FRAMEWORK FOR ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS, FINAL DRAFT

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO)
In collaboration with
The Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR)
FRAMEWORK
FOR
ZANZIBAR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION
INFORMATION AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
(ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS)
FINAL DRAFT
Project: UNJP/URT/138/UNJ
Zanzibar,United Republic of Tanzania
Matthias Miti
National Consultant
July 2013

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Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................................................................4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................................................7
1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................................11
1.1 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................................................................................11
1.2 ZANZIBAR FOOD SECURITYAND NUTRITION POLICYAND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT .....................................................................12
2. FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION SITUATION, EMERGING ISSUES FOR ZANZIBAR ...................................................14
3. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING FOOD SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND CONSTRAINTS ........................................16
3.1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION MONITORING (APM)...................................................................................................................16
3.1.1 Key institutions ...........................................................................................................................................................16
3.1.2 Contraints of APM systems.......................................................................................................................................16
3.2.0 MARKET INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) ...............................................................................................................................18
3.2.2 Functional and institutional constraints of MIS ....................................................................................................18
3.3 VULNERABLE GROUPS MONITORING SYSTEMAND MONITORING FOOD AID ASSISTANCE ..............................................................20
3.3.2 Key data management constraints of MVG systems ...........................................................................................20
3.4.0 FOOD AND NUTRITION SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM(FNSS) ..........................................................................................................21
3.4.2 Data management system constraints ..................................................................................................................21
4. INTERVENTIONS REQUIRED TO IMPROVE EXISTING FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION INFORMATION SYSTEMS
IN ZANZIBAR...................................................................................................................................................................................23
5. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK OF ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS ............................................................................................................29
5.1 OVERVIEW...............................................................................................................................................................................29
5.2 OVERALL GOAL.........................................................................................................................................................................30
5.3 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................................................................30
5.4 OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS ........................................................................................................................................................30
5.5 INTEGRATED ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS OF ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS ..............................................................................................32
5.6 KEY ACTIVITIES AND EXPECTED INFORMATION OUTPUTS .............................................................................................................32
5.7 INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS ......................................................................................33
5.7.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................33
5.7.2 National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC) .......................................................................................34
5.7.3 Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC)...............................................................................................................35
5.7.4 Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat..................................................................................................................................35
5.7.5 Technical Working Groups (TWGs) .........................................................................................................................37
5.7.6 District Management Committees (DMCs)............................................................................................................42
5.7.7 Shehia Food Security and Nutrition Committees ..................................................................................................43
5.7.8 Linkages between Zanzibar FSNIEWS, Food Reserve and Dasaster Management........................................43
5.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION RESPONSIBILITIES OF DIFFERENTACTORS OF ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS ............................................44
6.0 KEY INTERVENTIONS PLAN, COMMUNICATION PLAN AND INDICATIVE BUDGET ...................................................46

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6.1 REQUIRED HUMAN RESOURCES................................................................................................................................................46
6.2 ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS COMMUNICATION PLAN..........................................................................................................................47
6.3 PROPOSED KEYINTERVENTIONS AND INDICATIVE BUDGETFOR ONEYEAR.....................................................................................50
6.4 PROPOSED SOURCES OF FINANCING FOR ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS ...................................................................................................52
6.5 OVERALL CONCLUSION AND NECESSARY IMMEDIATEACTIONS.....................................................................................................52
7.0 APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................................................................53
APPENDIXI:RESULTS OF FOOD SECURITY INFORMATION USER SURVEY ............................................................................................53
APPENDIX 2:ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS KEY INDICATOR PERFORMANCE FRAMEWORK..............................................................................54
APPENDIX 3:BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................................................................64
APPENDIX 4:LISTOF PEOPLECONSULTED........................................................................................................................................68
APPENDIX 5 :FUNCTIONS OF FSND AS DEFINED BY ARTICLE 14(1) OF THE ZANZIBAR FOOD SECURITYAND NUTRITION ACT,2011 ...69
APPENDIX 6:PROPOSED DATAMANAGEMENTTOOLS.......................................................................................................................70
APPENSIX 7:EXISTING FOOD SECURITYAND NUTRITION RELATED INFORMATION................................................................................76
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Result based Operational framework of Zanzibar FSNIEWS .......................................31
Figure 2: Integrated Food security and nutrition analytical frameworks.......................................32
Figure 3: Proposed institutional framework for Zanzibar FSNIEWS.............................................34
Figure 4: Plan of the flow of information between Information Providers and APM/TWG ...........38
Figure 5: Plan of the flow of information between Information Providers and MIS/TWG.............39
Figure 6: Plan of the flow of information between Information Providers and MVG/TWG...........40
Figure 7: Plan of the flow of information between information providers and FNSS/TWG..........41
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Key interventions and information outputs of Zanzibar FSNIEWS ........................32
Table 2: Composition and responsibilities of the APM/TWG........................................................37
Table 3: Composition and responsibilities of the MIS/TWG...................................................38
Table 4: Specific roles and composition of MVG/TWG.................................................................40
Table 5: Specific roles and composition of FNSS/TWG ...............................................................41
Table 6: Human resources required for the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat...............................46
Table 7: Zanzibar FSNIEWS Communication Plan for three years..............................................47
Table 8: Proposed key interventions and indicative budget for establishment and
institutionalization of Zanzibar FSNIEWS for one year.................................................................50

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APM Agricultural Production and Monitoring
ASP Agricultural Sector Policy
BEO Block Extension Officer
BNP Basic Needs Poverty
BOT Bank of Tanzania
CFSAMS Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission
CFSVA Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis
DHIS Department of Health Information Management
DMC District Management Committee
DMD Department of Disaster Management
DoE Department of Environment
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FBO Faith Based Organization
FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network
FIVIMS Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems
FNSS Food and Nutrition Surveillance System
FP Food Poverty
FSN Food Security and Nutrition
FSNAT Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Team
FSND Food Security and Nutrition Department
FSNIEWS Food Security and Nutrition Information and Early Warning System
FSNMT Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring Team
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIEWS Global Information and Early Warning System
GIS Geographical Information System
RGoZ Revolutionary of Government of Zanzibar
HBS Household Budget Survey
ICT Information , Communication and Technology
ILO International Labour Organization
IPC Integrated Phase Classification
ISSC Inter -Sectoral Steering Committee
M& E Monitoring and Evaluation
MANR Ministry of Agricultural and Natural Resources
MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies
MIS Marketing Information System
MKUZA Mkakati wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kupunguza Umasikini Zanzibar
MLEEC Ministry of Labour, Economic Empowerment and Cooperatives
MLF Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock
MoEVT Ministry of Education and Vocational Training
MFEDP Ministry of State (President’s Office ) Finance, Economy and
Development Planning
MSWYCD Ministry of Social Welfare, Youth, Women and Children’s Development
MTEF Medium-Term Expenditure Framework
MTIM Ministry of Trade, Industry and Marketing
MVC Monitoring Vulnerable Children
MVG Monitoring Vulnerable Groups
MWG Multisectoral Working Group
NFSNC National Food Security and Nutrition Council
NGOs Non-Government Organizations
OCGS Office of Chief Government Statistician
PEM Protein Energy Malnutrition
SIAT Strategic Intervention Advisory Template
SME Small and Medium Enterprises

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SP Strategic Plan
SUZA State University of Zanzibar
SVPO Second, Vice President Office
TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund
TDHS Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey
TMA Tanzania Meteological Authority
TRA Tanzania Revenue Authority
TWG Technical Working Group
UN United Nations
UNDAP United Nations Development Assistance Plan
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VAM Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping
WFP World Food Program
WHO World Health Organization
ZFDB Zanzibar Food and Drugs Board
ZFSN Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition
ZNCCIA Zanzibar National Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture
ZSGRP Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the proposed framework for Zanzibar food security and nutrition information
and early warning system (Zanzibar FSNIEWS). Zanzibar is one of the partner states forming
the United Republic of Tanzania. It has two main islands-Unguja and Pemba, which lie about
40km and 60 km off the east coast of Mainland Tanzania respectively. The framework is
intended to guide relevant stakeholders to effectively monitor food availability, access, stability,
utilization and provide meaningful and timely notice when food crises threaten so as to elicit
appropriate and timely responses.
Zanzibar experiences both transitory and chronic food insecurities, which affects a sizeable
proportion of the population. Findings of the Zanzibar Food Balance Sheet report (2007-2011)
show that about 39 percent of the Zanzibar population is undernourished/food insecure. The
Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA 2010) indicates that less than
acceptable food consumption was more common in households reliant on aid (5.7%),
agriculture (4.8%), other livelihoods (4.2%) and agro-pastoralists (4.2%). Households headed
by illiterate household heads, female headed households and those with a high crowding index
appeared more likely to have poorer food consumption than other households.
Based on the 2009/10 Household Budget Survey (HBS), about 44 percent and 13 percent of the
Zanzibar population live below basic needs poverty and food poverty line, respectively. Poverty
is much higher in rural Zanzibar (BNP=51%, FP=17%) than in urban Zanzibar (BNP=36%,
FP=8%). Poverty is also geographically concentrated, being higher in Pemba than Unguja
(HBS 2009/10). The number of the Basic Needs Poor surged from 526,352 in 2005 to 535,464
in 2010, while that of the Food Poor rose from 141,504 to 157,780 respectively (HBS 2004/05,
HBS 2009/10).
Micronutrient deficiencies and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) have persisted in Zanzibar with
women and under-five children being the most vulnerable groups. An estimated 30 percent of
under-fives are characterised as stunted, 12 percent wasted and 20 percent underweight
(TDHS 2009/10). Prevalence of nutritional anaemia is equally high with about 69 percent for
under-fives and 59 percent of women in the age group of 15-49. The high prevalence of
diseases, including HIV/AIDS, malaria, acute respiratory infections negatively affects food
security and the overall well-being of people. Zanzibar Food Balance Sheet report (2007-11)
shows a deficiency in protein consumption in all the years below WHO/FAO recommendations.
The poor incentive structure, weak asset base coupled by purely rain fed farming systems
undermine the availability of food from domestic production and productivity.
The major types of shocks preventing households to access sufficient food and affecting their
ability to obtain high yields are high and volatile food prices (56%) with monthly food inflation
oscillating between 4 and 29, plant disease/animal pests (49%) and drought (45%) (CFSVA
2010). High post harvest losses ranging from 7% -49% across different crops also significantly
undermine food availability in Zanzibar.
As a responsive mechanism, several overarching policy and legal frameworks have been
ratified to guide Government’s efforts in addressing the underlying causes of food and nutrition

