The document discusses testing and evaluating grammar, including parts of speech like articles, prepositions, and pronouns. It provides information and exercises about these grammatical concepts, with a focus on teaching and assessing them. Resource person Mam Salma Khan presented the material.

1. Testing and Evaluation of
Grammar
 How to teach and asses
 Parts of Speech
 (Articles, Prepositions and Pronouns)
 How to teach and asses
 Sentence Structure

2.  Resource Person:
 Mam Salma Khan
 Presented by:
 Maqsood Ahmad
 ID# 090418002 (MSc Applied Linguistics)
 University of Management and Technology
Johar Town, Lahore.

3. Article
 An article is a kind of an adjective
 Like adjectives, articles modify nouns.
 Always used with and gives some information about a
noun.
 There are only two articles ‘a’ and ‘the’
 They are used very often
 Important for using English accurately

4.  The word ‘a’ is called the indefinite article
because the noun it goes with is indefinite or
general.
 The word ‘a’ becomes ‘an’ when the next word
begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u)

5.  The word ‘the’ is known as the definite article
 Indicates a specific thing
 Difference between the two sentences
 I sat on ‘a’ chair
 I sat on ‘the’ chair
 Second sentence refers to a particular, specific chair,
not just any chair.

6.  Many nouns, especially singular forms of countable
nouns must have an article.
 In English, it is not possible to say I sat on chair
without an article
 A demonstrative or possessive adjective can be used
instead of an article
 As in the sentences
 I sat on that chair
 I sat on his chair.

7.  Whenever there is an article
 you will find a noun with it.
 The noun may be the next word
 The man
 Or there may be adjectives and perhaps adverbs
 between the article and the noun
 The very angry, young man.

8. (1) How many kinds of articles are there in English?
1 2 3 4 5
(2) An article always comes with a
pronoun adjective noun verb preposition.
(3) An article is a kind of
pronoun conjunction noun adjective adverb.
(4) Which is not correct?
a ant the dog an elephant the monkey a cat
(5) Which is not correct?
a shirt an hat the necktie the pajamas a shoe

9. (6) Which is not correct?
a mile a kilometer a inch a foot a meter
(7) Which is not correct?
an article an object an adverb an adjective an noun
(8) Which is not correct?
I see a cat. I see her cat. I see cat. I see the cat. I see that cat.
9) How many articles are in the sentence?
That was the best movie I have seen in a year.
0 1 2 3 4
10) How many articles are in the sentence?
I saw a monkey and an elephant at the zoo.
0 1 2 3 4

10.  Read the following description
 and pick out definite and indefinite articles "A, An, The"
 I am from Winchester Hampshire. Winchester is a city in
the United Kingdom. I live in a town called Taunton which
is on the River Tone. I live in a house in a quiet street in
the countryside. The street is called "Hudson Street" and
the house is old - more than 100 years old! I am an English
lecturer at a college near the centre of the town. I like
books, music and taking photographs. I usually have lunch
at college. I usually go home by car. We have all kinds of
food in England. I like Polish food very much. Sometimes,
I go to a Polish restaurant in Bath. The restaurant is called
"Magda's". Polish food is delicious!

11. Prepositions
A preposition describes a relationship between other
words in a sentence.
 A word like "in" or "after" is rather meaningless and
hard to define in mere words.
 When you do try to define a preposition like "in" or
"between" or "on," you invariably use your hands to
show how something is situated in relationship to
something else.

12.  Prepositions are nearly always combined with other
words in structures called prepositional phrases
 Prepositional phrases can be made up of a million
different words, but they tend to be built the same
 A preposition followed by a determiner and an
adjective or two, followed by a pronoun or noun
(called the object of the preposition)

13.  Whole phrase, takes on a modifying role.
 Acting as an adjective or an adverb.
 Locating something in time and space.
 Modifying a noun.
 Telling when or where or under what conditions
something happened.

