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PEOPLE, PLACES, & EVENTS:
AN AMERICAN EDUCATION
TIMELINE
Mary Carla Patton
Angelo State University
1750 1817 1881 1896 1925
Anthony Benezet
1750
Thomas
Jefferson
1817
.
Anthony Benezet,
ardent Quaker
abolitionist, began his
teaching career in
Pennsylvania. In 1750,
he held evening classes
in his home, teaching
black children and the
poor. In 1754, Benezet
opened the first public
school for girls in
America. During this
time, he also devised a
way to educate a deaf
and dumb girl. Benezet
embodied education for
all, setting the example
for diversity in
education. (The
Abolitionist Project,
2009; Patton, 2015).
Thomas Jefferson considered
education to be the first
defense against an
overbearing and overreaching
government. Recognizing a
correlation between
education and rights of
citizenship, Jefferson strongly
advocated education for all.
Three examples of
educational legislation
introduced by Jefferson to
the Virginia State Legislature
were A Bill for Establishing a
Public Library, A Bill for the
More General Diffusion of
Knowledge, and A Bill for
Establishing a System of Public
Education (Carpenter, 2013;
Patton, 2015).
Born a slave in 1856, most think Booker
T. Washington changed education for
blacks in America by founding the
Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Designed
to educate blacks in industrial trades,
Washington was instrumental in breaking
the crippling cycle of sharecropping and
accumulated debt. Washington may be
considered the founding father of trade
schools, leading to the present time of
technological institutes. In some respects,
that is all true. However, Washington
forever changed education for blacks by
mastering the political art form of
accommodation; for example,
minimizing political rights for blacks and
emphasizing vocational education for
blacks. Washington knew political rights
were a natural progression from the
education of blacks (Southern Culture,
2004; Digital History, 2014).
In the late 19th century, many southern
states began passing “separate but
equal” laws, effectively legalizing
segregation. When Louisiana passed
this legislation in 1890, black activists
in New Orleans arranged for Homer
Adolphus Plessy to be arrested for
refusing to move to a segregated train
car, thus implementing a legal challenge
to the “separate but equal” law.
Presenting before the United States
Supreme Court in 1896, the Court
ruled “that as long as racially separate
facilities were equal they did not violate
the Fourteenth Amendment’s
guarantees of equal protection of the
law” Justice John Marshall Harlan
dissenting. Thus, the doctrine of
“separate but equal” was now the law
of the land (History Matters, n.d.).
In 1925, Tennessee teacher John
Scopes was placed on trial for
teaching the theory of evolution, a
direct violation of Tennessee law.
William Jennings Bryan prosecuted
the case; Clarence Darrow
represented Scopes. A test case for
the American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU), Scopes ultimately pled
guilty and was fined $100. The
United States Supreme Court struck
down the Tennessee law in 1967,
determining it violated the
Constitution by establishment of
religion. Historically, the conclusions
from the trial are that the state shall
not inhibit the freedom of academic
(scientific) inquiry, and society
should respect academic freedom
(Digital History, 2012).
Booker T. Washington
1881
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 The Scopes Trial
1925
1954 1963 1972 2002 2014
Brown v. Board
of Education
1954
Abington School Discrict v.
Schempp
1963
Title IX
1972
No Child Left
Behind
2002
Tital IX Protects
Trans Students
2014
.
Activist Reverend Oliver Brown
brought suit against the Topeka,
Kansas, board of education on
behalf of his daughter, Linda.
Linda, a black elementary school
student, had been denied
admittance to her local white-
only school, which was closer to
home than her segregated all-
black school. In Brown v. Board
of Education (1954), the United
States Supreme Court struck
down the “separate but equal”
doctrine of education, thus
literally forever changing the
face of American public
education (PBS.org, n.d.; Patton,
2015).
The United States Supreme Court
ruled that Pennsylvania law
requiring “an official reading at
the beginning of each school day
of Bible passages” violates the
Establishment Clause of the First
Amendment of the United States
Constitution. The Court decided
constituted the Pennsylvania law
created an impermissible religious
exercise by government, thus
violating separation of church and
state doctrine (First Amendment
Center, 2015).