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insecurity in Zanzibar. These include Zanzibar Development Vision 2020; Zanzibar Strategy for
Growth and Reduction of Poverty (ZSGRP) also called ‘MKUZA II’, its Swahili acronym, the
Food Security and Nutrition Policy (2008) and the Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Act
(2011). Both Zanzibar Development Vision 2020 and MKUZA II articulate food security and
nutrition issues with clear operational targets of attaining food security and nutrition.
Furthermore, various decision making institutional structures such as National Food Security
and Nutrition Council (NFSNC), the Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC), Food Security
and Nutrition Department, District Management Committees (DMC) and the Shehia Food
Security and Nutrition Committees (SFSC) to galvanise effective implementation of food security
and nutrition interventions as called for in the Food Security and Nutrition Act No. 5 of 2011
have been put in place.
However, due to the weak food security and nutrition analysis and multi-sectoral coordination, it
has been difficult to monitor the impact of food security and nutrition interventions to understand
fully the underlying causes and related food security and nutrition consequences. There are
also emerging concerns over the adequacy, reliability and usefulness of routine food security
information being generated with much fragmented and donor support to support evidence
based response mechanisms.
It is against this context that the FSND under the MANR received technical support from Food
and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) within the context of UN Delivering As One
Programme (UNDAP–Economic Growth Programme towards the formulation of the framework
for Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Information and Early Warning System (Zanzibar
FSNIEWS) (Project UNJP/URT/138/UNJ). With this UNDAP key action, it is anticipated that the
FSND will be a strengthened to plan, implement and monitor FSN objectives and outcomes as
laid out in the national strategy. The FSND has the core mandate for monitoring the food
security situation in Zanzibar.
The FAO of the UN contracted a National Consultant between March and July to work closely
with the Task Force elected at the first stakeholders meeting to develop a framework for
improving livelihood based food security and nutrition analyses in Zanzibar.
The proposed framework has been designed based on multi-sectoral, multi-temporal, multi-
scale, conceptual model of nutrition status at the household level, conceptual pillars of food
security and livelihoods analysis analytical approaches while also drawing on useful insights
and lessons from other food security and early warning systems in Sub-Saharan Africa
specifically; Tanzania food security and nutrition analysis system, National early warning system
(NEWS) of Uganda, National FIVIMS strategy for Fiji, National FIVIMS strategy for Samoa, the
USAID-Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET).
The comprehensive analysis system will consistently consolidate the fragmented food security
information sub-systems of multiple Government and development agencies to guide the
generation, management, analysis and dissemination of evidence based and actionable
knowledge in form of recommendations to various decision makers to enable them make better
decision pertaining development planning, formulation, review and implementation of
appropriate policies and programmes at all levels of Zanzibar. Specifically, the system will

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provide timely supply of food security information and early warning signals which can
contribute significantly to prevention of food security disasters especially for populations
vulnerable to periodic food crises.
The proposed framework is also designed based on existing government organizational
structures for the reason of long-term sustainability. The Food Security and Nutrition
Department is the designated Focal point for the Zanzibar FSNIEWS. It also serves as the
Secretariat for the National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC)- the highest decision
making body on food security matters on behalf of the RGoZ. The Secretariat is responsible for
updating the food security database and control panel, preparation, keeping and organizing of
minutes of NFSNC and TWGs meetings, coordination of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS and TWGs,
general documentation, preparation and dissemination of information outputs such as bulletins.
Meanwhile, Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee provides technical advice and guidance to both
the Council and its Secretariat, promotes policy coordination and monitoring, approves and
coordinates food security and nutrition policies, programmes, workplans and budget proposals
from key ministries.
Institutionalization of Multisectoral Technical working groups (TWGs) based on the four food
security information systems namely agricultural production monitoring, market information,
monitoring vulnerable groups and nutrition surveillance is recommended to improve
coordination, capacity and supervision of various institutions involved in routine data collection,
analysis and dissemination.
The Zanzibar FSNIEWS Secretariat will be managed by the relevant staff of the FSND, Food
Security and Nutrition Information Monitoring Team (FSNIMT) and the four multisectoral
Technical working groups. FSNIMT consists of focal persons of key ministries who happen to be
lead managers of the TWGs, Seconded Technical Advisors from other relevant and institutions
while the FSNAT is a highly dedicated and specialized sub-team of FSNIMT which could take
lead in conducting situation analyses such as rapid emergency assessments, vulnerability
mapping and food insecurity assessments.
The District management Committees (DMCs) draw together staff at the district level including
representatives from the private and civil society sectors. Essentially, the work of the DMC
focuses on information collection from the Shehias, monitoring of vulnerable groups and areas,
conducting situation and intervention analyses, taking decisions and actions with respect to the
nature of the food security findings. It is suggested that DMCs work with lower level
stakeholders including Block Extension Officers (BEOs), livestock assistants, beach recorders,
leaders of community socio-economic groups and Shehia Food Security Committees (SFSC) to
effectively perform its FSN analysis functions.
The key output of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS is timely provision of actionable knowledge for
decision makers who include Shehia members (smallholder farmers, household fisher folks,
FSN Committees); Consumers especially household members largely dependent on the Market
for food; District Management Committees; national policy makers such as ISSC and NFSNC;
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Representatives of Government Agencies, Business
Community (Traders), Media people, Development partners and the Public at large. It is

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expected that the Information generated can usefully guide effective food security interventions
including policy implementation, development programmes, emergency response and disaster
risk reduction contributing to reduction of extreme poverty and hunger, food and nutrition
insecurity and realization of the human right to food in Zanzibar.
The key activities that would be performed by the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Team include:
 Situation Analysis—Real-time updates of current and projected food security and nutrition
conditions.
 Monitoring and analysis of national food security and Emergency Response interventions
such as policies, strategies, periodical MDA workplans, programmes and provision of
appropriate recommendations
 Management of FSN Information and early warning database system that enable timely and
accurate data flow and exchange protocols, automated analysis, Archiving and easy
accessibility
 Support, strengthen and establish Comprehensive food insecurity and vulnerability mapping
systems
 Technical and institutional Capacity building of key sectors and districts in vulnerability
mapping and Food security and nutrition information analysis
 Documentation of lessons learned and conducting demand driven and applied research
studies on emerging and cut-across food security issues such as underlying causes of food
insecurity
Meanwhile, the expected information outputs for dissemination to decision makers are:
 Updated Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) statement;
 Regularly updated seasonal Food Security and Nutrition, Food Balance Report, Rapid
Emergency Vulnerability mapping and livelihood based markets and market information
assessment reports to complement the IPC;
 Strategic Intervention Advisory Template (SIAT) with a summary of recommended actions to
decision makers;
 Timely, accurate and clear reports, Website, SMS Data Flow System, Digital Library,
Database, and Geographic Information System;
 Comprehensive food insecurity and vulnerability mapping systems established at
community level to guide and trigger emergency response and food aid;
 Established and strengthened District management Committees (DMCs) and Shehia Food
security and nutrition committees with the well built capacity to undertake FSN Analysis,
data flow, and reporting and quality controls;
 Supported and well developed centralised and sector specific food security information
systems;
 Applied research reports on an ad-hoc basis based on the national research agenda and
other emerging issues affecting food security in place; and
 Ensuring partner agencies are well informed, fulfilling commitments, and providing them with
feedback
The proposed key interventions for the establishment and institutionalization of the Zanzibar
FSNIEWS will require an estimated Tsh.1,292,771,000 (Approximately US$ 807,983) in the one
year startup phase for capacity building, technical expertise and systems strengthening.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Zanzibar is one of the two partner states that form the United Republic of Tanzania, comprising
of two main islands – Unguja and Pemba, which lie about 40km and 60km off the eastern coast
of Mainland Tanzania respectively. The total land area of Zanzibar is 2,643 km2
(Unguja 1,658
km2
and Pemba 985 km2
). Based on the recent 2012 Population and Housing Census General
Report, the total population of Zanzibar is estimated at 1,303,569 of which males account for
48.4 percent while females account for 51.6 of the total population. The average annual
population growth rate of Zanzibar was around 2.8 percent while the average household size is
5.1 over the period 2002-2012. The population density per square kilometer is about 530
persons, making Zanzibar, the most densely populated part of East Africa in comparison with
Tanzania Mainland (49 persons per km2
) and Kenya (54 persons per km2
).
Administratively, Zanzibar is divided into five regions of which three regions namely North,
South and Urban West are found in Unguja Island and two regions: North and South are found
in Pemba Island. Each of the regions is subdivided into two districts that as well subdivided
further into Shehia. Zanzibar has 331 Shehias1
.
The climate of Zanzibar is characterized as tropical lowland and humid. The mean maximum
annual temperature is 25.90
C and 26.30
C for Unguja and Pemba respectively. The cropping
year runs from October through September the following calendar year. The average annual
rainfall amount received in Zanzibar is approximately 1700 mm, distributed in two rainy seasons
including; the long (masika) rains accounting for 29 percent from March through June and the
short (vuli) rains with 52 percent of annual rainfall from October to December.
Agriculture2
is the dominant economic activity in Zanzibar accounting on average 30 percent of
the GDP over the period 2006-11; providing about 75 percent of the foreign exchange earnings.
Over 70 percent of the population are directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture for their
livelihoods. Due to highly limited output-enhancing asset base and poor incentives including
high market failure rates, traditional subsistence farming is still widely practiced with usual low
yields far below the potential levels. Since food domestic production is low in the Islands, the
current food needs especially rice−which is the staple food, can largely be met through food
imports. High post-harvest losses for major food crops-cassava(26%), maize (22%), rice (13%),
sweet potatoes(15%), bananas(22%), yams(12%),dry beans(24%), tomatoes (42%); and fish
(25%) exarcebate further food supply in the isles (MANR,July 2012). Inaddition, the high import
dependency levels coupled with higher and volatile food prices pose a serious threat to low
income households and subsequently increase their vulnerability to food and nutrition insecurity.
Although progress has been slow, some improvements have been made. Several food security
related policies and strategies are in place. In 2004/05, half the population of Zanzibar (49%)
lived below the basic needs poverty line 3
, but this fell by about five percentage points by
2009/10 (44%). Meanwhile, food poverty – which acts as an extreme poverty line – is much
lower (13%). One reason for the slow progress is that the depth of the underlying causes and
1
The Shehia is the lowest officially demarcatedadministrative andpolitical unit consistingbetween2 and10 villages with several households.
2
Agriculture includes the crop,livestock,fisheries andforest sub-sectors
3
The foodpoverty linewas set at TSh.960 per adult perday in 2010, while the basic needs povertyline was set at TSh.1,465, orapproximately
one USdollar a day

