Mr Arjun J Chaudhuri took the audience through a brief history of development of sport in his presentation at Maidan Summit 2011. He said that the state of affairs in India is slowly moving from amateur to professional sporting, which is why we can build upon a lot of new developments from within and around the world to craft out sport-based programmes. He also talked about the economics related to using sport for development in the Indian context, citing a small reference to the example of the industrial revolution of Europe. Arjun said that development can only happen if the methods and processes are in place.

1. SPORTS SCIENCES AND
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
ARJUN J CHAUDHURI
VISITING FACULTY, SGTB KHALSA COLLEGE, DELHI UNIVERSITY
SPORTS ECONOMICS & MARKETING CERTIFICATE COURSE

2. PHYSICAL EDUCATION
[PRE-776 BC-TILL DATE]
PHYSICAL EDUCATION comprises FORMS of PHYSCIAL
EXERCISE TAUGHT in SCHOOLS and COLLEGES.
INTRODUCTION
Physical Education is instruction in various kinds of
physical activities to PROMOTE the PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT and WELL-BEING of the INDIVIDUAL.
Games that foster COMPETITION and stimulate play
BEHAVIOUR are often used as a means of enabling
students to understand and practice specific physical
skills so that a high level of FITNESS can be
MAINTAINED.
HISTORY
Originally, in ANCIENT GREECE [PRE-776 BC],
PHYSICAL EDUCATION consisted of GYMNASTICS to
IMPROVE STRENGTH, AGILITY, FLEXIBILITY, and
ENDURANCE. The Greeks considered the HUMAN
BODY a TEMPLE that housed the MIND and the SOUL,
and gymnastics kept that temple HEALTHY and
FUNCTIONAL. Eventually, STRUCTURED GYMNASTICS
and CALISTHENIC EXERCISE were ABANDONED in
favor of SPORTS [ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES 776 BC-
AD 393; MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES 1896-TILL DATE].
IMAGE ABOVE, WRESTLING

3. PHYSICAL EDUCATION
[PRE-776 BC-TILL DATE]
IMAGE 1, EXEDRA [SITTING AREA] RUINS AT OLYMPIA,
GREECE
The SITE of the ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES was a
sanctuary consisting of TEMPLES and buildings to
HONOUR the MYTHOLOGICAL GODS of ANCIENT
GREECE. The ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES, which date
back to 776 BC, BEGAN with a CEREMONY and
SACRIFICE to the GODS. The EXEDRA, or SITTING
AREA, pictured here is among the ruins at Olympia.
IMAGE 2, FOOT RACE
The figures on this amphora represent participants in
a FOOT RACE at the Panathenaic Games. CITY-STATE
FESTIVALS provided the most exciting
ENTERTAINMENT in ANCIENT GREECE. At these
gatherings GREEKS HONOURED the GODS with
COMPETITIONS in SPORTS, MUSIC, DRAMA, and
POETRY.
IMAGE 3, CHARIOT RACE
A CHARIOT DRIVER CRACKS his WHIP to ENCOURAGE
his HORSES. Chariot racing was a POPULAR PASTIME
in ANCIENT GREECE and ANCIENT ROME and was
RECORDED as an EVENT in the ANCIENT OLYMPIC
GAMES.

4. PHYSICAL EDUCATION
[POST-1896-TILL DATE]
In modern times, PHYSICAL EDUCATION is the only
subject that is directly concerned with MOTOR
BEHAVIOUR. Emphasis on the MEANING of HUMAN
MOVEMENT, PHYSIOLOGY of EXERCISE, SPORT
SOCIOLOGY, and AESTHETIC APPRECIATION of
MOVEMENT, as well as the ACQUISITION of SKILLS, are
included in today's CURRICULUM.
IMAGE 1, BARON DE COUBERTIN, IOC PRESIDENT [1896-
1925]
BARON PIERRE DE COUVERTIN of FRANCE is known as
the man who REVIVED the OLYMPIC GAMES. In 1894 he
worked with representatives of 14 other NATIONS to
FORM the INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE [IOC],
over which he PRESIDED from the FIRST MODERN GAMES
in 1896 until his RETIREMENT in 1925.
IMAGE 2, LIGHTING THE OLYMPIC FLAME, 1988 OLYMPIC
GAMES IN SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
TEACHING
Teachers of physical education must have at least a
baccalaureate degree. Required study includes courses in
HUMAN BIOLOGY and HUMAN BEHAVIOUR.