Loosely, Title IX of the
Education Amendments of
1972 prevents
discrimination against
females and their sports
programs by local school
districts. However, the
broader and more far-
reaching implications of
Title IX forces compliance
by local districts in order to
receive federal funding for
public schools. Thus, local
school districts, always
cash-strapped, can be
controlled by the federal
government (U.S.
Department of Justice,
n.d.). Therefore, he, who
has the gold, rules.
No Child Left Behind Act
(NCLB), signed into law by
President George W. Bush in
2002, was a bipartisan effort to
reverse an ever declining
American education system, no
longer competitive in a global
market. Complex in nature,
NCLB was designed to improve
student outcomes nationally with
results produced by high-stakes
testing. Under Title I of the U.S.
Department of Education (1965
federal educational funding for
underprivileged children), state
compliance is voluntary;
however, to receive federal
funding, states must comply
(Klein, 2015).
The Department of
Education issues a memo
ensuring that transgender
students are protected
under Title IX.
Accordingly, “Title IX’s
sex discrimination
prohibition extends to
claims of discrimination
based on gender identity
or failure to conform to
stereotypical notions of
masculinity or femininity
and OCR accepts such
complaints for
investigation” (GLSEN,
2014).
American Experience (n.d.). People & events: Brown v. Board of Education (1954). PBS.org. Retrieved from
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/peopleevents/e_brown.html
Anthony Benezet [Electronic image]. Retrieved from
http://www.penncharter.com/uploaded/Development/Anthony_Benezet_cropped_lo.jpg
Booker T. Washington [Electronic image]. Retrieved from Booker T. Washington [Electronic image]. Retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Booker_T_Washington_portrait.jpg
Carpenter, J. (2013). Thomas Jefferson and the ideology of democratic schooling. Democracy & Education, 21(2), 1-
11.
Digital History (2014). Booker T. Washington and the politics of accommodation. Retrieved from
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3183
Digital History (2014). The Scopes trial. Retrieved from
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook_print.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3390
Evolution [Electronic image]. Retrieved from http://all-len-all.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/scopes-trial-image-
2.jpg
First Amendment Center. Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963). Retrieved from
http://www.firstamendmentschools.org/freedoms/case.aspx?id=1238
GLSEN, (2015.) U.S. Department of Education issues guidance clarifying Title IX protections for transgender students.
Retrieved from http://www.glsen.org/article/dept-ed-title-ix-protects-trans-students
History Matters (n.d.). Separate but Equal: The Plessy v. Ferguson case. Retrieved from
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5485/
Klein, A. (2015). No child left behind: An overview. Education Week, 34(27). Retrieved from
http://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/no-child-left-behind-overview-definition-summary.html
No child left behind [Electronic image]. Retrieved from
http://tfs.k12.nj.us/cms/lib07/NJ01000189/Centricity/Domain/65/KCA6ZQLQUCAT2FXUVCAIM0
AD0CAR11NGTCAOVAI
Q5CA8PKY3FCATDD225CAZ88NBWCAG75VEXCAJ7YWOHCAYP1VL9CADW3AK4CAF4FLG5
CAYHJ2XLCAVBDGEICAWIN4N3CA0V3ZPFCA12E8SECAG5AMD9.jpg
References
References
Oliver Brown and Linda Brown [Electronic image]. Retrieved from
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/conflictsofsegregation2-090402115459-phpapp02/95/conflicts-of-
segregation-2-12-728.jpg?cb=1238673354
Patton, M. (2015). Influential people in education 1701 – present. Unpublished manuscript. Angelo State University.