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related food security and nutrition consequences which have not yet been fully understood.
Moreover, due to the weak food security and nutrition analysis and multi-sectoral coordination, it
has been difficult to monitor the impact of food security and nutrition interventions in the country.
There are also emerging concerns over the adequacy, reliability and usefulness of routine food
security information being generated with much fragmented and donor support to support
evidence based decision making processes. Information is often untimely communicated with
lead time for publication. The areas covered are often incompatible which makes it hard to
compare data gathered from different systems/sources. This makes it difficult for the Food
Security and Nutrition Department (FSND) to generally trigger evidence based response
mechanisms.
The generation of reliable and timely action-oriented food security information can play a critical
role in ensuring proper planning and implementation of appropriate food security and nutrition
interventions, reducing the possibility of risks to food security shocks and threats as well as
safeguarding deterioration of livelihoods. Given the extent of vulnerability of Zanzibar to natural
and technological hazards such as earthquakes, floods, tsunami, cyclones, drought, landslides,
lightening, outbreaks of epidemics, plant/animal diseases, pest infestation, environmental
degradation and pollution, high and volatile food prices, fire outbreaks, power failure, civil
disorder, oil spill, terrorism, aircraft accidents, , strong winds, and poor policy decisions, and its
limited capacity or preparedness to respond, the urgent need to strengthen and integrate a
comprehensive Food Security and Nutrition Information and Early Warning System cannot be
overemphasized.
It is against this background that the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) within
the context of UN Delivering As One Programme (UNDAP–Economic Growth Programme4
);
provided technical support to the FSND within the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources
in the formulation of the framework for the Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Information and
Early Warning System (Project UNJP/URT/138/UNJ). This UNDAPkey action is anticipated to
be derived through activities leading to ensuring achievement of a strengthened Food Security
and Nutrition Department in Zanzibar to plan, implement and monitor FSN objectives and
outcomes as laid out in the national strategy. This framework will therefore guide relevant
stakeholders to effectively monitor food availability, access, stability, utilization and provide
meaningful and timely notice when food crises threaten so as to elicit appropriate and timely
responses.
1.2 Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Policy and Institutional Context
Several overarching policy and legal frameworks guide Government’s efforts in addressing the
underlying causes of food and nutrition insecurity in Zanzibar. These include Zanzibar
Development Vision 2020; Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (ZSGRP)
also called ‘MKUZA II’, its Swahili acronym, the Food Security and Nutrition Policy (2008) and
the Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Act (2011). Zanzibar Development Vision 2020
articulates a long-term focus on attaining sustainable human development with a specific
objective to reduce the number of people below the food poverty in the isles. The MKUZA II
4 One of its key outputs in supportingtheefforts of the government is to ensure that “Nationalagricultural sector programmes,
which foster productivity and food security have improved information systems”

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mainstreamed food security and nutrition issues with clear operational targets of attaining food
security and nutrition.
Similarly, Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition policy provides the overall policy framework
for attaining food security and improved nutrition at national and household levels. The policy
recognises the realisation of the Right to Food for all, and emphasises the application of human
rights principles and good governance practices. Several other relevant sector policies,
strategies and plans have been formulated and are being implemented. This marks an
important milestone in the efforts to address poverty and underlying causes of food insecurity,
vulnerability and malnutrition in Zanzibar. Some of them are presented hereunder:
 Agricultural Sector Policy (ASP) of 2002 and its attendant Agricultural Sector Strategic Plan (SP) of 2004
which emphasize increasing agricultural production and productivity, rural incomes, attaining national and
household food securityand supportoverall economic growth;
 Health Policy (2002), which aims to improve an sustain the nutritional status of Zanzibari people, particularly
that of women and children;
 National land Use Plan(1995) with a focus on access to arable land as an important prerequisite for food
security and nutrition for many rural families;
 National Water Policy (2004) which recognises the right to adequate clean and safe water as a vital element to
health,safety, food security, poverty reduction and socio-economic developmentofpeople;
 Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Policy (2006) which aims at creating a conducive environment for
promotion of SMEs to increase employment and income earning opportunities and capacity for competitive
production;
 Trade Policy (2006) that seeks aims to strengthen private sector participation in the trade of goods and services
in Zanzibar and effective coordination oftrade related initiatives;
 Zanzibar Investments Policy (2005) providing opportunities for rural landless and urban unemployed youth to
benefitfrom the investmentsector;
 Zanzibar Tourism development Policy and Tourism Master Plan (2004) which seeks to stress on the quality,
environmental impactand offer institutional and marketincentives to players in the tourism industry;
 Zanzibar Education Policy(2006); and Zanzibar Vocational Education and Training Policy (2005) which
promote household food accessibility through improving the human resource(labour) skills and capabilities in
terms of competitiveness, entrepreneurship and quality, resulting into employability and self employment and
thus,increased opportunities for income generation;
 Zanzibar National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan (2004/5-2008/9) which underlines strategic actions towards control
and prevention of any further spread of the disease, health care and support to people living with HIV/AIDS
through communityhome-based care of people living with HIV/AIDS;
 Zanzibar land Husbandry Improvement Strategy and Action Plan (2003) which outlines the integrated
approach towards improving soils and land husbandry practices to increase agricultural production and
productivity and the ensure local food availability;
 Draft Zanzibar Social Protection Policy which addresses social protection issues of different vulnerable groups
in Zanzibar ; and
 Zanzibar Information Policy (2005) which promotes effective communication on the impact of food security
related policies, programmes and community issues with regard to poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition and
good governance.
Furthermore, various decision making institutional structures 5
to galvanise effective
implementation of food security and nutrition interventions as called for in the Food Security and
Nutrition Act No. 5 of 2011 have been put in place. These structures provide a platform for multi-
sectoral stakeholders’ collaboration and engagement in addressing food security and nutrition
issues.
5 These include the National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC), the Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC), Food
Security and Nutrition Department, District Management Committees (DMC) and the Shehia Food Security and Nutrition
Committees (SFSC).