5. TRANSITION FROM
PHYSICAL EDUCATION TO
SPORTS SCIENCES
SPORT is COMPETITIVE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. It is an
INDIVIDUAL or GROUP COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY
involving PHYSICAL EXERTION or SKILL,
GOVERNED by RULES, and ENGAGED in
PROFESSIONALLY for COMMERCIAL GAIN.
SPORTS SCIENCE is a SYSTEMATICALLY
ORGANIZED BODY of KNOWLEDGE about SPORTS.
It is an ACTIVITY that is the OBJECT of CAREFUL
SYUDY or that is CARRIED OUT ACCORDING to a
DEVELOPED METHOD. It is KNOWLEDGE GAINED
from the STUDY of SPORTS.
IMAGE 1, HOPKINS VELODROME, UK
IMAGE 2, F1 START
Formula One racers feature front and rear wings
that press the cars to the pavement. These cars
can consistently reach speeds of over 320 km/h
(200 mph). Seen here is the start of the 2004
Australian Grand Prix, part of the Formula One
World Championship.

6. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
RENE DESCARTES [1596-
1650]
FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN and
PHILOSOPHER RENE DESCARTES
was attempting to account for observed
phenomena on the basis of what he
called clear and distinct ideas—the
METHOD of DEDUCTIVE
REASONING.
The first modern philosopher, René
Descartes believed science and
mathematics could explain and predict
events in the physical world. Descartes
developed the CARTESIAN
COORDINATE SYSTEM for graphing
equations and geometric shapes.
Modern MAPS use a grid system that
can be traced back to Cartesian
graphing techniques.

7. SCIENTIFIC METHOD
INDUCTIVE REASONING
FRANCIS BACON [1561-
1626]
FRANCIS BACON was an ENGLISH
PHILOSOPHER and STATESMAN,
and one of the PIONEERS of
MODERN SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT.
Francis Bacon, wrote in the early 17th
century that a TABULATION of a
sufficiently large number of
OBSERVATIONS of NATURE would
lead to THEORIES accounting for
those operations—the METHOD of
INDUCTIVE REASONING.
The best of his PHILOSOPHICAL
WORKS are THE ADVANCEMENT
OF LEARNING (1605), a review in
English of the state of knowledge in his
own time, and NOVUM ORGANUM;
or, INDICATIONS RESPECTING
THE INTERPRETATION OF
NATURE (1620).

8. INVENTION
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
INVENTION (DEVICE or PROCESS) is
CREATION of new DEVICES, OBJECTS,
IDEAS, or PROCESURES, USEFUL in
accomplishing HUMAN OBJECTIVES.
The process of invention is invariably
preceded by one or more discoveries
that help the inventor solve the
problem at hand.
TECHNOLOGY is a general term for the
PROCESSES by which human beings
fashion TOOLS and MACHINES to
increase their CONTROL and
UNDERSTANDING of the MATERIAL
ENVIRONMENT. The term is derived
from the GREEK WORDS ‘TEKHNE’,
which refers to an ART or CRAFT, and
‘LOGIA’, meaning an AREA OF STUDY;
thus, TECHNOLOGY means, literally,
the STUDY, or SCIENCE, OF CRAFTING.

9. PROJECT MANAGEMENT,
WORLD WAR I [1914-
1918]
PROJECT MANAGEMENT is a TECHNIQUE
for MATCHING AVAILABLE RESOURCES
(TIME, MONEY, and PEOPLE) against
BUSINESS PROJECT AIMS (early
COMPLETION DATE and FINAL COST).
The technique of Project Management
ORIGINATED in the SHIP BUILDING
INDUSTRY during WORLD WAR I (1914-
1918), when AMERICAN ENGINEER HENRY
LAURENCE GANTT DEVELOPED what is now
known as the GANTT CHART, a BAR CHART
DEPLOYING USE of RESOURCES over TIME.
TOP IMAGE
SHIP BUILDING INDUSTRY, NOANK,
CONNECTICUT, USA [1917]
BELOW IMAGE
Building 100-foot concrete water tank
boats for the Government. Inside of stern
showing progress of construction.
Manufactured by Great Northern Concrete
Shipbuilding Co., Vancouver, Wash. Ca.
1918.