14.  Let's meet seven o'clock. (at, in, to, for)
 He was born July. (in, to, at, for)
 I went there 1998. (in, for, to, at)
 She'll be at work Thursday. (on, in, for, at)
 We met Christmas day. (on, for, at, in)
 They drove to Barlinek September 15th. (on, at, for, in)
 We arrived in this country September. (in, for, on, at)

15.  I love to go shopping Christmas time. (at, in, to, for)
 We get up early the morning. (in, to, for, at)
 Do you dream night? (at, in, to, for)
 What do you like doing weekends? (at, to, for, in)
 He's working on his homework the moment. (at, for, in)
 I lived in Holland the 1990s. (in, at, for, on)
 I'll see you a few weeks. (in, at, to, for)
 We like going to the cinema Fridays. (on, at, to, for)

16. Pronouns
 What is a Pronoun?
 A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
 Usually pronouns refer to something that was already mentioned in
previous sentence or understood by the listener or reader.
 They are very useful words because when you use them, you do not
need to repeat nouns all the time.
 When a pronoun replaces a word (or a group of words), the word being
replaced is called an antecedent.
 I wrote a letter to the president, who responded quickly.
 In the sentence above, president is antecedent of the pronoun who.

17. Types of pronoun
 Now we are going to learn types of pronouns: -
 Demonstrative Pronouns: - point out specific persons,
animals, places, things or ideas.
For example: - this, those
 Personal Pronouns: – stands for people, places, things
and ideas.
For example: - I/me, he/him
 Indefinite Pronouns: – replace nouns without specifying
which noun they replace.
For example: - Someone, no one

18. Continue: -
 Intensive Pronouns: - A reflexive used to add emphasis
to a noun is called an intensive pronoun.
For example: - Marsha, herself, is an actor.
 Interrogative Pronouns: - used to begin or introduce
interrogative sentences.
For example: - who, what
 possessive pronoun: - substitutes for a noun phrase that
begins with a possessive determiner (also known as a
possessive adjective).
For example: - mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs &
whose

19. Continue: -
 Reciprocal Pronouns: - show a mutual relationship.
For example: - one another, each other
 Reflexive Pronouns: - point back to the subject of the
sentence.
 For example: - myself, themselves
 Relative Pronouns: - begin a subordinate clause and
connect it to another noun that precedes it.
For example: - which, that

20. Exercise to asses to pronouns:-
 Choose the right answer from the given options: -
 The noun, which the pronoun replaces, is called its antecedent.
1) Relative, 2) Intensive, 3) Indefinite
 They themselves completed the exercise.
1) Demonstrative, 2)Intensive, 3) Relative
 What do you know about pronouns?
1) Demonstrative, 2)Reflexive, 3)Interrogative
 Everybody can learn English Grammar.
1) Relative, 2)Reciprocal, 3)Indefinite
 This is a quiz for students of English as a Second Language.
1) Demonstrative, 2)Interrogative, 3)Reflexive,

21. Continue: -
 Ask yourself, what is a pronoun?
1)Reflexive, 2) personal, 3)Intensive
 We did all the work ourselves.
1)Reflexive, 2)Indefinite, 3)personal
 We are commanded to love one another.
1)Intensive, 2) personal, 3)Demonstrative
 All my customers are asking for these.
1)Indefinite, 2) Reciprocal, 3)Demonstrative
 I bought myself a new car.
1)Relative, 2)Reflexive 3)Reciprocal

22. Continue: -
 We are commanded to love one another.
1)Reflexive, 2)Reciprocal, 3)Demonstrative
 His record speaks for itself.
1)Reflexive, 2)Relative, 3) Personal
 Marsha, herself, is an actor.
1)Personal, 2)Intensive, 3)Demonstrative
 The man whom you referred will do a good job.
1)Relative, 2)Personal, 3)Indefinite
 On their wedding day they gave each other gold rings.
1)Intensive, 2)Indefinite, 3)Personal

23. Continue: -
 Does anybody know who she is?
1)Indefinite, 2) Demonstrative, 3)Personal
 They want to know who did that!
1)Relative, 2)Personal, 3) Reflexive
 What did they find there?
1)Demonstrative, 2)Personal, 3)Interrogative
 She wants to exchange this for that and these for those.
1)Reflexive, 2)Reciprocal, 3)Demonstrative
 I forgot whose book it was.
1)Indefinite, 2)Personal, 3)Reciprocal,

24. Continue: -
 You take these books and I'll take those.
1)Reflexive, 2)Relative, 3)Demonstrative
 John built the boat himself.
1)Reciprocal, 2)Intensive, 3)Personal
 I will consider renting or buying, whichever works out best.
1)Indefinite, 2)Intensive, 3)Relative
 Put yourselves in our shoes.
1)Intensive, 2)Reflexive, 3)Personal
 On their wedding day they gave each other gold rings.
1)Reciprocal, 2)Demonstrative, 3)Interrogative