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2. FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION SITUATION, EMERGING ISSUES FOR ZANZIBAR
Zanzibar experiences both transitory and chronic food insecurities6
, which affects a sizeable
proportion of the population. Findings of the Zanzibar Food Balance Sheet report (2007-2011)
show that about 39 percent of the Zanzibar population is undernourished/food insecure.
The Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA 2010) indicates that less
than acceptable food consumption was more common in households reliant on aid (5.7%),
agriculture (4.8%), other livelihoods (4.2%) and agro-pastoralists (4.2%). Households headed
by illiterate household heads, female headed households and those with a high crowding index
appeared more likely to have poorer food consumption than other households.
Many factors interrelate to create food insecurity and malnutrition situations in the isles. The
level of household poverty and asset wealth in terms of access to livestock particularly cattle,
cultivation of a household garden, farming more than one hectare of land, engaging in multiple
livelihood activities, and use of chemical fertilizer greatly influence food consumption patterns
The major types of shocks preventing households to access sufficient food and affecting their
ability to obtain high yields are high and volatile food prices (56%), plant disease/animal pests
(49%) and drought (45%)(CFSVA 2010).Monthly food inflation rate was on average 15% over
2007-2011, oscillating between 4 and 29.
Although acute hunger and absolute unavailability of food are not problems on the islands, the
ability and flexibility of households to achieve an adequate level of consumption throughout the
year is a major issue. This is fostered by high levels of poverty in both rural and urban areas.
Based on the 2009/10 Household Budget Survey (HBS), about 44 percent and 13 percent of the
Zanzibar population live below basic needs poverty and food poverty line, respectively. Poverty
is much higher in rural Zanzibar (BNP=51%, FP=17%) than in urban Zanzibar (BNP=36%,
FP=8%). Poverty is also geographically concentrated, being higher in Pemba than Unguja (HBS
2009/10). The number of the basic needs poor surged from 526,352 in 2005 to 535,464 in
2010, while that of the food poor rose from 141,504 to 157,780 respectively (HBS 2004/05,
HBS 2009/10). As a result of the low purchasing power, poor households are more likely to
deplete their asset base in exchange for food supplies and purchase of low quality food items.
The poor incentive structure, weak asset base coupled by purely rain fed farming systems
undermine the availability of food from domestic production and productivity. Many major crop
yields are estimated to be below 60 percent of the potential partly due to the high pre-harvest
and post harvest losses. The study conducted in 2009, estimated post harvest losses of various
crops and fish in Zanzibar as high as: Cereals (7%-13%), Roots and tubers (12%-26%),
Leguminous crops (16%-32%), Fruits (22%-49%), Vegetables-Tomatoes(42%) and Fish (25%).
Although Tanzania has mandatory legislation to fortify wheat flour with at least iron or folic acid,
7 8
food fortification has been delayed in Zanzibar due to a number of political and other issues
which has aggravated vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Mass food fortification programs add
specific nutrients (including vitamin A, iron, B vitamins, folic acid, and zinc) to commercially
processed staples like maize and wheat flour, rice, condiments, sugar, salt, and cooking oil.
Similarly, more emphasis on the adherence to existing food quality and safety regulations of
local and imported food items is required from Zanzibar Food and Drugs Board (ZFDB).
6
Transitoryfoodinsecurityis associatedwith temporarydeclinein householdaccess to adequatefoodwhile chronic foodinsecurity is associated
with continual inadequateintake of foodcausedby sustainedinabilitytomeet the foodneeds.
7
Flour Fortification Initiative
8
See the updatedlist andmapat http://www.sph.emory.edu/wheatflour/globalmap.php

15
Another critical issue is the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and protein energy
malnutrition (PEM) with women and under-five children being the most vulnerable groups in
Zanzibar. According to the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (DHS 2009/10, about 30
percent of under-fives are characterised as stunted, 12 percent wasted and 20 percent
underweight. Prevalence of nutritional anaemia is equally high with about 69 percent for under-
fives and 59 percent of women in the age group of 15-49. The high prevalence of diseases,
including HIV/AIDS, malaria, acute respiratory infections negatively affects food security and the
overall well-being of people.
Moreover, available but highly unreliable data suggest that Zanzibar has low dietary diversity.
Zanzibar Food Balance Sheet report (2007-11) indicates that a large share of the total daily per
capita energy came from carbohydrates (75%), followed by fats (16%) and proteins (8%) over
the period 2007-11. Relative to WHO/FAO recommendations, this pattern shows a deficiency in
protein consumption in all the years. However, given the poor quality of data and information in
Zanzibar, this casts doubt about the accuracy of these assessments which are expected to
improve with the operationalization of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS. Limited livelihood activities,
inadequate caring practices, limited nutritional education, inadequate health services together
with an unsanitary environment and insufficient availability of/ or poor access to safe drinking
water have been noted as some of the underlying causes of nutritional insecurity in Zanzibar.

16
3. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING FOOD SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND
CONSTRAINTS
This section presents a summary of the existing food security information systems in Zanzibar
and highlights their respective principal constraints.
3.1 Agricultural production monitoring (APM)
3.1.1 Key institutions
The APM system may take into account the selected major staple (rice) and production
performance of other competing crops, livestock, fisheries and marine products. In this regard,
the key institutions under the APM systems include:
a) Office of Chief Government Statistician(OCGS)-Agricultural and Environment Statistics
Section
b) Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR)
c) Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MLF)
d) Tanzania Meteorological Agency(TMA)
3.1.2 Contraints of APM systems
A. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MANR)
 Crop statistics received at the Ministry level are aggregated at the district level without
providing the much needed details at the Shehia of livelihood zone level for targeted actions.
 There are serious gaps in available data such as crop yields, cultivated land, and production
per crop and by district and yet seasonal crop forecasting which is essential to FSNIEWS
control panel requires such historical statistics. In addition, data on some cash crops such
as spices and fruits that are locally grown is excluded. Poor quality agricultural statistics are
partly attributed to the inconsistent use of the already inadequate standard data collection
equipments coupled with unharmonised and unreliable data collection and analysis
methodologies and procedures at the community level. Block Extension Officers (BEOs)
occasionally employ one or a combination of “eye-of God” estimation (observation), farmer
reference and “foot-pacing” methods across different farms to estimate cultivated area of
each food crop and weights of food items. Seasonal yield surveys on randomly selected
farms are usually conducted for only rice and in an ad hoc manner.
 Furthermore, in the calculation of seasonal production statistics, the crop yield data from
previous Agricultural censuses are usually multiplied with the total crop area sown or
planted by district. However, these yield figures may not be reliable as they vary depending
on seasonal production factors and type of farming systems. Meanwhile, food commodity
weights are usually estimated rather than measured with standard equipments such as
weighing scales. Importantly, the low sample size of the crop farm analyzed suggests that
the data gathered has unlimited representativeness of the whole population. The relatively
low education levels and capacity of BEOs and the livestock health Officers who are in
charge of surveys and measurements affect the reliability of data. Efforts should also be
made to collect historical data series which may be on papers scattered in various offices.
 Zanzibar consists of several Islands with diverse variations in livelihood zones. Therefore,
monitoring of diverse livelihood and agro-ecological zones with varying socio-economic and
agro-ecological factors such as soil type, climate, incidences of pest and diseases,
livelihood activities, multiple cropping methods and a wide range of food items consumed is
a challenge which the ministry has to cope with.

17
 Inconsistent and timely flow of data with delays and lags of 1-2 months in the flow of
agricultural statistics from the sources to OCGS are common.
 Inaddition to data availability, are data analysis and dissemination issues without which it is
difficult to plan evidence-based actions.
B. Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA)
 Meteorological data is only collected from two Agro-Meteorological stations at
Matangatwani (Pemba) and Kizimbani (Unguja); and two Synoptic9
stations at Abed Karume
Airport (Unguja) and Karume Airport (Pemba) that are aggregated at the national level
rather than the district or livelihood zones. It is therefore, difficult to conduct seasonal crop
forecasting and weather predictions across different geographical and farming areas.
 Although rainfall data from 36 other sub-meteorological centers or rainfall sub-stations under
the MANR is recorded on daily basis on rainfall cards, there are gaps for some months due
to inadequate incentives for data recorders and weather equipments at some of these
stations are obsolete. Therefore, the only reliable weather data gathered is that from the four
major stations.
 Limited capacity to undertake agro-meteorological analyses by the team at TMA Office in
Zanzibar. Most of the analyses are centralized at the TMA Office in Mainland Tanzania.
C. Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MLF)
The collection of livestock, marine and fisheries data is done by the Departments of Animal
Production, Veterinary Services, Marine Resources and the Fisheries Development Division.
Key constraints include:
 Data on fish catches and marine products is recorded in the register book (with different
forms) on a daily basis for 16 days of high fish production season by beach recorders at only
32 out 256 landing sites.
 A smaller random sample size of livestock keepers taken by district officials during extension
service delivery visits to estimate livestock products while other livestock statistics are
gathered by only reviewing records kept at the Animal Health and Production Centers. This
may not be representative of the existing district livestock population and keepers and
therefore reveals issues of data underestimation. Moreover, livestock data is aggregated at
the district level leaving out the needed details at the shehia level.
 There is limited human resource capacity and training opportunities to undertake monitoring
and evaluation functions at the ministry, district and shehia levels. Some M& E units are
either understaffed or the level of data management skills of the existing staff is wanting!
This affects the quality of data collected by beach recorders at the fish landing sites, animal
production and veterinary assistants at the Animal clinic level, district fisheries and livestock
officers. In addition, only a few livestock farmers and community fishing groups along
coastal areas do keep records. Moreover, the timing of production of livestock products and
fish pond products varies across different livestock farmers.
 Some of the essential equipment such as weighing scales and calculators for measurement
of fish catches and marine products are of poor quality, quickly rust away and become
unusable. Therefore, they have to be replaced after every 5- 6 months. On the other hand,
MLF has to deal with the challenge of resistance of some fishermen to measure their fish at
the landing sites. Also, stocks of drugs and reagents for diagnosis of animal diseases and
pests are often insufficient.
9 They have wide coverage ofmeteorological parameters which can be usedfor weatherpredictioncomparedto theagro-metric stations

