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PART II - Italian context

4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy
4.1	 General




                                                                                                                                                                  4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy
A PV plant can be connected in parallel to the public dis-
tribution network if the following conditions are complied
                                                                                            Figure 4.1
with (CEI 0-16):
                                                                                                               Public network
•	 the parallel connection shall not cause perturbations
   to the continuity and quality of the service of the public
   network to preserve the level of the service for the other                                                                         Energy delivery equipment
                                                                                                                                      and measuring set
   users connected;
•	 the production plant must not be connected or the
   connection in parallel must immediately and automati-
                                                                                              Electrical system of the
   cally interrupt in case of absence of the supply from                                      self-producer
   the distribution network or if the voltage and frequency                                                                          DG
   values of the network are not in the range of the allowed                                                                          Main device
   values;
                                                                                              Part of the network of            QF
•	 the production plant must not be connected or the con-                                     the self-producer not
   nection in parallel must immediately and automatically                                     enabled for “stand-alone”
                                                                                              operation
   interrupt if the unbalance value of the power generated
                                                                                                                                     DDI
   by three-phase plants consisting of single-phase gen-
                                                                                                                                      Interface device
   erators is not lower than the maximum value allowed
   for single-phase connections.                                                                                                QF
                                                                                              Part of the network
                                                                                              of the self-producer
                                                                                              enabled for “stand-alone”
This in order to avoid that (CEI 0-16):                                                       operation
•	 in case of lack of voltage in the grid, the connected                                                                             DDG
   active user may supply the grid itself;                                                                                            Generator device
•	 in case of fault on the MV line, the grid itself may be
   supplied by the PV plant connected to it;
•	 in case of automatic or manual reclosing of the circuit-
   breakers of the distribution network, the PV generator
   may be out of phase with the network voltage, with                                                                            PV
   likely damage to the generator.                                                                                            generation
                                                                                                                               system
The PV plant can be connected to the LV, MV or HV grid
in relation to the value of the generated peak power
(TICA):
•	 connection to the LV grid for plants up to 100 kW1;                                      With reference to the particular diagram of the PV plant,
•	 connection to the MV grid for plants up to 6 MW.                                         the Standard (CEI 0-16) allows that more functions are
In particular, the connection of the PV plant to the LV                                     carried out by the same device provided that between
network                                                                                     the generation and the network two circuit-breakers or a
•	 can be single-phase for powers up to 6 kW;                                               circuit-breaker and a contactor in series are present.
•	 must be three-phase for powers higher than 6 kW and,
   if the inverters are single-phase, the maximum differ-                                   When choosing the breaking capacity of the QF devices,
   ence between the phases must not exceed 6 kW.                                            it is necessary to take into consideration that also the
The principle diagram of the layout of the generation                                       generation plant, in addition to the grid and to the large
system in parallel with the public network is shown in                                      motors running, can contribute to the short-circuit current
Figure 4.1 (Guide CEI 82-25, II ed.).                                                       at the installation point.


1
 These limits can be exceeded to the discretion of the distribution authority. Besides,
as regards the plants already connected to the grid, these limits are increased up to the
power level already available for the withdrawal.




                                                                                                                                     Photovoltaic plants 33
Technical Application Papers




                                                        4.2	 In parallel with the LV network                                                    For power up to 6kW in single-phase and 20kW in three-
                                                                                                                                                phase systems the interface device can also be internal
4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy




