perspectives. Ongoing. Complete by 2020. 3. Wind turbine and component design: improve models and tools to include more details and improve accuracy. Ongoing. Complete by 2020. 5. Floating offshore wind plants: numerical design tools and novel designs for deep offshore. Ongoing. Complete by 2025. 4. Wind turbine scaling: 10 MW to 20 MW range turbine design to push for improved component design and references for offshore conditions. Ongoing. Complete by 2020-25. Advanced components Time frames 6. Advanced rotors: smart materials and stronger, lighter materials to enable larger rotors; improved aerodynamic models, novel rotor architectures and active blade elements Ongoing. Complete by 2025. 8. Support structures: new tower materials, new foundations for deep waters and floating structures. Ongoing. Complete by 2025. 7. Drive-train and power electronics: advanced generator designs; alternative materials for rare earth magnets and power electronics; improved grid support through power electronics; reliability improvements of gearboxes. Ongoing. Complete by 2025. 9. Wind turbine and wind farm controls: to reduce loads and aerodynamic losses. Ongoing. Complete by 2020-25.