18
Overall, some of the institutions such as districts are incapacitated to disseminate the required
data and information to potential users in time due to in appropriate and up-to-date data
processing software programmes and inadequate data processing equipments such as
computers and accessories. They keep on breaking down due to attacks from computer viruses
and power outages. As a result, there are reported delays in the submission of reports by the
District Fisheries and Livestock officers to the MLF.
Limited financial resources are allocated to agricultural production monitoring activities.
Moreover, key data management personnel are reportedly not usually involved in annual
planning and budgeting processes. As a net result, there are inadequate facilities as already
mentioned, limited data supervision and follow up especially at the district and shehia levels and
data collectors are not committed to their work which undermines data quality. Furthermore,
data collection forms were inconsistently availed to Beach recorders at some of the fish landing
sites and sea weed production data is sometimes collected from only 12 private companies
leaving out others. Generally, M&E functions are usually performed effectively under funded
projects as an external requirement and the data systems are usually not sustained upon
termination of projects.
3.2.0 Market Information Systems (MIS)
The key market information services providers in Zanzibar include:
a) Ministry of Trade, Industry and Marketing (MTIM)
b) Office of Chief Government Statistician(OCGS)-Price Statistics and Marketing Units
c) Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources(MANR), Agricultural Market information
Unit
d) Tanzania Revenue Authority(TRA)
e) Bank of Tanzania (BoT), Zanzibar Branch
f) Zanzibar Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (ZNCCIA)
g) Ministry of State (President’s Office ) Finance, Economy and Development Planning
3.2.2 Functional and institutional constraints of MIS
 Unreliability of the market information data given that the weight of the food commodities
relative to the prices are largely estimated as opposed to being measured by standard
equipments such as weighing scales. Moreover, the use of two separate groups to
collect commodity weights and prices respectively may raise questions on the quality
data collected as commodity prices must reflect their relative weights.
 Whereas for quite some time market information has not been disseminated, currently
there are ongoing efforts at MTIM and MANR to publish such information so as to benefit
farmers, traders, middle-men, retailers and consumers.
 Unavailability of consistent data on food consumption and demand by season, age
group, district and national level. Data on farm gate or producer prices and prices of
locally produced food items and re-exports are also not captured by the systems.

19
 Tendencies of duplication of efforts, inconsistency between data sets and wastage of
public resources. Although designed for specific and different objectives, both MTIM and
MANR were at one time involved in market surveys from the same information sources
(markets) and competed to meet the needs of similar information user groups. There is
need for sufficient cooperation, collaboration and networking between these two sector
ministries in providing market information services.
 Insufficient computer facilities within Statistical Units of the MTIM may delay the rapid
shift from manual to electronic information systems that could facilitate timely processing
of the required food security data and information. Data management staff sometimes
use their personal laptops for back up of data and information when the office computer
breaks down.
 Inadequate capacity of staff in data processing, database management, statistical
methods and absence of a market information communication strategy are a challenge.
 Market information gathered by OCGS is used in the compilation of monthly food and
non-food inflation and national accounts but it is not disaggregated for urban, rural and
selected food insecure areas in Zanzibar. The coverage is also not wide enough to
include imported commodities by origin. In the case of Rice, only the price of Thai Rice
was being recorded and used in the computation of the Consumer price Index(CPI)
before August 2012, though imported rice from other sources like Vietnam, Pakistan,
and India are equally important. Rice recorded the highest weight share in total CPI (%)
of 12 % in 2004/05 HBS) and 11% in 2009/10 HBS. Consumption of Vietnam rice as an
example, could be higher despite the lower price offered for Thai rice price.
 Although, there exists a regulatory price territorial structure (categorized into Urban
West, Rural Areas and Pemba) stipulating price ceilings for rice, wheat flour and Sugar,
the relevant Unit within MTIM does not have sufficient human resource and technical
capacity to monitor effective market operations and the level of adherence to the set
price ceiling by traders and retailers. Apparently, ZFDB is also engaged in monitoring of
the quality of both local and imported products.Hence, indicating duplication of efforts by
both entities.
 Market Information Systems (MIS) face the difficulty of frequent and reliable forecasts of
import, export and international price changes due unavailability of correct historical and
up-to-date data on consumption patterns and demand. Many importers and food
stockists were reported as not ‘transparent and cooperative’- since they sometimes
under-declare the amount, value and quality of the items imported and stocks. The Items
declared on the import documents are sometimes different from the contents of the
container while some of containers of food disappear before being cleared by the
customs Office (TRA) and ZFDB10
.
 There are varying market information and data sets kept by MTIM, TRA, OCGS and
Bank of Tanzania (BoT). In addition, data on short-term food aid and assistance from
10 Interview held with the ZFDB staff on 20th
June 2013

20
imports or local purchases for distribution or subsidized sale to beneficiaries in times of
crises are not currently captured by the database at MTIM.
 Trade data captured by the customs officials in the registers from the import customs
forms at the ports of entry are inconsistently recorded and kept in different uncalibrated
units such as packets and sometimes generalized as food stuffs. This makes the
estimation of actual quantities and values of commodities difficult.
3.3 Vulnerable Groups monitoring system and monitoring food aid assistance
The key institutions that would be engaged in monitoring of vulnerable groups and Food Aid
include:
a) Ministry of Social Welfare, Youth, Women and Children Development (MSWYCD)
b) Ministry of Labour, Economic Empowerment & Cooperatives (MLEEC)
c) Second Vice President’s Office, Disaster Management Department(DMD)
d) Ministry of Education and Vocational Training(MoEVT)
e) Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF)
f) Ministry of Infrastructure and Communication
g) First Vice President’s Office, Department of Environment (DoE)
h) Other opted international agencies and NGOs include: Food and Agriculture
Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), International Labour Organization (ILO),
World Food programme (WFP), Save the Children and Red Cross
This Technical Working Group has the responsibility of monitoring vulnerable groups or groups
at risk of food insecurity in selected sentinel areas.
3.3.2 Key data management constraints of MVG systems
 Most of the data sources have weak information management systems to the extent that
‘some don’t monitor and store any information’. Data on vulnerability is not priotized by
cross-sectoral line ministries and there is irregular flow of data from the Monitoring
Vulnerable Children Committees to the Ministry.
 Whereas useful data is collected mid-yearly by use of Monitoring Vulnerable Children (MVC)
Forms, there is no clear and objective criterion for identification of vulnerable households.
More emphasis is placed on children under 18 years compared to other categories of the
vulnerable populations. Moreover, sentinel areas- with high levels of food insecurity are not
routinely monitored.
 The MVC committees, Health personnel at the Clinics and NGOs at the Shehia level have
inadequate skills in data collection. MVC Forms from the communities are returned with
several mistakes which affect the quality of data entered and information outputs.
 Data management staffs in some institutions have not been recruited. The MVC M&E Officer
who is very instrumental in collection and dissemination of information on vulnerable groups
under MSWYCD has not yet been recruited. Worse still, some of the available M&E
personnel reported having limited training opportunities and capacity to use of Geographic

21
Information Systems (GIS) equipments, and inadequate skills in basic computer servicing
and maintenance, data analysis, database management, information processing and
reporting. This partly explains why MVC information outputs are not routinely published and
the MSWYCD keeps on seeking for technical assistance from the OCGS.
 Absence of standardized data collection tools during labour inspections, tracing and
reporting disaster occurrences at the Shehia level and undercoverage of youth
unemployment data are a major constraint.
 The DMD focuses on monitoring mainly large scale disasters and pays less attention to
minor and seasonal risks to food insecurity which may cumulatively but gradually result into
chronic food insecurity. Environmental impacts are not irregularly assessed by Department
of Environment (DoE) as this depends on how often hotel owners submit their requests to
the office for such a service. This challenge may likely persist since most of relevant staffs
have limited expertise in disaster preparedness and management, food security and
nutrition issues, vulnerability mapping and assessments.
 Social protection programmes under TASAF are indirectly and ineffectively monitored by the
Agency as this responsibility is relegated to Sector Ministries.
 Less effort has been made to assess the impact of food aid operations on food security of
the target groups, production, marketing and consumption as well as setting up a database
for monitoring Food Aid and assistance by development. Data on a) estimated food aid
requirements, b) needy groups to be targeted, and c) appropriate type of aid to be allocated
is critical in making important decisions regarding allocation of food aid in emergency
situations.
3.4.0 Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (FNSS)
Since much of the data FNSS relates to health and nutrition, members of the FNSS/MWG
include:
 Ministry of Health (Department of Health Information Management System and the
Nutrition Unit of the Department of Preventive medicine)
 Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT)
 World Health Organization(WHO)
 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
3.4.2 Data management system constraints
 Department of Health Information Management System (DHIS) under the Ministry of Health
has one of the most effective information management systems. Other MDAs can learn a lot
from this system. Health and nutrition data flows from data entrants placed at different
health facilities who feed it into the web-based database system at the end of every month
and published in the health Bulletin once a year. This electronic system makes most of the
data available at the health centre level to the end users. However, vital anthropometric data
on wasting (Weight-for-Height) and stunting (height for Age) are not captured by DHIS.
Moreover, the coverage of the population and level of aggregation of health and nutrition
data collected is at the health centre or clinic level which may not be useful in Shehia level
targeting of nutritional interventions.

22
 School children could be used to gather anthropometric data since they represent a high
proportion of the population. However, the MOEVT is currently not involved the monitoring
the nutrition status of school children. It will be a potentail source of anthropometric data on
stunting, underweight, records of enrollment and attendance, school performance,
consumption, income and expenditure when it starts to implement the School Feeding
Programmes in the two project initial areas of Micheweni and North A districts and School
Health Programs-where routine check-ups of the health status of school children at pre-
primary and primary level could be undertaken through collaboration with nearby health
facilities.
 Demographic health Survey data on micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Iodine) and
other health indicators is not disaggregated by districts and population groups such as age,
gender, school children and pregnant mothers as required by the information users.