                                                        From an analysis of Figure 4.1, it can be noticed that three                            to the conversion system. For installations up to 20kW
                                                        switching devices are interposed between the produc-                                    the interface function can be carried out by more different
                                                        tion plant of the user and the public network (Guide CEI                                devices up to 3 (Guide for the connection to the electrical
                                                        82-25, II ed.):                                                                         networks by Enel Distribution).
                                                        •	 main device, it separates the user plant from the public
                                                           network; it trips due to a fault in the PV plant or, in case                         In PV plants, with power not higher than 20 kW and with
                                                           of plants with net metering, due to a fault of the PV sys-                           maximum three inverters, to which loads for stand-alone
                                                           tem or of the user’s plant; it consists of a circuit-breaker                         operation are not connected, the generator device can
                                                           suitable for disconnection with overcurrent releases and                             also accomplish the function of interface device (Figure
                                                           for tripping all the phases and the neutral;                                         4.1a), whereas in the PV plants for generation only, that
                                                        •	 interface device, it separates the generation plant from                             is those to which no consumer plants are associated,
                                                           the user’s grid not enabled for stand-alone operation                                the interface device may coincide with the main device
                                                           and consequently from the public network; it trips due                               (Figure 4.1b).
                                                           to disturbances on the network of the distributor and
                                                           it consists of a contactor or of an automatic circuit-
                                                           breaker with an undervoltage release tripping all the                                Figure 4.1a
                                                           involved phases and the neutral, category AC-7a if                                                      Public network
                                                           single-phase or AC-1 if three-phase (IEC 60947-4-1);
                                                        •	 generator device, it separates the single PV generator                                                                           Energy delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                            equipment
                                                           from the rest of the user’s plant; it trips due to a fault                                                                       and measuring set
                                                           inside the generator and can be constituted by a con-
                                                           tactor or an automatic circuit-breaker tripping all the                                Electrical system of the self-producer
                                                                                                                                                                                            DG
                                                           involved phases and the neutral.                                                                                                 Main device

                                                        The interface protection system, which acts on the in-                                    Part of the network                  QF
                                                                                                                                                  of the self-producer
                                                        terface device, is constituted by the functions listed in                                 not enabled for
                                                        the Table 4.1.                                                                            “stand-alone” operation
                                                                                                                                                                                            Generator / Interface device
                                                                                                                                                                                            DI/DDG



                                                                                                                                                                                        PV
                                                                                                                                                                                     generation
                                                                                                                                                                                      system
                                                        Table 4.1

                                                        Protection                          Version       Setting value     Tripping time
                                                                                                                                                Figure 4.1b
                                                        Maximum voltage (59)                Single-/         ≤ 1.2 Un           ≤ 0.1 s
                                                                                          three-pole(1)
                                                                                                                                                                   Public network

                                                        Minimum voltage (27)                Single-/         ≥ 0.8 Un           ≤ 0.2 s                                                      Energy delivery
                                                                                          three-pole(1)                                                                                      equipment
                                                                                                                                                                                             and measuring set
                                                        Maximum frequency (81>)           Single-pole     50.3 o 51 Hz(2)       Without
                                                                                                                            intentional delay
                                                                                                                                                  Electrical system of the self-producer
                                                        Minimum frequency (81<)           Single-pole     49 o 49.7 Hz(2)       Without
                                                                                                                            intentional delay
                                                                                                                                                                                             Generator/Interface
                                                        Frequency derivative (∆81)(3)     Single-pole        0.5 Hz/s           Without                                                      device DG/DI
                                                                                                                            intentional delay
                                                        (1)   Single-pole for single-phase systems and three-pole for three-phase
                                                              systems.                                                                                                                       Generator device
                                                                                                                                                                                             DDG
                                                        (2)   The default settings are 49.7 Hz and 50.3 Hz. If, under normal service
                                                              conditions, the frequency variation of the distributor’s grid are such as
                                                              to cause unwanted trips of the protection against maximum/minimum
                                                              frequency, the settings of 49 and 51 Hz shall be adopted.
                                                                                                                                                                                        PV
                                                        (3)   In particular cases only.                                                                                              generation
                                                                                                                                                                                      system



                                                     34 Photovoltaic plants
A metal separation between the PV plant and the public                         PV installations can deliver active energy with a power




                                                                                                                                                                          4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy
network shall be guaranteed in order not to feed direct                        factor (Guide CEI 82-25, II ed.)3:
currents into the grid. For plants with total generated                        •	 not lower than 0.8 delayed (absorption of reactive
power not higher than 20kW such separation can be                                 power), when the supplied active power ranges from
replaced by a protection (generally inside the electronic                         20% to 100% of the installed total power;
control and setting system of the inverter) which makes                        •	 unitary;
the interface (or generator) device open in case of val-                       •	 in advance, when they deliver a total reactive power
ues of total direct component exceeding 0.5% of the                               not exceeding the minimum value between 1kvar and
r.m.s. value of the fundamental component of the total                            (0.05+P/20)kvar (where P is the installed total power
maximum current coming out from the converters. For                               expressed in kW).
plants with total generation power exceeding 20kW
and with inverters without metal separation between
the direct and alternating current parts, the insertion of
a LV/lv at industrial frequency is necessary (Guide CEI
82-25, II ed.).
                                                                               2
                                                                                 A high frequency transformer is not suitable since it has output direct current compo-
Figure 4.2 shows a single-line diagram typical of a PV plant                   nents exceeding the allowed limits; moreover only a separation transformer is admitted
connected to the LV grid in the presence of a user’s plant.                    for more inverters.

