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JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
                                                                                                Mechanical Energy
1.1 Understanding Physics

                                        PHYSICS
                                                                                   Mechanical Energy
                           Study of the natural phenomena and the
                                     properties of matter.                             Heat Energy


                                                                                      Light Energy
  Solid                     Matter                         Energy

                                                                                      Wave Energy
  Liquid            states                                          forms

                                                                                     Electrical Energy
   Gas

                                                                                     Nuclear Energy


                                                                                    Chemical Energy




  Properties of               Relationship            Relationship           Properties of
     Matter                       with                    with                 Energy
                                energy                  matter




                                        in the fields of



   Mechanics                  Heat             Wave                  Electronics



              Properties              Light              Electricity &             Atomic Physics
              of matter                                Electromagnetism              & Nuclear




                                                  1
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
1.2      PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Base quantity
1     A physical quantity is ……………………………………………………………………..
2     Examples of scientific instruments :………………………………………………………
3     A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical
      quantities.
4     Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measured.

                                                             The list of physical quantities :
                                                             1. ……………………………………….
                                                             2. ……………………………………….
                                                             3. ……………………………………….
                                                             4. ……………………………………….
                                                             5. ……………………………………….
                                                             6. ……………………………………….
                                                             7. ……………………………………….
                                                             8. ……………………………………….



                    battery


5     List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units.
              Base quantity            Symbol            S.I. Unit          Symbol for S.I. Unit
       Length
       Mass
       Time
       Current
       Temperature


6     Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are :
      i) …………………………..unit ………….. ii) ………………………. unit …………
…..




                                                   2
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Standard Form

1   Standard form = A x 10n ,           1 < A < 10 and n = integer
2   Standard form is used to …………………………………………………………………...
3   Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following
    quantities in standard form :
    a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =………………………………………………….
    b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg =………...
    c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m = ………………………………………………………
    b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = …………………………………………...
    c. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = ……………………………………………..
Prefixes

1. Prefixes are usually used to ………………………………………………………………...
2. It will be written ……………………………………………………………………………
3. The list of prefixes :                 Eg :
        10   12   Tera (T)
                                          1 Tm = …………………………………….
           109    Giga (G)
                                          3.6 mA = …………………………………….
           106    Mega (M)                How to change the unit ;
             2
           10 3                           Eg :
           101    kilo (k) Hekto (ha)
           10              Deka (da)      1. Mega to nano
           10-1
              0
           10-2
           10              desi (d)
                           centi (s)
        10-3      mili (m)

        10-6      micro (µ)
                                          2. Tera to micro
        10-9      nano (n)

        10-12     pico (p)




                                          3. piko to Mega



4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and
   small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the
   quantities in standard prefixes:
   a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = ………………………………………….
    b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m = ………………………………………………


                                                 3
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
      c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = ………………………
      d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg = ………………………


Derived quantities

1     A derived quantity is …….…………………………………………………………………
      ………………………………………………………………………………………………
2     Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities.

     Derived                                                                             Name of
                                     Formula                           Derived unit
     quantity                                                                          derived unit
        area                   area = length x width                    m x m = m2          –
      volume            volume = length x width x height              m x m x m = m3        –

                                              mass
      density                   density =                                                   –
                                             volume
                                         displacement
      velocity              velocity =                                                      –
                                             time
    momentum              momentum = mass x velocity                      kg m s-1          –

                                         change in velocity
    Acceleration      acceleration =                                                        –
                                               time

       Force               force = mass x acceleration                    kg m s-2      Newton (N)
                                              force
      pressure                  pressure =
                                              area
      weight       weight = mass x gravitational acceleration
       work                work = force x displacement

                                              work
       power                     power =
                                              time

                                1
 kinetic energy            K.E = × mass × velocity 2
                                2
      potential
                   P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration x height      Kg ms-2         Joule (J)
       energy

       charge                 charge = current x time                 Ampere second    Coulomb (C)
                                                                      (As)
                                              work
      voltage                    voltage =                                J C-1          Volt (v)
                                             charge




                                                      4
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
      Derived                                                                      Name of
                                  Formula                     Derived unit
      quantity                                                                   derived unit
                                            voltage
      resistance             resistance =                          v A-1           Ohm (Ω)
                                            current

Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement,
perimeter, radius and diameter are equivalent to length.

1.3       SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

1     Scalar quantities are ………………………………………………………………………
      Examples : …………………………………………………………………………………
2     Vector quantities are………………………………………………………………………...
      Examples : …………………………………………………………………………………
3      Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require
      magnitude, direction or both to specify them.