The Abolitionist Project (2009). Anthony Benezet (1713-1784): The teacher. E2BN. Retrieved from
http://abolition.e2bn.org/people_27.html
Thomas Jefferson [Electronic image]. Retrieved from
http://static3.businessinsider.com/image/5187dff06bb3f7c52300000e/apple-rejects-a-thomas-jefferson-
app-from-the-app-store.jpg
Title IX [Electronic image]. Retrieved from
http://www.govst.edu/uploadedImages/About/Offices_and_Departments/Financial_Aid/FA_Inside_Pa
ges/titleIX.png?n=3265
Transgender symbol [Electronic image]. Retrieved from
http://media.graytvinc.com/images/TRANSGENDER+SCHOOLS+656X369.jpg
United States Department of Justice. Overview of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C. A§ 1681
Et. Seq. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/crt/overview-title-ix-education-amendments-1972-20-usc-
1681-et-seq
United States Supreme Court Justices, 1896 [Electronic image]. Retrieved from
https://www.awesomestories.com/images/user/ea716791ee75c7800e85a69b37dcc067.jpg
United States Supreme Court Justices, 1963 [Electronic image]. Retrieved from
http://www.scrollpublishing.com/store/media/Warren-Court.jpg

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Patton Timeline final

  • 1. PEOPLE, PLACES, & EVENTS: AN AMERICAN EDUCATION TIMELINE Mary Carla Patton Angelo State University
  • 2. 1750 1817 1881 1896 1925 Anthony Benezet 1750 Thomas Jefferson 1817 . Anthony Benezet, ardent Quaker abolitionist, began his teaching career in Pennsylvania. In 1750, he held evening classes in his home, teaching black children and the poor. In 1754, Benezet opened the first public school for girls in America. During this time, he also devised a way to educate a deaf and dumb girl. Benezet embodied education for all, setting the example for diversity in education. (The Abolitionist Project, 2009; Patton, 2015). Thomas Jefferson considered education to be the first defense against an overbearing and overreaching government. Recognizing a correlation between education and rights of citizenship, Jefferson strongly advocated education for all. Three examples of educational legislation introduced by Jefferson to the Virginia State Legislature were A Bill for Establishing a Public Library, A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge, and A Bill for Establishing a System of Public Education (Carpenter, 2013; Patton, 2015). Born a slave in 1856, most think Booker T. Washington changed education for blacks in America by founding the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Designed to educate blacks in industrial trades, Washington was instrumental in breaking the crippling cycle of sharecropping and accumulated debt. Washington may be considered the founding father of trade schools, leading to the present time of technological institutes. In some respects, that is all true. However, Washington forever changed education for blacks by mastering the political art form of accommodation; for example, minimizing political rights for blacks and emphasizing vocational education for blacks. Washington knew political rights were a natural progression from the education of blacks (Southern Culture, 2004; Digital History, 2014). In the late 19th century, many southern states began passing “separate but equal” laws, effectively legalizing segregation. When Louisiana passed this legislation in 1890, black activists in New Orleans arranged for Homer Adolphus Plessy to be arrested for refusing to move to a segregated train car, thus implementing a legal challenge to the “separate but equal” law. Presenting before the United States Supreme Court in 1896, the Court ruled “that as long as racially separate facilities were equal they did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantees of equal protection of the law” Justice John Marshall Harlan dissenting. Thus, the doctrine of “separate but equal” was now the law of the land (History Matters, n.d.). In 1925, Tennessee teacher John Scopes was placed on trial for teaching the theory of evolution, a direct violation of Tennessee law. William Jennings Bryan prosecuted the case; Clarence Darrow represented Scopes. A test case for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Scopes ultimately pled guilty and was fined $100. The United States Supreme Court struck down the Tennessee law in 1967, determining it violated the Constitution by establishment of religion. Historically, the conclusions from the trial are that the state shall not inhibit the freedom of academic (scientific) inquiry, and society should respect academic freedom (Digital History, 2012). Booker T. Washington 1881 Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 The Scopes Trial 1925
  • 3. 1954 1963 1972 2002 2014 Brown v. Board of Education 1954 Abington School Discrict v. Schempp 1963 Title IX 1972 No Child Left Behind 2002 Tital IX Protects Trans Students 2014 . Activist Reverend Oliver Brown brought suit against the Topeka, Kansas, board of education on behalf of his daughter, Linda. Linda, a black elementary school student, had been denied admittance to her local white- only school, which was closer to home than her segregated all- black school. In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the United States Supreme Court struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine of education, thus literally forever changing the face of American public education (PBS.org, n.d.; Patton, 2015). The United States Supreme Court ruled that Pennsylvania law requiring “an official reading at the beginning of each school day of Bible passages” violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. The Court decided constituted the Pennsylvania law created an impermissible religious exercise by government, thus violating separation of church and state doctrine (First Amendment Center, 2015). Loosely, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prevents discrimination against females and their sports programs by local school districts. However, the broader and more far- reaching implications of Title IX forces compliance by local districts in order to receive federal funding for public schools. Thus, local school districts, always cash-strapped, can be controlled by the federal government (U.S. Department of Justice, n.d.). Therefore, he, who has the gold, rules. No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2002, was a bipartisan effort to reverse an ever declining American education system, no longer competitive in a global market. Complex in nature, NCLB was designed to improve student outcomes nationally with results produced by high-stakes testing. Under Title I of the U.S. Department of Education (1965 federal educational funding for underprivileged children), state compliance is voluntary; however, to receive federal funding, states must comply (Klein, 2015). The Department of Education issues a memo ensuring that transgender students are protected under Title IX. Accordingly, “Title IX’s sex discrimination prohibition extends to claims of discrimination based on gender identity or failure to conform to stereotypical notions of masculinity or femininity and OCR accepts such complaints for investigation” (GLSEN, 2014).