                                                                               3
                                                                                   Referred to the fundamental component.


Figure 4.2




                                                         Public LV network


                                                                     Measure of the
                                                               kWh energy taken from
                                                               kvarh and fed into the grid
                                                                                                       Distributor

                                                                                                       User’s plant


                                                                     Main
                                                                     circuit-breaker
                                                                     (DG)




                                                                                       Interface                                   Interface
                                                                                       device (DDI)              27 - 59 - 81      protection (PI)


                                LV users not enabled
                                for “stand-alone” operation                                               Measurement of
                                                                                                      kWh produced energy




                                                                                    Circuit-breaker                             Circuit-breaker
                                                                                    of the generator                            of the generator
                                                                                    (DDG)                                       (DDG)

                                                                    Inverter




                                                   Photovoltaic
                                                   generator (PV)




                                                                                                                                           Photovoltaic plants 35
Technical Application Papers




                                                        4.3	 In parallel with the MV network                                                       are allowed provided that the trip command of each
                                                                                                                                                   protection acts on all the devices, so that an anomalous
4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy




                                                                                                                                                   condition detected by a single protection disconnects all
                                                        The main device consists of (CEI 0 -16):
                                                                                                                                                   the generators from the network6.
                                                        •	 a three-pole circuit-breaker in withdrawable version
                                                                                                                                                   If single-phase inverters with power up to 10kW are used,
                                                           with opening trip unit;
                                                                                                                                                   the interface protection system can be integrated into
                                                        •	 or a three-pole circuit-breaker with opening trip unit
                                                                                                                                                   the converter itself for total generated powers not higher
                                                           and three-pole switch- disconnector to be installed on
                                                                                                                                                   than 30kW (CEI 0-16 Interpretation Sheet).
                                                           the supply side of the circuit-breaker.
                                                                                                                                                   Moreover, since the inverters used in PV plants work as
                                                        As regards the opening command of the main device due
                                                                                                                                                   current generators and not as voltage generators it is not
                                                        to the intervention of the main protection, an undervoltage
                                                                                                                                                   necessary to integrate into the interface protection also
                                                        coil must be used because if, for any reason, the supply
                                                                                                                                                   the zero-sequence overvoltage protections (59N) and
                                                        voltage of the main protection lacks, the opening of the
                                                                                                                                                   the additional protection against failed opening of the
                                                        main device occurs also in case of absence of the com-
                                                                                                                                                   interface device (Guide CEI 82-25, II ed.).
                                                        mand coming from the main protection.
                                                                                                                                                   The interface protection system consists of the functions
                                                        The general protection includes (CEI 0-16):
                                                                                                                                                   listed in the Table 4.2 (CEI 0-16 Interpretation Sheet).
                                                        •	 an overcurrent release with three trip thresholds, one
                                                           with inverse time-delay I> (overload threshold 51), two                                 Table 4.2
                                                           with constant time I>> (threshold with intentional delay
                                                           51) and I>>> (instantaneous threshold 50);                                                                                                    Fault extinction        Intentional
                                                                                                                                                   Protection                      Setting value               time                 delay
                                                        •	 a zero-sequence overcurrent release 51N with two
                                                                                                                                                   Maximum voltage (59)                 ≤ 1.2 Un              ≤ 170 ms              100 ms
                                                           constant time trip thresholds Io> and Io>>, one for the
                                                           single-phase earth faults and one for the double single-                                Minimum voltage (27)                 ≥ 0.7 Un              ≤ 370 ms              300 ms

