1. Sajjad Ahmad Awan PhD Research Scholar
TE Planning
Sajjad Awan PhD Scholar

2.  Diversity is a measure of differentiation
of a system/population/phenomenon
(Huisman 1995)
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3. …societies:
 society as a discrete and bounded entity, easily
identifiable, recognizable from others of its
kind
 society as comprised of different cultures,
groups, actors, but each with identifiable and
recognizable identity
 multiculturalism vs. assimilation, integration
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4. ….education:
 Systemic [institutional] diversity (types of
institutions: undergraduate, postgraduate,
vocational, community colleges, etc);
 Structural diversity (autonomy, governance,
relationship w/the state, funding mechanisms);
 Program diversity (curricula,
internationalization?, etc.)
Sajjad Awan PhD Scholar

5.  population ecology: organizations (HEIs) are
populations competing for a limited number
of resources they depend on.
 resource dependency: organizations are
dependant on resources [environment], but
also influence it in return
 institutional isomorphism(similarity or
identity of form or shape or structure):
successful institutions tend to imitate one
another, even across disciplinary boundaries
(van Vught 1996)
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6. MODES
 FORMAL/CONVENTIONAL
 NON-FORMAL
 DISTANCE EDUCATION
CONTENTS
 ADULT EDUCATION
 LITERACY
 WOMEN EDUCATION
 ENGINEERING
 ETC
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7.  EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL AND ITS EFFECTS
 PEDOGOGICAL PRACTICE
 RESOURCES AVAILABLE
 EFFECTS ON SOCIETY
 INDICIDUAL STATUS AND
EQUALIZATION OF INCOME
 SOCIO-CULTURAL EFFECTS
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8. -Low level of participation in tertiary education for middle-level
-Developing economy
-High failure rates at secondary school with large numbers of
students, excluded from college level training and education
opportunities
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9. Programs serve a very traditional student population relying on
traditional modes
Limited vertical or horizontal articulation among public and
private tertiary institutions
Needs of adult working students, physically disabled
students, academic under-prepared students,
geographically remote students not adequately addressed
Duplication of efforts and wastage of students’ time
and resources
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10. Skills mismatch between outputs of training institutions and labor
market needs
Chronic unemployment and underemployment…
Concentration of higher education and training programs in very
limited areas
Limits economic diversification possibilities…
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11.  United Nations World Commission on
Environment and Development in 1987,
development is sustainable if it “meets
the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.”
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12.  aims to help people to develop the
attitudes, skills and knowledge to make
informed decisions for the benefit of
themselves and others, now and in the
future, and to act upon these decisions.
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13.  UNESCO is the lead agency, seeks to
integrate the principles, values, and
practices of sustainable development
into all aspects of education and
learning, in order to address the social,
economic, cultural and environmental
problems we face in the 21st century.
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14.  It is an active learning process, founded on values of
solidarity, equality, inclusion and co-operation. It enables
people to move from basic awareness of international
development priorities and sustainable human development,
through understanding of the causes and effects of global
issues to personal involvement and informed actions.
 Development education fosters the full participation of all
citizens in world-wide poverty eradication, and the fight
against exclusion. It seeks to influence more just and
sustainable economic, social, environmental, human rights
based national and international policies.
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15. Socio-Economic
Development
Central Role of Higher Education/
Technology Development
In National Plans--
VISION!!!!
Linkages Between Applied Research
& Industrial Development
Govt.Facilitating Policies
Quality /Relevance
Of Education/Research
STANDARDS!!
Budgetary Allocations
(Min.2% of GNP)-
The-catch-up game!
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16. • It is possible for countries to catch up (eg. East Asian
Tigers, China etc.)
China’s Strategy---the Five Pillars
a) Massive Human Resource Development
b) Highest priority to Science & Technology
c) Promotion of Hi-Tech Industries
d) Emphasis on Value-added Agriculture
e) Self-reliance in Defense Manufacturing
Last two hundred years: One key lesson:
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