  • 4. American Experience (n.d.). People & events: Brown v. Board of Education (1954). PBS.org. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/peopleevents/e_brown.html Anthony Benezet [Electronic image]. Retrieved from http://www.penncharter.com/uploaded/Development/Anthony_Benezet_cropped_lo.jpg Booker T. Washington [Electronic image]. Retrieved from Booker T. Washington [Electronic image]. Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Booker_T_Washington_portrait.jpg Carpenter, J. (2013). Thomas Jefferson and the ideology of democratic schooling. Democracy & Education, 21(2), 1- 11. Digital History (2014). Booker T. Washington and the politics of accommodation. Retrieved from http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3183 Digital History (2014). The Scopes trial. Retrieved from http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook_print.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3390 Evolution [Electronic image]. Retrieved from http://all-len-all.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/scopes-trial-image- 2.jpg First Amendment Center. Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963). Retrieved from http://www.firstamendmentschools.org/freedoms/case.aspx?id=1238 GLSEN, (2015.) U.S. Department of Education issues guidance clarifying Title IX protections for transgender students. Retrieved from http://www.glsen.org/article/dept-ed-title-ix-protects-trans-students History Matters (n.d.). Separate but Equal: The Plessy v. Ferguson case. Retrieved from http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5485/ Klein, A. (2015). No child left behind: An overview. Education Week, 34(27). Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/no-child-left-behind-overview-definition-summary.html No child left behind [Electronic image]. Retrieved from http://tfs.k12.nj.us/cms/lib07/NJ01000189/Centricity/Domain/65/KCA6ZQLQUCAT2FXUVCAIM0 AD0CAR11NGTCAOVAI Q5CA8PKY3FCATDD225CAZ88NBWCAG75VEXCAJ7YWOHCAYP1VL9CADW3AK4CAF4FLG5 CAYHJ2XLCAVBDGEICAWIN4N3CA0V3ZPFCA12E8SECAG5AMD9.jpg References
  • 5. References Oliver Brown and Linda Brown [Electronic image]. Retrieved from http://image.slidesharecdn.com/conflictsofsegregation2-090402115459-phpapp02/95/conflicts-of- segregation-2-12-728.jpg?cb=1238673354 Patton, M. (2015). Influential people in education 1701 – present. Unpublished manuscript. Angelo State University. The Abolitionist Project (2009). Anthony Benezet (1713-1784): The teacher. E2BN. Retrieved from http://abolition.e2bn.org/people_27.html Thomas Jefferson [Electronic image]. Retrieved from http://static3.businessinsider.com/image/5187dff06bb3f7c52300000e/apple-rejects-a-thomas-jefferson- app-from-the-app-store.jpg Title IX [Electronic image]. Retrieved from http://www.govst.edu/uploadedImages/About/Offices_and_Departments/Financial_Aid/FA_Inside_Pa ges/titleIX.png?n=3265 Transgender symbol [Electronic image]. Retrieved from http://media.graytvinc.com/images/TRANSGENDER+SCHOOLS+656X369.jpg United States Department of Justice. Overview of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, 20 U.S.C. A§ 1681 Et. Seq. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/crt/overview-title-ix-education-amendments-1972-20-usc- 1681-et-seq United States Supreme Court Justices, 1896 [Electronic image]. Retrieved from https://www.awesomestories.com/images/user/ea716791ee75c7800e85a69b37dcc067.jpg United States Supreme Court Justices, 1963 [Electronic image]. Retrieved from http://www.scrollpublishing.com/store/media/Warren-Court.jpg