                                                           phase earth faults, or a directional zero-sequence                                      Maximum frequency (81>)               50.3 Hz              ≤ 170 ms              100 ms
                                                           overcurrent release with two thresholds 67N.1 and                                       Minimum frequency (81<)               49.7 Hz              ≤ 170 ms              100 ms
                                                           67N.2 , one for the selection of internal faults in case
                                                           of networks with compensated neutral and one in case
                                                           of insulated neutral, in addition to the zero-sequence
                                                           overcurrent release with one threshold for the double
                                                           single-phase earth faults.
                                                                                                                                                   As regards the generator device, what pointed out for the
                                                        The interface device can be positioned both on the MV                                      parallel connection with the LV part is valid.
                                                        as well as on the LV side. If this device is installed on
                                                        the MV part of the plant, it can consists of (CEI 0-16                                     The Figures 4.3 and 4.4 show two typical diagrams for the
                                                        Interpretation Sheet):                                                                     connection of the MV network of a PV plant. In particular
                                                        •	 a three-pole circuit-breaker in withdrawable version                                    the diagram of Figure 4.3 shows a plant equipped with
                                                           with undervoltage opening release or                                                    more single-phase inverters and in which the interface
                                                        •	 a three-pole circuit-breaker with undervoltage opening                                  device is positioned on the LV. This configuration is typical
                                                           release and a switch-disconnector installed either on                                   of plants with power up to one hundred kW.
                                                           the supply or on the load side of the circuit-breaker5.                                 Instead larger plants use three-phase inverters with one
                                                                                                                                                   or more LV/MV transformers and the interface device is
                                                        For plants with more PV generators, as a rule, the inter-                                  generally positioned on the MV (Figure 4.4).
                                                        face device shall be one and such as to exclude at the
                                                        same time all the generators, but more interface devices


                                                        4
                                                         Protection 67N is required when the contribution to the single-phase ground fault ca-     6
                                                                                                                                                    When a PV plant (with total power not higher than 1 MW) is added to plants connected to
                                                        pacitive current of the MV grid of the user exceeds the 80% of the setting current fixed   the grid since more than a year, it is possible to install no more than three interface devices
                                                        by the distributor for the protection 51N. In practice, when the MV cables of the user     and each of them can subtend maximum 400 kW (CEI 0-16 Interpretation Sheet).
                                                        exceed the length of:
                                                                •	400m for grids with Un=20 kV
                                                                •	533m for grids with Un=15kV.

                                                        5
                                                         The possible presence of two switch-disconnectors (one on the supply side and one
                                                        on the load side) shall be considered by the user according to the need of safety during
                                                        maintenance operations.




                                                     36 Photovoltaic plants
Figure 4.3




                                                                                                                                                                     4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy
                                                             MV network

                                                                                         kWh
                                                                                         kvarh                           Distributor

                                                                                                                         User’s plant

                                       Main                                       50-51 - 51N - (67N) Main protection PG
                                       circuit-breaker
                                       (DG)




                                                                                    Interface
                                                                                    device                <U       27 - 59 - 81   Interface
                                                                                    (DDI)                                         device (DDI)


                      LV users not enabled                                                            Measurement of
                                                                                                kWh   produced energy
                      for “stand-alone” operation


                                                                             Circuit-breaker
                                                                             of the generator                            Circuit-breaker
                                                                             (DDG)                                       of the generator
                                                                                                                         (DDG)
                                                                  Inverter


                                                Photovoltaic
                                                generator (PV)


Figure 4.4

                                                         MV network


                                                                                         kWh
                                                                                         kvarh                             Distributor

                                                                                                                           User’s plant

                                           Main
                                           circuit-breaker                        50-51 - 51N - (67N) Main protection PG
                                           (DG)




                                                  Interface                                            Interface
                                                  device (DDI)               <U           27 - 59 - 81 protection (PI)


             LV users not enabled
             for “stand-alone” operation




                                                                 kWh                                             kWh

                                Circuit-breaker
                                of the generator
                                (DDG)

                                   Three-phase                                          Three-phase
                                        inverter                                             inverter




                                                                                                                                            Photovoltaic plants 37
Technical Application Papers




                                                        4.4	 Measurement of the energy produced and
                                                             exchanged with the grid                                  On the contrary, when the PV plant is generating energy,
4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy




                                                                                                                      the two following situations may occur:
                                                        In a PV plant connected to the public network the inter-      •	 P > C: in this case the balance is positive and energy
                                                        position of measuring systems is necessary to detect:            is fed into the network;
                                                        •	 the electrical energy taken from the grid;                 •	 P < C: in this case the balance is negative and energy
                                                        •	 the electrical energy fed into the grid;                      is drawn from the network.
                                                        •	 the energy produced by the PV plant.
                                                                                                                      The energy exchanged with the network is generally
                                                        The insertion modality of the measuring systems is shown      measured by a bidirectional electronic meter M2 and the
                                                        in Figure 4.5.                                                measuring system shall be hour-based.