23
4. INTERVENTIONS REQUIRED TO IMPROVE EXISTING FOOD SECURITY AND
NUTRITION INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ZANZIBAR
4.1 Introduction
Reliable and timely food security and nutrition data across various sectors will be required for
the FSND to successfully conduct evidence based analysis. Findings of the FSN information
provider survey revealed several data challenges from multiple sectors which should be
addressed if the FSNIEWS is to be effective and functional.
Although, existing sectoral information systems do face several information gaps and
challenges, they are currently serving important institutional mandates. The fact that they have
continued to operate is a clear indication of their likelihood to sustain themselves though they
require improvements. MKUZA Secretariat is also pushing for similar systems changes to
improve accountability and value for development funds, and attainment of the set national
goals and targets.
4.2 Establishment and operationalization of Information management and coordination
structures
It is important that a multisectoral food security monitoring team which would constitute
representatives from all the relevant Ministries, Civil Society Organizations, international
agencies and donors as observers be established with a focal office within the FSND to bring
together the expertise and outputs of various systems operating in Zanzibar and also coordinate
all the activities of food security monitoring and early warning systems, review and synthesize
messages from various sources for timely and effective policy responses.
Setting up and operationalization of Multisectoral Working Groups (MWGs) based on four food
security information systems namely agricultural production monitoring, market information,
monitoring vulnerable groups and nutrition surveillance would also be necessary to improve
coordination, capacity and supervision of various institutions involved in planning, design and
collection of routine data collection, analysis and dissemination.
Some of the systems like the Department of Health Information management systems (DHIS)
under the MoH were found to be working well with a lot of information to share with the FSND
and therefore requiring minor improvements. Data are generally collected from different sources
right from the shehia level and passed on to the districts that then aggregate them before
sending them to the respective line ministries. The ministries aggregate it further before sharing
with the target audiences including MKUZA Secretariat and OCGS which happens to be the
current national data repository. It is important to note that at least more than one in two key
institutions are willing to provide and deliver hard-copy reports on a quarterly basis but upon
official request to relevant authorities by the FSND.
Since the FSND is new and faced with so many analytical and demanding requirements, it will
draw learning insights from some of sector specific and national level information systems like
OCGS and MKUZA. It will also be important to conduct joint collaborative engagements across
centralized information storage units in Zanzibar involving MKUZA Secretariat, OCGS and
FSND. Development of harmonized and acceptable procedures and protocols (Memoranda of

24
Understanding/cooperative agreements specifying the nature of collaboration and outputs with
external information providers such as NGOs will help ensure systematic and sustained data
flow, collection and analysis of reliable data, continued functioning and sustainability of the
Zanzibar FSNIEWS.
Consistent and timely flow of data from Central Policy and Planning Departments of Sector
Ministries to OCGS and FSND can be improved through holding frequent meetings,
strengthening communication sector strategies and plans, designing of standardized data
dissemination formats, setting deadlines for submission of data, and permitting Sectoral
Ministries to be responsible for final dissemination of all sub-sectoral data.
4.3 Formulation of a clear Key FSN indicator framework
A key food security and nutrition indicator framework will help consolidate, harmonize and
integrate food security information from a number of existing information sector systems into a
single coherent system for integrated food security analysis. Only relevant data has to be
collected, analyzed and reported based on the established information user needs. The
framework would be reviewed regularly by MWGs to build consensus on appropriate measures
or indicators of food security and nutrition in Zanzibar to be placed on the routine database and
control panel.
Baseline studies should be undertaken to fill the gaps in the routine indicator information so as
to set a point of reference for subsequent monitoring purposes. It would also be necessary to
engage relevant authorities to incorporate some of the M & E indicators into existing national
surveys such as Household Budget Survey (HBS) and Tanzania Demographic Health Survey
(TDHS).
4.4 Use of livelihood and household food economy approaches
It is anticipated that Zanzibar FSNIEWS will collaborate with relevant stakeholders to
periodically gather information on people’s livelihood activities at the household level and
vulnerable population groups. Such information can help identify impending food related
disasters and is also essential in the formulation of programmes and policies to mitigate
household food insecurity. The Household Economy Analysis conducted by the Government of
Zanzibar (GoZ) in collaboration WFP and SC-UK in 2003 that identified ten (10) broad livelihood
zones11
in Zanzibar is a case in point though it requires updating. Access problems arise at the
household level since even if a country has potentially adequate food availability, not all
households will have adequate access to food (Gilbert; 2011:16).
Furthermore, the use of food insecurity and vulnerability systems can help to identify the causes
of food insecurity and malnutrition at the household level. Deliberate efforts need to be made to
arrange Crop and Food Security Assessment Missions (CFSAMS) for Zanzibar. Collaborative
linkages of the Zanzibar FSNIEWs with FAO Country Stat, Global Information and Early
Warning System (GIEWS), Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and mapping Systems
11
Zone 1: Semi coral fishing, Zone 2: Deep fertile soils with no fishing, Zone 3: Deep fertile Soils w ith fishing, Zone 4: Pemba peri
urban, Zone 5: Pemba urban, Zone 6: Fishing and Tourism, Zone 7: Semi coral fishing, Zone 8: Clove production, Zone 9: Unguja
peri-urban and Zone 10: Unguja urban. How ever, the Food Security and Nutrition Policy (2008) outlines three main livelihood
systems namely the fertile agriculturalzones, fishing zones and the urban and peri-urban zones.

25
(FIVIMS, World Food Summit), Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET, USAID)
would be useful in dissemination of its information outputs at the sub-country level.
4.5 Building human resources capacity and strengthening Institutional infrastructure
For an effective Zanzibar food security information and early warning system, sufficient, right
skilled, well trained and motivated personnel are needed to perform the monitoring and
evaluation functions and tasks such as routine data collection and information management.
Most data management units within the existing systems were understaffed and most of the
available staff seemed inadequately competent to routinely collect appropriate data, interpret
and produce regular food security and nutrition policy analytical outputs which could be used by
the FSND to conduct further analyses, educate, inform and influence decision makers.
Relevant and tailor-made trainings should be provided to all staff of the statistical Units within
Sector Ministries or targeted institutions at both national and district levels are required to
address to challenge of poor quality data and food security analyses. External consultants can
also be hired for focused inputs. in food security, data collection, analysis and
Important also, is the need to ensure capacity of good quality staff by introducing incentives
demonstrated competences in the area of work; being clear about staff expectations; keeping
track of staff performance through regular appraisals; outsourcing data verification and
providing equipments them with tools of work.
The institutional infrastructure for data collection already exists for Zanzibar from the shehia, to
the district and national levels, and may only requires strong mandate and resources to
reorganize, integrate and align it to the goals of the proposed Zanzibar FSNIEWS .
4.6 Strengthening information management for timely data generation, analysis and
reporting
The proposed FSN analysis system will be fed with available statistics from line ministries,
agencies, districts and seasonal food security assessments. However, some of the information
systems have inadequate capacity in data processing and storage and lack basic data
processing software and hardware equipments which could hinder information flow to the
FSND. The information provider study results showed that most of the information systems
transfer hardcopy reports which are sometimes hand-written to central levels. This causes delay
in the flow of data for a period of 1-2 months from the sources to the intended users of the
information outputs. Although well organized data systems do not necessarily have to be digital,
the use of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) in data coordination, quality
control, improving access and dissemination should be considered. Availability of timely
information for making appropriate decisions and quality of information presented to decision
makers play an important role in strengthening the information –action linkages (ROP,2005: 16).
Provision of needed basic data processing software and hardware equipments; establishment of
decentralized user friendly, electronic and accessible databases that are clearly linked to the
centralized Zanzibar FSNIEWS database system are urgently needed
Training should be provided to the staff of the FSN Monitoring and Early Warning Unit and
TMWG members on how the installed Food security database system is structured and works.

26
It is important that a dedicated Information Technology and Communication (ICT) person has to
be recruited to provide technical backstopping and support to the staff in charge of data sub-
systems and effectively manage the central database.
In addition to conducting routine field assessments, the FSN Monitoring and Early Warning Unit
and or Team should establish light sentinel site systems for selected districts with chronically
food insecure areas, cement gaps in key data sets and also utilize the ‘SMS’ data transfer
technology to automate the system.
4.7 Coordination between users and providers of food security and nutrition data
The existing systems focus primarily on data collection and pay less attention to the use of
information for decision making and as a result the impact of such information on food security
status in Zanzibar has been negligible. Improving coordination among these haphazard
information generators could create effective demand for food security information from decision
makers. It is also necessary to initiative regular communication and feedback platforms such as
multidisciplinary FSN working group meetings, planning and consultative meetings of data
producers (sources), data processing Units and major data users especially the ISSC and
NFSNC members to ensure relevance of collected data by the system and increased
coordination between data producers and users. Information user needs surveys or
assessments of the impact of the information made available should be routinely performed.
4.8 Flexibility of the Zanzibar Food security information and early warning system
The information generated from the Zanzibar FSNIEWS could also be guide emergency
planning, programme design and policy formulation by the sectoral institutions. Such information
would be useful in monitoring, analysis and review of sector workplans and Emergency
Response interventions, and provision of sound technical recommendations (budget proposals)
to the Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC) to ensure that food security and nutrition issues
are mainstreamed into all key Ministries’ budget plans.
4.9 Improvement and harmonization of methodologies and tools for data collection and
analysis
The lack of harmonized, comprehensive and standardized methodologies, tools for data
collection & analysis results into inconsistent and unreliable routine agricultural, livestock and
trade data across respective sectors and OCGS! Sector specific data collection and analysis
tools need major improvements.
Building the capacity of different FSN information providers and staff of the FSN Monitoring and
Early Warning Unit in standardized data collection methodologies could reduce the intensity of
contradictory data across respective sectors and prevailing inefficiencies in the collection and
analysis of information. Such trainings will help to harmonize variations in data collection and
processing methods and data processing tools.
Organizing Multisectoral Working Group meetings will also provide space to discuss existing
gaps in the tools, validity of data collection methods, reliability and accuracy of data collected
and explore areas of improvement. Standard data collection forms and formats which can be