25. Continue: -
 She wants to exchange this for that and these for those.
1)Personal, 2)Intensive, 3)Indefinite
 I know that she came over last night to see him.
1) Indefinite, 2)Personal, 3)Relative
 Instructor himself ordered this product.
1)Indefinite, 2)Relative, 3)Intensive
 I asked myself why I had emailed that to everyone.
1)Demonstrative, 2)Indefinite, 3)Personal
 It is a book that is difficult to ignore.
1)Personal, 2) Reflexive, 3)Relative

26. Continue: -
 I myself prefer apples.
1)Demonstrative, 2)Intensive, 3)Personal
 What did you say?
1)Personal, 2)Indefinite, 3)Interrogative
 Which is better?
1)Interrogative, 2)Demonstrative, 3)Personal
 Many were invited by her but none showed up.
1)Demonstrative, 2)Indefinite, 3)Personal
 I told myself this would not happen if I listened to you.
1)Personal, 2)Intensive, 3)Indefinite

27. Continue: -
 He wanted to kick himself for even making that comment.
1)Personal, 2)Intensive, 3)Indefinite
 Each is responsible for his or her own books.
1)Indefinite, 2)Personal, 3)Intensive
 Do you know who did that?
1)Reflexive, 2)Relative, 3)Interrogative

28. Exercise # 2
 "Is she writing to her ex-boyfriend?" "Yes, she is still
in love with ___!"
a. her b. him c. his
 "Arek is making a lot of noise!" "I'll ask ___ to be
quiet."
a. him b. it c. its
 "Please tell Mrs. Jones to come in." "Sorry, I don't
know ___."
a. her b. him c. she
 "I can't find my glasses!" "You are wearing ___!"
a. them b. there c. they

29. Continue: -
 "Do you like peaches?" "I love ___ !"
a. hers b. its c. them
 "Why is he always talking about Joanna?" "He
obviously likes ___ !"
a. her b. him c. she
 "Where is my book? Oh, dear! I've lost ___!"
a. him b. it c. its
 "Is that Magda's new boyfriend?" "Don't ask me, ask
___!"
a. her b. his c. it
 "What is the title of that song?" "I'm afraid I can't
remember ___."
a. him b. it c. them

30. Continue: -
 "Why is Peter so happy?”
His friends gave ___a guitar for his birthday!"
a. him b. it c. them
 "What are you going to do with those empty bottles?" "I'm
going to recycle ___."
a. their b. them c. they
 "Let's see the latest Ken Loach film!" "I have seen ___
already!"
a. him b. it c. there
 "How are your parents? I haven't seen ___ for some time now!"
a. them b. there c. they
 "Have you met Kasia and Jacek?" "No, I have never met ___."
a. its b. the c. them

31. Sentence
 A series of signs or symbols
 Expressing a proposition in an artificial or logical language
 The largest independent unit of grammar
 It begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or
exclamation point.
 A set of words that is complete in itself
 Containing a subject and predicate
 Conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command
 Consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate
clauses
 The sentence is traditionally and inadequately defined as a word or
group of words
 Expresses a complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb.

32. Sentence Patterns
 There are 7 basic sentence patterns:
 S-V Angry customers complain.
 S-V-O The manager helped us gladly.
 S-LV-N Her decision was a mistake.
 S-LV-Adj My friend looked pale.
 S-V-IO-O Her cousin showed visitors the capital.
 S-V-O-OC They called the anonymous benefactor a saint.
 S-V-O-Adj We painted the house green.

33. Sentence Structures
 There are four basic sentence structures: -
 Simple sentence
 Compound sentence
 Complex sentence
 Compound-complex sentence

34. Simple sentence
 A sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single
subject and predicate.
 A sentence structure that contains one independent clause and
no dependent clauses.
 Examples: -
 The runner jumped.
 One independent clause
 Contains one subject runner, and one predicate jumped.
 The singer bowed.
 One independent clause
 Contains one subject singer, and one predicate bowed.

35. Continue: -
 The baby cried.
 One independent clause
 Contains one subject baby, and one predicate cried.
 The girl ran into her bedroom.
 One independent clause
 Contains one subject girl, and one predicate ran into her bedroom.
This example is distinct from the previous three in that its verb phrase
consists of more than one word.
 In the backyard, the dog barked and howled at the cat.
 This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one
subject dog, and one predicate barked and howled at the cat.
 This predicate has two verbs, known as a compound predicate:
barked and howled. This compound verb should not be confused with
a compound sentence.
 In the backyard and at the cat are prepositional phrases.