                                                                                                                      The distribution utility is generally responsible for the
                                                        Figure 4.5
                                                                                                                      installation and maintenance of the measuring set for
                                                        Electric                                                      the exchanged energy.
                                                        loads
                                                                                                                      The Ministerial Decree DM 06/08/2010 defines the electric
                                                                                                                      energy produced by a PV plant as follows:
                                                                         C
                                                                                            E                         •	 “for plants connected to LV networks, it is the electric
                                                                                                                         energy measured at the output of the inverter set
                                                                                           M2                 Grid       converting direct current to alternating current, includ-
                                                        PV plant         P                                               ing any isolation or matching transformer, before this
                                                                                            U
                                                                                                                         energy is made available for the electric loads of the
                                                                        M1                                               responsible subject and/or fed into the public net-
                                                                                                                         work”;
                                                                                                                      •	 “for plants connected to MV or HV networks, it is the
                                                        The energy balance of the system, referred to a specific         electric energy measured at the output of the inverter
                                                        time period, is given by:                                        set converting direct current to low voltage alternating
                                                                                                                         current before this energy is made available for the
                                                                              U-E=P-C                         [4.1]      electric loads of the responsible subject and before
                                                                                                                         the transformation into the medium of high voltage to
                                                        where:                                                           be fed into the public network is carried out”.
                                                        U	is the energy produced by the PV plant and energy fed
                                                          into the grid;                                              The measure of the produced energy is carried out by a
                                                        E	is the energy drawn from the network;                       meter M1, which shall be able to detect the energy pro-
                                                        P	is the energy produced by the PV plant (energy sup-         duced on hour-basis and shall be equipped with a device
                                                          ported by feed-in tariff);                                  for telecom inquiry and acquisition of the measures from
                                                        C	is the energy consumed by the user’s plant.                 the network grid administrator.
                                                                                                                      The measuring set for the produced energy shall be
                                                        During the night or when the PV plant does not produce        installed as near as possible to the inverter and shall be
                                                        energy due to some other reasons, (U=P=0) the formula         equipped with suitable anti-fraud devices.
                                                        [4.1] becomes:
                                                                                                                      For plants with rated power not higher than 20 kW, the
                                                                                  E=C                         [4.2]   responsible for the measuring of the produced energy is
                                                                                                                      the grid administrator, whereas for powers higher than
                                                        that is all the consumed energy is taken from the network.    20 kW responsible is the “active” user (i.e. the user which
                                                                                                                      also produces energy), who has the faculty of making use
                                                                                                                      of the grid administrator to carry out such activity, while
                                                                                                                      maintaining the responsibility of such service.