27
sent by fax or email to FSNIEWS through the MWGs should be prepared in collaboration with
the information providers.
Furthermore, industry-recognized practices such a measuring farm fields, weighing commodities
at markets; fish and marine products at landing sites relative to their prices, use of rain-gauges,
having representative survey sample sizes among others should consistently be adopted.
4.10 Comitment of financial resources for Monitoring and Evaluation (M& E) functions
Sufficient financial resources are required for transport, data collection, printing of data
collection forms, supervision, data processing, purchase of relevant software for downloading
satellite imagery to support field data for early warning service bulletin, computers, equipments
and other measuring gadgets for use in information analysis, storage and processing.
M&E costs were mainly covered in project rather than institutional budgets A good number of
institutions lacked sufficient resources to purchase data collection equipments such as rain-
gauges, weighing scales for commodities at farm and market level, tapes and GIS tools for
measuring agricultural fields. The situation was blamed on the low budgetary allocation to each
sector. According to the information provider survey results, only 3 in 10 FSN institutions visited
had allocated funds in their Annual Implementation Sector Budgets for M & E functions and in
most cases, the amount varied from Tsh.5-12 million per year while only one had committed
13.6 percent of its annual budget.
For some sectors, monitoring of Government interventions was done on an ad-hoc basis and
there were no clear data management mechanisms which would supplement efforts in tracking
the impact of Government expenditure and justify value for public tax payer’s money as well as
aid in better planning and decision making processes. Lack of sufficient resources to support
the information systems may put the sustainability of the systems to a constant jeopardy.
Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) should make a provision of 5-10 percent of the
total budget finances for monitoring and evaluation activities as recommended by MKUZA II and
the Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) should reflect the same requirement. Efforts
being made by some institutions visited to develop the monitoring performance frameworks and
recruit relevant personnel aimed at improving their information management systems are highly
commendable.
4.11 Consideration of incentives
Closely tied to effectiveness and proper functioning of the proposed food security and
information early warning system is the consideration of incentives as both an intermediate and
long-term strategy. Some of the possible incentives include: provision of good office space,
availability of necessary equipments, timely and reliable means of transport for work and
allowances for report writing, clarity of M&E responsibility in job descriptions and work plans,
salaries and other rewards such as housing, making financial and other support resources
easily available and professional development for career advancement. There is also need to
ensure a two-way flow of information as one way to motivate data collectors and maintain flow
of reliable data from routine sources.

28
4.12 Conclusion
In short, addressing the constraints related to timely flow of information in accessible formats
from multi-sectors to the FSND will be a complex and up-hill task requiring a great deal of time
and resources. Sufficient cooperation and networking across the central and parallel information
systems under the FSND, OCGS and MKUZA Secretariat will not only be necessary but also
building synergies in engaging relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and
districts to improve their data systems, and setting strategies for maximizing the potential for
utilizing the information generated.
A sustainable and effective system would require strengthening of coordination structures,
building human resources and institutional capacity in food security analysis, commitment to
finance monitoring and evaluation activities including incentives, flexibility in usage of
information for emergency planning, programme design and policy making by various sectors,
frequent evaluation of the system against methods employed, its timeliness and extent of
meeting the needs of information users.

29
5. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK OF ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS
5.1 Overview
Food security information and early warning analysis systems that are effective and having a
high degree of reliability are increasingly becoming helpful in providing policy makers with
accurate, up-to-date information and enabling them to make better decisions pertaining
development planning, formulation, review and implementation of policies and programmes.
Results of the Information Provider Survey conducted by the consultant revealed several
challenges with regard to the quality and accuracy of data, appropriateness of data processing
methodologies, effectiveness of the information disseminated and its use in planning and policy
making purposes. Therefore, the systems are somehow not helpful in monitoring fairly and
reliably the overall food security and nutrition situation in Zanzibar. This can be attributed to the
limited in-country capacity for food security analysis and the existence of fragmented and
parallel food security information systems in Zanzibar.
Strengthening institutional arrangements of the food security and nutrition monitoring systems
would increase their effectiveness in tackling chronic food insecurity facing Zanzibar as they
would no longer give mixed messages to the decision makers. They would generate information
outputs that impact significantly on the food security decision making processes.
This requires coordination to integrate the activities of the different information systems,
fostering interaction, cooperation and collaboration in information generation and use, and
better division of labour (who does what) to reduce repetition of information outputs. It is against
this backdrop and the extreme need to address such serious information constraints, that a
comprehensive and integrated food security and nutrition information and early warning system
is proposed in Zanzibar under the management of the FSND.
As noted earlieron, the purpose of the framework for Zanzibar FSNIEWS is to guide the
generation, management, analysis, communication, and monitoring and evaluation of food
security and nutrition information, and warning signals for the purpose of providing
recommendations for appropriate responses and decision making processes in food security
and nutrition related development planning at all levels in Zanzibar.
A framework for such an information analysis system can contribute to coordinating,
consolidating and consistently integrating a synthesized analysis of food security information
generated from multiple government and development agencies and guide the generation,
management, analysis, communication, and monitoring & evaluation of food security and
nutrition data and information for the purpose of providing actionable knowledge in form of
recommendations to a broad range of decision makers for appropriate policy, emergency
responses and agricultural development planning at all levels in Zanzibar.
The Zanzibar FSNIEWS will operate following a systematic flow of result oriented interventions
for improving food security and nutrition situation as calledfor by the overarching and sector
policy frameworks. The Result-based Operational framework of Zanzibar FSNIEWS is
illustrated in Figure 1. It integrates information from multiple sectors forming the four information
systems, major activities and outputs that will be disseminated to various stakeholders by use
of different media formats and channels for awareness raising and strategic decision making
processes.

30
5.2 Overall goal
To generate and provide meaningful, well analysed, accurate, update and timely information on
the incidences, status and causes of chronic food security and vulnerability to decision makers
for better planned, implemented and targeted food security policies and programs; emergency
response and disaster risk reduction interventions in Zanzibar
5.3 Specific objectives
The specific objectives of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS are:
i). To issue early warnings on impending food crises and potential impact (extent and type),
the areas and people that will be affected; and identify needed actions to reduce the
negative impact of such food related crises;
ii). To cause release of relief and emergency aid towards the groups that need it;
iii). To identify vulnerable groups to food insecurity and change in their situation;
iv). To keep track of the stability of food supplies and variations in stocks for efficient
management of major food commodities and Zanzibar Food Reserve;
v). To assist in the prevention of risks of food security shocks and crises; and reduce their
potential impact as well as safeguard livelihoods in the short, medium and long-term,
vi). To provide disaggregated data and information on the status of food availability, access,
vulnerability and nutrition situation in Zanzibar; and
vii). To make recommendations on appropriate food security and nutrition related policy and
development interventions
5.4 Outcomes and impacts
Outcomes
 Increased awareness of major stakeholders on food security and nutrition situation
 Well informed and targeted policy decisions and development interventions to address
underlying causes of food insecurity and malnutrition.
Impacts
 Increased household food access through purchase and diversified production
 Sufficient health care services and healthy environment
 Adequate caring capacity for children and women

31
Figure 1: Result based Operational framework of Zanzibar FSNIEWS
Sectors Crops Livestock Fisheries
Infrastructure
Markets & Trade
Gender Water &
Sanitation
Natr’l
Resources
 Applied Research,
Periodic Reviews and
Lessons Learnt Reports
 Situation
Analy sis—
 Real-time
updates of
current and
projected
f ood security
and nutrition
conditions

Management of FSN
Information and early
warning database
system-
(Timely and accurate
data flow and exchange
protocols, automated
analysis, archiving,
easy accessibility &
analysis)
Income &
Employmen
t
 Strategic
Interv ention
Adv isory
Template
(SIAT)
 Policy brief s
Networking,
collaboration
and
Management
of Institutional
Relationships
 Integrated Food Security
Phase Classif ication (IPC)
report
 Monthly Early Warning
Bulletins
 Updated seasonal FSN
reports
 SUA/Food Balance Reports
 Rapid Emergency
assessment reports
 Vulnerability mapping & f ood
insecurity reports
Health
&
nutrition
Education
Monitoring &
Analysis of national
food security and
Emergency
Response
interventions (Ppolicies,
Strategies, periodical MDA
workplans, Programmes &
Prov. of appropriate
commendations
Technical and
institutional Capacity
building of key
sectors and districts-
in v ulnerability mapping
and Food security and
nutrition inf ormation
analy sis
 Timely , accurate
and clear reports
 Website,
 SMS data f low
Sy stem,
 Digital Library ,
 Database,
 Geographic
Inf ormation
Sy stem
Support,
strengthen &
establish
Comprehensive
food insecurity
and vulnerability
mapping
systems
Documentation of
lessons learned and
conducting demand
driven and Applied
Research Studies on
emerging and cut-across food
security issues such as
underlying causes of food
insecurity, gender, climate
change, HIV/AIDS, urbanization,
bio-fuel, etc
 Hard & sof t copy reports
 Policy brief s /leaf lets
 Fact sheets
 Maps
 Brochures and f liers
 Public Memos/Letters



