1. List of countries by no. Of mobile users
Retail:postpaid pre and vas
Wholesale:roaming interconnect
VAS value added service such as SMS , music download ringtones
Transmission or reception of voice visual images and data through electric or radio signals using
electronic devices to encode or decode information as signals
Transmitter medium and receiver
4 major telcom tech,: analog digital hybrid and wireless
Wireless:radio frequency comm., microwave comm. Or infrared short range comm..
Analog: waves losses can be diminished by shielding good connections several cable types ssuch
as coaxial or twisted pair
Fixed Line network: PSTN,ISDN,DSL
Public switched telephone netwok or POTS(Plain old telephone service) Voice comm
Integrated Services Digital Network , voice data and other network services
Digital Subscriber Line
Challenges of Fixed Line :Long lead time for provisioning of services ., limited mobility,limited
features, breakage of cables due to ageing,
CELLULAR OR WIRELESS NETWORKS:GSM,CDMA
GSM: Global System for Mobile Coimmunication, requires SIM( Subscriber Identification Module)
includes 3 elements: Base Station SubSystems (bss) ,Switching Systems(SS), Operation Support
System(OPS) . Users use GSM bandwith simultaneously
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access : one single communication channel where several users
communicate at the same frequency.authenticated by Electronic Serial Number(ESN)
3 Transmission Modes:
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access. Each signal is transmitted at a different time by use of multiple
time slots same communication channel though.
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access. Transmitted over diff. Frequencies acts as diff comm.
Channels.

2. CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access Unique codes , SO NO INTERFERNCE
CDMA is more efficient than GSM as GSM uses time slots
RGS: Revenue Generating Subscribers
ARPU: Average Revenue per User
MOU: Minutes Of Usage Voice services availed
Gross Addition: New subscribers added, excludes who left
Churn Rate: No. Of subscribers leaving within a period of time
CPGA: Cost Per gross Addition
International Telecom union(ITU)
GSMA
Qualcomm:SanDiego, California , largest fables chip supplier, inventred CDMA
TM Forum: SID(Shared Information Data),eTOM(Enhanced Telecom Operations Map), NGOSS( New
Generation Operations System), best in class IT
2. GSM
219 countries , Finland 1991
4.8b subscribers 800 mobile networks 15 pers second 1.3 m connections per day
Base Transciever Station(BTS)
Mobile Switching Centre(MSC)
Public Land Mobile Network(PLMN):Group of MSC areas serviced by same operator
MSISDN( Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network) Phone Number, It has Country
Code, National Destination Code and Subscriber No.
I MSI(International Mobile Subscriber Identity) 15 digit no.,stored in SIM, Mobile Country Code,
Mobile Network Code, Subscriber Identity number,
IMEI(International Mobile Equipment Identity) 14-17 digit code to identify Mobile Phone

3. Integrated Circuit Card Identifier onSIM Cards 19 -20 digits
Detached, Idle (Registration)(Location Updating) PAGING
GSM (Break Before Make)
CDMA(Make Before Break)
BTS + BSC - BSSMSC (authenticate the subscriber information and establish call)VLR (if fails
contacts HLR)
SAMe network ON NET CALL
Else OFF nET CALL handled by Gateway MSC which uses B number table
Then it generates CALL Detail or data record.
Finally OSS
(Operations Support Systems)
HLR(Home Location Register) Roaming is not a part of it. It contains subscriber information
VLR(Visitor Location Register) Current location of the subscriber, IMSI, Authentication data,
MSISSDN, HLR address
AUC(Authentication Center) authenticates SIM to connect to GSM network
EIR(Equipment Identity Register) helps to block calls from stolen mobiles
It has BLACk( IMEI blocked) White (IMEI valid and authentic) Grey( IMEI under monitoring)
SMS MSCSMSCMSC IMSI form HLR send to MSC to sub
MEDIATIOn billing conversion of CDR from MSC to billing format postpaid
Intelligrnt Networks control prepaid calls
Interactive Voice Response
GPRS: General Packet Radio Services
Surfing net, accessing mails, Instant messaging, MMS, 171 kbps max
SGSN( Serving GPRS Support Node) and Gateway GPRS Support Node together Combined GPRS
Support NODE(GGSN)(acts as an interface between GPRS and PDN packed data network
BTS to BSC PCU(Packet Control Unit) to SGSN (SGSN And HLR communicate) transfers to GGSN based
oin APN ID(Access point ID)

4. SGSN and GGSN does billing too
EDR Event DATA Record similar CDR records data vol, MSISDN, IMSI, APN ,Time of usage
Billing Interval or Pulse: Smallest unit of time having a rate attached to it.
Provisioning: Process of configuring subscribers to CRM , HLR
Rating: Process of calculating the call charge
Bill Run: Activity of generation of bills for post paid
Revenue Cycle:In a postpaid segment is a sequence of inter related processes that begins with the
sale of0020connectiomn includes all processes thereafter.
CRM: subscriber name, address, account no.,allowed /barred,billing history
HLR: allowed/barred
Billing System:accno.,al/bar,CDRs,billing history
SGSN, msc TO Mediatiin sstme o billing, to accounting
Dunning: blocking service due to non payment
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PREPAID
2.5b users, 60%
Portuguese provider TMN
Interconnect CDRs generated at MSCs
POC CDR at terminating origination MOC
POI switching point at which 2 networks interface and come together
INTEC supplies billing and mediation
3M of Frauds: Motive Mean Mechanic