                                                     38 Photovoltaic plants

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Pv lez 4

  • 1. PART II - Italian context 4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy 4.1 General 4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy A PV plant can be connected in parallel to the public dis- tribution network if the following conditions are complied Figure 4.1 with (CEI 0-16): Public network • the parallel connection shall not cause perturbations to the continuity and quality of the service of the public network to preserve the level of the service for the other Energy delivery equipment and measuring set users connected; • the production plant must not be connected or the connection in parallel must immediately and automati- Electrical system of the cally interrupt in case of absence of the supply from self-producer the distribution network or if the voltage and frequency DG values of the network are not in the range of the allowed Main device values; Part of the network of QF • the production plant must not be connected or the con- the self-producer not nection in parallel must immediately and automatically enabled for “stand-alone” operation interrupt if the unbalance value of the power generated DDI by three-phase plants consisting of single-phase gen- Interface device erators is not lower than the maximum value allowed for single-phase connections. QF Part of the network of the self-producer enabled for “stand-alone” This in order to avoid that (CEI 0-16): operation • in case of lack of voltage in the grid, the connected DDG active user may supply the grid itself; Generator device • in case of fault on the MV line, the grid itself may be supplied by the PV plant connected to it; • in case of automatic or manual reclosing of the circuit- breakers of the distribution network, the PV generator may be out of phase with the network voltage, with PV likely damage to the generator. generation system The PV plant can be connected to the LV, MV or HV grid in relation to the value of the generated peak power (TICA): • connection to the LV grid for plants up to 100 kW1; With reference to the particular diagram of the PV plant, • connection to the MV grid for plants up to 6 MW. the Standard (CEI 0-16) allows that more functions are In particular, the connection of the PV plant to the LV carried out by the same device provided that between network the generation and the network two circuit-breakers or a • can be single-phase for powers up to 6 kW; circuit-breaker and a contactor in series are present. • must be three-phase for powers higher than 6 kW and, if the inverters are single-phase, the maximum differ- When choosing the breaking capacity of the QF devices, ence between the phases must not exceed 6 kW. it is necessary to take into consideration that also the The principle diagram of the layout of the generation generation plant, in addition to the grid and to the large system in parallel with the public network is shown in motors running, can contribute to the short-circuit current Figure 4.1 (Guide CEI 82-25, II ed.). at the installation point. 1 These limits can be exceeded to the discretion of the distribution authority. Besides, as regards the plants already connected to the grid, these limits are increased up to the power level already available for the withdrawal. Photovoltaic plants 33
  • 2. Technical Application Papers 4.2 In parallel with the LV network For power up to 6kW in single-phase and 20kW in three- phase systems the interface device can also be internal 4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy From an analysis of Figure 4.1, it can be noticed that three to the conversion system. For installations up to 20kW switching devices are interposed between the produc- the interface function can be carried out by more different tion plant of the user and the public network (Guide CEI devices up to 3 (Guide for the connection to the electrical 82-25, II ed.): networks by Enel Distribution). • main device, it separates the user plant from the public network; it trips due to a fault in the PV plant or, in case In PV plants, with power not higher than 20 kW and with of plants with net metering, due to a fault of the PV sys- maximum three inverters, to which loads for stand-alone tem or of the user’s plant; it consists of a circuit-breaker operation are not connected, the generator device can suitable for disconnection with overcurrent releases and also accomplish the function of interface device (Figure for tripping all the phases and the neutral; 4.1a), whereas in the PV plants for generation only, that • interface device, it separates the generation plant from is those to which no consumer plants are associated, the user’s grid not enabled for stand-alone operation the interface device may coincide with the main device and consequently from the public network; it trips due (Figure 4.1b). to disturbances on the network of the distributor and it consists of a contactor or of an automatic circuit- breaker with an undervoltage release tripping all the Figure 4.1a involved phases and the neutral, category AC-7a if Public network single-phase or AC-1 if three-phase (IEC 60947-4-1); • generator device, it separates the single PV generator Energy delivery equipment from the rest of the user’s plant; it trips due to a fault and measuring set inside the generator and can be constituted by a con- tactor or an automatic circuit-breaker tripping all the Electrical system of the self-producer DG involved phases and the neutral. Main device The interface protection system, which acts on the in- Part of the network QF of the self-producer terface device, is constituted by the functions listed in not enabled for the Table 4.1. “stand-alone” operation Generator / Interface device DI/DDG PV generation