 Photos & Videos
 TV programs/Broadcasts
 Radio programs/Broadcasts
 Electronic & Social media
platf orms (Fax, CD/DVD,
Facebook & E-mail)
 Meetings
 Public Notice Boards
Outputs
Activities
 Established and
strengthened District
management
Committees (DMCs)
& Shehia Food
security and nutrition
committees
 Supported Sector
inf ormation sy stems
 Comprehensiv e food
insecurity and
v ulnerability mapping
sy stems established at
community lev el to
guide and trigger
emergency response
and f ood aid
 Case Studies
 News paper articles
 PowerPoint papers
 Photos & v ideos
 IEC Materials
 Public notices
Formats
 Print media (Newspapers, magazines & Bulletins)
 Zanzibar FSNIEWS Website
 Presentations/Brief ings
 Workshops/Strategy Seminars
 Market and Community Notice Boards
 Agricultural Exhibitions and Trade Fairs
Media
Information users (Decision Makers and Action Takers):
NFSNC, ISSC, Sector Ministries, Media, Civ il Society organizations, Dev elopment Partners, Shehia Members, Producers, Traders & Consumers
Reliable,
Relev ant,
Timely ,
ev idence
(Inf ormation)
f or Awareness
Raising &
Strategic
Decision
making
Environment
Agricultural production monitoring (APM)
Market Information
Systems (MIS) Food & Nutrition surv eillance SystemsMonitoring Vulnerable Groups System
Systems

32
5.5 Integrated analytical frameworks of Zanzibar FSNIEWS
It suggested that Zanzibar FSNIEWS Unit and the Food Security and Nutrition Information Monitoring
and Early Warning Team (FSNMT) be involved in the analysis and implementation of the following
analytical frameworks indicated in Figure 1:
Figure 2: Integrated Food security and nutrition analytical frameworks
Various sources: (Haan Nicholaset al.2009,Klaus K.2009)
5.6 Key activities and expected information outputs
The key activities that would be performed by the Zanzibar FSNIEWS Unit and expected information
outputs for dissemination to decision makers are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Key interventions and information outputs of Zanzibar FSNIEWS
Functions /Activities Key information Outputs
1. Situation Analysis—Real-time updates of
current and projected food security and
nutrition conditions
 Key FSN Indicator Monitoring
 Trend analyses and estimates
 Forecasting of major food crops
production and yield situation and
provide early warning signals of the
impending food shortages
 Emergency Assessments
 Livelihood based, vulnerability, markets
and market information assessments
 Seasonal food Security and nutrition
assessments
 Vulnerability mapping and livelihood
based systems Assessments
 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC 12)
statement, updated as and whenever the situation
changes in a given area. It should summarize the
nature and severity of the food security situation into a
standardized and comparable scale of five Phases
(Generally Food Secure, Moderately Food Insecure,
Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis, Humanitarian
Emergency, and Humanitarian Catastrophe/Famine)
 Regularly updated seasonal Food Security and
Nutrition, Supply User Account/Food Balance Report,
Rapid Emergency Vulnerability mapping and
livelihood based markets and market information
assessment reports to complement the IPC
2. Monitoring and analysis of national food  Strategic Intervention Advisory Template (SIAT)
12 The IPC draws together anyandall existinginformationforan overall statement onthe nature andseverity offoodsecurity situations usinga convergence
of evidence approachandconsensus buildingamongtechnical experts. TheIPC,initiallydevelopedby FAO, is increasinglybeingadoptedglobally by
national governments andinternational agencies as a commonandcomparable systemfor‘big-picture’ foodsecurityanalysis
1. Multi-Sectoral—Crop Production, Nutrition, Livestock, Fisheries, Markets and Trade, Water, Health, Education,
Gender, Natural Resources,Income,and Infrastructure
2. Multi-Temporal--Including immediate,medium,and long-term food securitysituation analysis and recommendations
3. Multi-Scale—including Shehia(village) to national level analysis
4. Conceptual model of nutrition status at the household level showing immediate, underlying, and basic causes of
malnutrition.
5. Conceptual Pillars of Food Security—Availability, access, utilization and stability
6. Livelihoods Analysis—Including baseline livelihood profiles, analysis of livelihood strategies (food sources, income
sources,expenditures,and coping strategies),and livelihood assets (financial,human,natural,social,and physical).
7. Food Economy analysis —Effects of shocks on household livelihood zones
8. Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability—assessing the risk of food insecurity by drought, floods, economy, policy, conflict and
other potential hazards and their implications on populations’ vulnerabilityto that hazard.

33
security and Emergency Response
interventions such as policies, strategies,
periodical MDA workplans, programmes and
provision of appropriate recommendations
with a summary of recommended actions to decision
makers to improve effectiveness, efficiency,
sustainability and impact of food and nutrition security
interventions
3. Management of FSN Information and early
warning database system that enable timely
and accurate data flow and exchange
protocols, automated analysis, Archiving and
easy accessibility
 Timely, accurate and clear reports, Website, SMS
Data Flow System, Digital Library, Database, and
Geographic Information System
4. Support, strengthen and establish
Comprehensive food insecurity and
vulnerability mapping systems
 Comprehensive food insecurity and vulnerability
mapping systems established at community level to
guide and trigger emergency response and food aid
5. Technical and institutional Capacity building
of key sectors and districts in vulnerability
mapping and Food security and nutrition
information analysis
 Established and strengthened District management
Committees (DMCs) and Shehia Food security and
nutrition committees with the well built capacity to
undertake FSN Analysis , data flow, and reporting,
Quality Controls
 Supported sector information systems with well built
capacity in data collection and information analysis,
processing, storage, dissemination, harmonized
tools, operation of the designed central FSN
information system
6. Documentation of lessons learned and
conducting demand driven and applied
research studies on emerging and cut-across
food security issues such as underlying
causes of food insecurity
 Applied research reports on an ad-hoc basis based on
the national research agenda and other emerging
issues affecting food security in place
7. Institutional Relationships  Ensuring partner agencies are well informed, fulfilling
commitments, and providing feedback
5.7 Institutional Management Framework of Zanzibar FSNIEWS
5.7.1 Introduction
Since the use of existing infrastructure and institutional structures for monitoring and evaluation has
proven to be more successful (ROP, 2005: 5), the proposed institutional framework, which is an
important component of the Zanzibar FSNIEWS, should be integrated into the decision making
processes of RGoZ.
This will ensure sustainable and strong operational linkages with the decision makers at the national
and sub-national levels; institutionalize and integrate the fragmented food security information analysis
systems; tap the commitment of relevant stakeholders who will use the information in planning and
policy design, and ensure consistency of monitoring and evaluation activities with the priorities of the
RGoZ. Figure 1 indicates the proposed institutional framework for Zanzibar FSNIEWS.

34
Figure 3: Proposed institutional framework for Zanzibar FSNIEWS
National Food Security & Nutrition Council(NFSNC)
Inter-Sectoral Steering Committee (ISSC)
Agricultural
Production
Monitoring
Market Information
System Group
Monitoring
Vulnerable Group
Food & Nutrition
Surveillance Group
• Block Extension Officers
• Animal & Health Assistants
• Beach Recorders
Shehia FSN Committee Shehia Disaster Mgt. Committee
National Disaster
Management Committee
•OfficeofChiefGov.Statistician
•TanzaniaRevenueAuthority
•ZanzibarFood&DrugsBoard
•DevelopmentPartners
•CSOs/NGOs/FBOs
•PrivateSectors
•Consumers
Zanzibar
Food
Reserve
District Management Committee District Disaster
Management Committee
Technical
Working
Groups
Food Security &
Nutrition Analysis
Team (FSNAT)
National Food Security &
Nutrition Monitoring Team
(FSNMT)
• Situation Analysis
• Crop forecast
• Early Warning signals
• Trend analyses and
estimates
• Food & Nutrition Security
Database management
Zanzibar FSIEWS Secretariat (Unit)
Food Security & Nutrition Monitoring Team (FSNMT)
DMD Secretariat
Functional Linkages Key
Collaboration:
Management:
5.7.2 National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC)
The Zanzibar Food Security Information and Early Warning System will be coordinated and supervised
at the national level by the National Food Security and Nutrition Council (NFSNC) consisting of the
following members: 1) Second Vice president, who shall be the chairperson; 2). Minister responsible for
Food security; 3).Sectoral Ministers as prescribed in the first schedule of the Zanzibar Food Security
Act No.5 of July 2011; 4). Regional Commissioners; and two proposed representatives of the Steering
Committee. The Principle Secretary responsible for administration of Food Security and Nutrition is the
Secretary to the Council.
As articulated in Article 6 of the Act, the NFSNC is required to oversee the effective implementation of
the Food Security and Nutrition Policy and Programmes to achieve the stated goals through: a).
ensuring availability of and equitable distribution of resources, (b) monitoring the progressive realization
of the right to food; c).providing guidance to the Steering Committee; (d) ensuring accountability of Key
Ministries in the implementation of the Act; and e) deciding on behalf of the Government a crisis
situation warranting Zanzibar Food Reserve release, and what level thereof.

FRAMEWORK FOR ZANZIBAR FSNIEWS, FINAL DRAFT

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