10. PHYSICAL EDUCATION & SPORTS
SCIENCES [POST-1896-TILL DATE]
IMAGE 1, JUAN ANTONIO SAMARANCH, IOC
PRESIDENT [1980]
SPAIN’s JUAN ANTONIO SAMARANCH, appointed
INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE
PRESIDENT in 1980, brought many INNOVATIONS
to the OLYMPIC GAMES. Among these were
CORPORATE SPONSORSHIP, MOVING the
WINTER GAMES and SUMMER GAMES to a
ROTATING TWO-YEAR SCHEDULE, and accepting
more PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES.
IMAGE 2, HOSTING THE OLYMPICS, 2000
OLYMPIC GAMES, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
CITIES that HOST the OLYMPIC GAMES must have
an adequate number of large, MODERN
ATHLETIC FACILITIES. Host cities SPEND to BUILD
new STADIUMS and VENUES to hold all the
OLYMPIC SPORTING EVENTS and CEREMONIES.
Shown here are some of the FACILITIES used in
the 2000 OLYMPIC GAMES in SYDNEY,
AUSTRALIA.

11. SPORTS FOR
DEVELOPMENT [S4D]
IMAGE 1, JIM THORPE AT 1912 OLYMPIC GAMES
IN STOCKHOLM, SEDEN
US ATHLETE JIM THORPE was considered the
world’s best all-around athlete after WINNING
both the PENTATHLON and DECATHLON during
the 1912 OLYMPIC GAMES in STOCKHOLM,
SWEDEN. He is shown here throwing the discus
in the 1912 OLYMPIC GAMES.
IMAGE 2, JESSE OWENS AT 1936 OLYMPIC
GAMES IN BERLIN, GERMANY
US ATHLETE JESSE OWENS, in the far inside lane,
WON the 100-meter dash at the 1936 OLYMPIC
GAMES in BERLIN, GERMANY. JESSE OWENS
dominated TRACK-AND-FIELD COMPETITION at
the OLYMPIC GAMES, also WINNING GOLD
MEDALS in the 200-meter dash, the LONG JUMP,
and the 4 x 100-meter RELAY.
IMAGE 3, BLACK POWER SALUTE AT 1968
OLYMPIC GAMES IN MEXICO CITY, MEXICO
AFRICAN AMERICAN ATHLETES, 200-METERS,
TOMMIE SMITH [GOLD] and JOHN CARLOS
[BRONZE]

12. SPORTS FOR
DEVELOPMENT [S4D]
IMAGE 1, BEN JOHNSON AT 1988 OLYMPIC GAMES IN
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
SPRINTER BEN JOHNSON began a successful career in
track and field in 1980 and went on to set several
world records. The REVELATION at the 1988 OLYMPIC
GAMES in SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA, of his LONG-TERM
STEROID USE resulted in his having to FORFEIT the
GOLD MEDAL he won there. BEN JOHNSON was
banned from many major sporting events, but
RETURNED to the track in 1991. He struggled to
regain his world-class form and was PERMANENTLY
BANNED from COMPETITION in 1993 after
CONTINUED STERIOD USE was DISCOVERED.
IMAGE 2, TONY VOLPENTEST AT 1996 PARALYMPIC
GAMES IN ATLANTA, GEORGIA
US athlete Tony Volpentest is pictured here at the
1996 PARLYMPIC GAMES in ATLANTA, GEORGIA,
where he won gold medals in the 100-meter and
200-meter dashes.
The PARALYMPICS are an ATHLETIC COMPETITION for
people with PHYSICAL DISABILITIES. Volpentest, who
was born without hands or feet, uses HIGH-TECH
PROSTHETIC feet for his sprinting races.

13. SPORTS FOR
DEVELOPMENT [S4D]
IMAGE, MARLA RUNYUN AT 2000
OLYMPIC GAMES IN SYDNEY,
AUSTRALIA
In 2000 MARLA RUNYUN, wearing
number 3375, became the first
LEGALLY BLIND US OLYMPIC ATHLETE
by QUALIFYING for the US TEAM in the
WOMEN’s 1,500-meter RACE. At the
2000 OLYMPIC GAMES in SYDNEY,
AUSTRALIA, MARLA RUNYUN
ADVANCED to the FINALS, where she
PLACED EIGHTH. Here she competes in
the Olympic semifinal heat with
American Suzy Favor Hamilton, left,
and Russian Lyudmila Rogachova,
center.

14. THANK YOU
Write to me at:
arjun_chaudhuri@yahoo.com