system Table 4.1 Protection Version Setting value Tripping time Figure 4.1b Maximum voltage (59) Single-/ ≤ 1.2 Un ≤ 0.1 s three-pole(1) Public network Minimum voltage (27) Single-/ ≥ 0.8 Un ≤ 0.2 s Energy delivery three-pole(1) equipment and measuring set Maximum frequency (81>) Single-pole 50.3 o 51 Hz(2) Without intentional delay Electrical system of the self-producer Minimum frequency (81<) Single-pole 49 o 49.7 Hz(2) Without intentional delay Generator/Interface Frequency derivative (∆81)(3) Single-pole 0.5 Hz/s Without device DG/DI intentional delay (1)   Single-pole for single-phase systems and three-pole for three-phase systems. Generator device DDG (2)   The default settings are 49.7 Hz and 50.3 Hz. If, under normal service conditions, the frequency variation of the distributor’s grid are such as to cause unwanted trips of the protection against maximum/minimum frequency, the settings of 49 and 51 Hz shall be adopted. PV (3)   In particular cases only. generation system 34 Photovoltaic plants
  • 3. A metal separation between the PV plant and the public PV installations can deliver active energy with a power 4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy network shall be guaranteed in order not to feed direct factor (Guide CEI 82-25, II ed.)3: currents into the grid. For plants with total generated • not lower than 0.8 delayed (absorption of reactive power not higher than 20kW such separation can be power), when the supplied active power ranges from replaced by a protection (generally inside the electronic 20% to 100% of the installed total power; control and setting system of the inverter) which makes • unitary; the interface (or generator) device open in case of val- • in advance, when they deliver a total reactive power ues of total direct component exceeding 0.5% of the not exceeding the minimum value between 1kvar and r.m.s. value of the fundamental component of the total (0.05+P/20)kvar (where P is the installed total power maximum current coming out from the converters. For expressed in kW). plants with total generation power exceeding 20kW and with inverters without metal separation between the direct and alternating current parts, the insertion of a LV/lv at industrial frequency is necessary (Guide CEI 82-25, II ed.). 2 A high frequency transformer is not suitable since it has output direct current compo- Figure 4.2 shows a single-line diagram typical of a PV plant nents exceeding the allowed limits; moreover only a separation transformer is admitted connected to the LV grid in the presence of a user’s plant. for more inverters. 3 Referred to the fundamental component. Figure 4.2 Public LV network Measure of the kWh energy taken from kvarh and fed into the grid Distributor User’s plant Main circuit-breaker (DG) Interface Interface device (DDI) 27 - 59 - 81 protection (PI) LV users not enabled for “stand-alone” operation Measurement of kWh produced energy Circuit-breaker Circuit-breaker of the generator of the generator (DDG) (DDG) Inverter Photovoltaic generator (PV) Photovoltaic plants 35
  • 4. Technical Application Papers 4.3 In parallel with the MV network are allowed provided that the trip command of each protection acts on all the devices, so that an anomalous 4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy condition detected by a single protection disconnects all The main device consists of (CEI 0 -16): the generators from the network6. • a three-pole circuit-breaker in withdrawable version If single-phase inverters with power up to 10kW are used, with opening trip unit; the interface protection system can be integrated into • or a three-pole circuit-breaker with opening trip unit the converter itself for total generated powers not higher and three-pole switch- disconnector to be installed on than 30kW (CEI 0-16 Interpretation Sheet). the supply side of the circuit-breaker. Moreover, since the inverters used in PV plants work as As regards the opening command of the main device due current generators and not as voltage generators it is not to the intervention of the main protection, an undervoltage necessary to integrate into the interface protection also coil must be used because if, for any reason, the supply the zero-sequence overvoltage protections (59N) and voltage of the main protection lacks, the opening of the the additional protection against failed opening of the main device occurs also in case of absence of the com- interface device (Guide CEI 82-25, II ed.). mand coming from the main protection. The interface protection system consists of the functions The general protection includes (CEI 0-16): listed in the Table 4.2 (CEI 0-16 Interpretation Sheet). • an overcurrent release with three trip thresholds, one with inverse time-delay I> (overload threshold 51), two Table 4.2 with constant time I>> (threshold with intentional delay 51) and I>>> (instantaneous threshold 50); Fault extinction Intentional Protection Setting value time delay • a zero-sequence overcurrent release 51N with two Maximum voltage (59) ≤ 1.2 Un ≤ 170 ms 100 ms constant time trip thresholds Io> and Io>>, one for the single-phase earth faults and one for the double single- Minimum voltage (27) ≥ 0.7 Un ≤ 370 ms 300 ms phase earth faults, or a directional zero-sequence Maximum frequency (81>) 50.3 Hz ≤ 170 ms 100 ms overcurrent release with two thresholds 67N.1 and Minimum frequency (81<) 49.7 Hz ≤ 170 ms 100 ms 67N.2 , one for the selection of internal faults in case of networks with compensated neutral and one in case of insulated neutral, in addition to the zero-sequence overcurrent release with one threshold for the double single-phase earth faults. As regards the generator device, what pointed out for the The interface device can be positioned both on the MV parallel connection with the LV part is valid. as well as on the LV side. If this