36. Compound sentence
 A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses.
 It does not require a dependent clause.
 The clauses are joined by coordinating or correlative conjunctions (with or
without comma) a semicolon that functions as a conjunction or a conjunctive
adverb preceded by a semicolon.
 A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence.
 The use of a comma to separate two independent clauses is called a comma
splice and is generally considered an error (when used in the English
language).
 Examples
 My friend invited me to a tea party, but my parents didn't let me go.
 Do you want to stay here, or would you like to go shopping with me?
 I have a lot of work to finish, so I will be up all night.

37. Complex sentence
 A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at
least one dependent clause. Unlike a compound sentence,
however, a complex sentence contains clauses which are not
equal. Consider the following examples:
 Simple
 My friend invited me to a party. I do not want to go.
 Compound
 My friend invited me to a party but I do not want to go.
 Complex
 Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want to go.

38.  In the first example,
 There are two separate simple sentences: "My friend
invited me to a party" and "I do not want to go."
 The second example,
 Joins them together into a single sentence with the
coordinating conjunction "but," but both parts could still
stand as independent sentences -- they are entirely equal
and the reader cannot tell which is most important.
 In the third example,
 However, the sentence has changed quite a bit: The
first clause, "Although my friend invited me to a party," has
become incomplete, or a dependent clause.

39. Example of a Complex Sentence
 A complex sentence from Henry David Thoreau,
 “If a man does not keep pace with his companions,
perhaps it is because he hears a different
drummer.”

40. Compound-complex sentence
 A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent
clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
 Example 1: -
 Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go
lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.
 Independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"
 Independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"
 Dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

41. Continue: -
 Example 2:-
 We decided that the movie was too violent, but our
children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we
were wrong.
 Independent clause: "We decided that the movie was too
violent"
 Independent clause: "(but) our children thought that we
were wrong"
 Dependent clause: who like to watch scary movies

42. Functional types of a sentence
 There are four functional types of a sentence: -
 Assertive or Declarative sentence (a statement)
 Interrogative sentence (a question)
 Imperative sentence (a command)
 Exclamatory sentence (an exclamation)

43. Assertive or Declarative Sentence:-
 A sentence in the form of a simple statement or fact.
 The subject normally precedes the predicate.
 A declarative sentence ends with a period.
 They state, assert, or declare something.
 Jan is a student. She lives in a big city.
 you said something.
 I’m going to make him an offer, he can’t refuse.

44. Interrogative Sentence: -
 A type of sentence that asks a question.
 In interrogative sentences, the subject is
sometimes located in the predicate half of the
sentence.
 An interrogative sentence ends with a question
mark.
 What is your name?
 Where do you live?
 What did you say?

45. Imperative Sentence: -
 A type of sentence that gives advice, instructions or
that expresses a request or command or express a
wish.
 An imperative sentence typically begins with the
base form of a verb, as in Go now! The implied
subject you is said to be "understood" or (You) go
now!
 Go to your room. (an order)
 Please lend me your book. (a request)
 Have a good time at the picnic. (a wish).
 Tell me what you said. (a request)

46. Exclamatory Sentence: -
 A type of sentence that expresses sudden and strong
feelings, such as surprise, wonder, pity, sympathy,
happiness, or gratitude by making an exclamation with
the appropriate intonation.
 Other sentence types (especially declarative sentences)
can be used to form exclamatives.
 An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation
point.
 What a shame!
 Boy, am I tired!
 Tell me now!

47. Assessment of Sentences
1: Harry, try the other door.
Interrogative Assertive or Declarative
Exclamatory Imperative
2: Stay in your seat.
Assertive or Declarative Exclamatory
Interrogative Imperative

48. 3: Please pass the salt.
Assertive or Declarative Imperative
Exclamatory Interrogative
4: I am ten years old.
Exclamatory Interrogative
Imperative Assertive or Declarative

49. 5: Why didn't you come to school today?
Assertive or Declarative Exclamatory
Imperative Interrogative
6: Wow! Those fireworks are beautiful!
Interrogative Exclamatory
Imperative Assertive or Declarative

50. 7: I didn't have time to finish my homework last
night.
Interrogative Imperative
Exclamatory Assertive or Declarative
8: Do you want to play?
Exclamatory Assertive or Declarative
Interrogative Imperative

51. This is all from my side.
Thank you very much.
Have a nice day.