device is installed on the MV part of the plant, it can consists of (CEI 0-16 The Figures 4.3 and 4.4 show two typical diagrams for the Interpretation Sheet): connection of the MV network of a PV plant. In particular • a three-pole circuit-breaker in withdrawable version the diagram of Figure 4.3 shows a plant equipped with with undervoltage opening release or more single-phase inverters and in which the interface • a three-pole circuit-breaker with undervoltage opening device is positioned on the LV. This configuration is typical release and a switch-disconnector installed either on of plants with power up to one hundred kW. the supply or on the load side of the circuit-breaker5. Instead larger plants use three-phase inverters with one or more LV/MV transformers and the interface device is For plants with more PV generators, as a rule, the inter- generally positioned on the MV (Figure 4.4). face device shall be one and such as to exclude at the same time all the generators, but more interface devices 4 Protection 67N is required when the contribution to the single-phase ground fault ca- 6 When a PV plant (with total power not higher than 1 MW) is added to plants connected to pacitive current of the MV grid of the user exceeds the 80% of the setting current fixed the grid since more than a year, it is possible to install no more than three interface devices by the distributor for the protection 51N. In practice, when the MV cables of the user and each of them can subtend maximum 400 kW (CEI 0-16 Interpretation Sheet). exceed the length of: • 400m for grids with Un=20 kV • 533m for grids with Un=15kV. 5 The possible presence of two switch-disconnectors (one on the supply side and one on the load side) shall be considered by the user according to the need of safety during maintenance operations. 36 Photovoltaic plants
  • 5. Figure 4.3 4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy MV network kWh kvarh Distributor User’s plant Main 50-51 - 51N - (67N) Main protection PG circuit-breaker (DG) Interface device <U 27 - 59 - 81 Interface (DDI) device (DDI) LV users not enabled Measurement of kWh produced energy for “stand-alone” operation Circuit-breaker of the generator Circuit-breaker (DDG) of the generator (DDG) Inverter Photovoltaic generator (PV) Figure 4.4 MV network kWh kvarh Distributor User’s plant Main circuit-breaker 50-51 - 51N - (67N) Main protection PG (DG) Interface Interface device (DDI) <U 27 - 59 - 81 protection (PI) LV users not enabled for “stand-alone” operation kWh kWh Circuit-breaker of the generator (DDG) Three-phase Three-phase inverter inverter Photovoltaic plants 37
  • 6. Technical Application Papers 4.4 Measurement of the energy produced and exchanged with the grid On the contrary, when the PV plant is generating energy, 4 Connection to the grid and measure of the energy the two following situations may occur: In a PV plant connected to the public network the inter- • P > C: in this case the balance is positive and energy position of measuring systems is necessary to detect: is fed into the network; • the electrical energy taken from the grid; • P < C: in this case the balance is negative and energy • the electrical energy fed into the grid; is drawn from the network. • the energy produced by the PV plant. The energy exchanged with the network is generally The insertion modality of the measuring systems is shown measured by a bidirectional electronic meter M2 and the in Figure 4.5. measuring system shall be hour-based. The distribution utility is generally responsible for the Figure 4.5 installation and maintenance of the measuring set for Electric the exchanged energy. loads The Ministerial Decree DM 06/08/2010 defines the electric energy produced by a PV plant as follows: C E • “for plants connected to LV networks, it is the electric energy measured at the output of the inverter set M2 Grid converting direct current to alternating current, includ- PV plant P ing any isolation or matching transformer, before this U energy is made available for the electric loads of the M1 responsible subject and/or fed into the public net- work”; • “for plants connected to MV or HV networks, it is the The energy balance of the system, referred to a specific electric energy measured at the output of the inverter time period, is given by: set converting direct current to low voltage alternating current before this energy is made available for the U-E=P-C [4.1] electric loads of the responsible subject and before the transformation into the medium of high voltage to where: be fed into the public network is carried out”. U is the energy produced by the PV plant and energy fed into the grid; The measure of the produced energy is carried out by a E is the energy drawn from the network; meter M1, which shall be able to detect the energy pro- P is the energy produced by the PV plant (energy sup- duced on hour-basis and shall be equipped with a device ported by feed-in tariff); for telecom inquiry and acquisition of the measures from C is the energy consumed by the user’s plant. the network grid administrator. The measuring set for the produced energy shall be During the night or when the PV plant does not produce installed as near as possible to the inverter and shall be energy due to some other reasons, (U=P=0) the formula equipped with suitable anti-fraud devices. [4.1] becomes: For plants with rated power not higher than 20 kW, the E=C [4.2] responsible for the measuring of the produced energy is the grid administrator, whereas for powers higher than that is all the consumed energy is taken from the network. 20 kW responsible is the “active” user (i.e. the user which also produces energy), who has the faculty of making use of the grid administrator to carry out such activity, while maintaining the responsibility of such service. 38 Photovoltaic plants