      Description of events                                Magnitude         Direction
                                           0
      1. The temperature in the room is 25 C
      2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the north-
      west of Johor Bahru
      3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W
      4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru
      to Kuala Lumpur

1.4       MEASUREMENTS

Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure

1     There are various types of………………………………………………………………….

2     We must know how to choose the appropriate instrument to ……………………………..



3     Examples of instrument and its measuring ability.

        Measuring instrument       Range of measurement        Smallest scale division
      Measuring tape
      Meter rule
      Vernier caliper
      Micrometer screw gauge

4     Sample of measuring instruments :


                                                  5
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
   4.1 Ammeter : ……………………………………………………………………………..
                                 incorret reading                              1    2          3      correct
                    1     2      3
                                                                          0                         4 reading
              0                      4



                                                                                        pointer           mirror
                              pointer     mirror
        Pointer’s image can be seen    Pointer’s image is behind the pointer
   4.2 Measuring cylinder : ……………………………………………………....................
                              wrong position of eye
                                Right position of eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of
                                the scale)
                              wrong position of eye

        water




   4.3 Ruler : ………………………………………………………………………………………

                              wrong      right     wrong


                    10     11       12      13      14       15                Reading = ……………… cm




   4.4 Vernier calliper

       A venier calliper is used to measure :
       a. ………………………………………………b. ………………………………………….

       c. ………………………………………………d. ………………………………………….

       A vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of …………………………………...…. cm.



                                 inside jaws
                          cmVernier scale
                               0         1           2            3            4 Main
                                                                              SKALAscale

                                0
                                outside jaws

                                                                                            Main scale in cm

       Length of vernier scale = ……… cm                  0                              1

       Vernier scale is divided into 10 divisions
                                                         0            5            10         Vernier scale
                                                    The differenct between the main scale and vernier scale
                                                    is = ……………………………. cm
                                                      6
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
       Length of the divisions = ………. cm


                                       0                                    1           cm



     Main scale       = ………………….                0       1 2 3 4 5   6 7 8 9 10
                                                                    Find the division of
     Vernier scale = …………………..                                      vernier scale which is
                                                                    coincides with any part of
     Final reading = …………………..                                      the main scale
       The diagram below shows a vernier calliper with reading.

                  0                        1




                      0        5           10           Vernier calliper reading = ……………. cm
   4.5 Micrometer screw gauge.
       A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure :
       a. ………………………………………………
       b. ………………………………………….
       c. ………………………………………………

  One complete turn of the thimble
  (50 division) moves the spindle by
  0.50 mm.
  Division of thimble
          = …………………..
          = …………………..                          Sleeve scale : ……………
  A accuracy of micrometer
  screw gauge = ……………..                        Thimble scale : ………….

                                               Total reading : …………..

           Example :
                                                        Sleeve scale : ……………

                                                        Thimble scale : ………….
                                                        Total reading : …………...


   4.6 Some others measuring instruments :




                                                    7
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________




   ………………………                  ……………………                                  ………………………             ………..




  ……………………….                               ……………………..                             ………………
  Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing
  appropriate instruments.
  Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge

1. Write down the readings shown by the following
   (a) 7
                                    8


                                                                                 Answer: …7.79 cm…………..
                                   0                       5              10



               4                               5
   (b)             A                       B

                                                                         Answer: …4.27 cm…………..
                     P                             Q
                     0             5               10




         (c)
                         6                                 7
                                                                               Answer: ……6.28 cm………..

                               0                   5                1

         (d)                                                                   Answer: …0.02 cm…………..
                    0                                           1




                     0                 5                   10



                                                       8
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________


2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.

                        0                                              1




                           0                     5               10


                Zero error = …0.02……… cm
     (b).       The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are
                40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws.


            5                                        6




                                        0                5                          10

            Reading shown              = …5.64…….cm

            Corrected reading = …5.62……..cm

3.    Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
       (a)                                                       (b)

                                            40                                                         3
                0              5                                           0             5   10        5


                                            35                                                         3
                                                                                                       0

       Answer: ………………………….                                                     Answer:…………………..

       (c)                                                   (d)
            0
                                       25                        0                   5            20

                                       20                                                         15


     Answer:…………………………                                       Answer:…………………….

4. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.


                       0           0                                            5
                                                             0


                                                                                0
                                                         9
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________

                                    45


          Zero error = …0.02…….. mm                        Zero error = …0.03…….. mm

    (b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.


                        5                              0                            20
            0                                                            5

                     0
                                                                                    15


     Zero error = 0.03………mm                    Reading shown                 = 6.67………..mm

                                               Corrected reading = 6.64………..mm

5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
   (a)                                        (b)

                                          40                                                       3
                0           5                                    0             5         10        5


                                          35                                                       3
                                                                                                   0

          Answer: …6.88 mm…………                                   Answer: …..12.32 mm……
    (c)                                                    (d)
            0
                                     25                    0             5                    20

                                     20                                                       15


          Answer:………4.71 mm…………                                          Answer:   9.17 mm…………

6. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.


                    0           0                                    5
                                                    0

                                    45
                                                                     0

          Zero error = …-0.02 mm                 Zero error = …0.03.. mm

   (b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.


                        5                              0                            20
            0                                                            5

                     0                            10
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________



                                                                         15

                                           Reading shown       = ….6.67..mm
     Zero error = …0.03.mm
                                           Corrected reading = …6.64..mm
Accuracy and consistency in measurements.
1. Accuracy : …………………………………………………………………………………

2. Consistency : ………………………………………………………………………………

3. Sensitivity : …………………………………………………………………………………




          target

           ………………………… ………………………                                 ……………………………..




            target
          …………………….. …………………………….. ………………………………
       Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical book to determine the sensitivity of
       some measuring instruments.

Errors in measurements
1. All measurements are values ………………………………………………………………
2. In other word, it is a matter of ……………………………………………………………
3. This is because ……………………………………………………………………………
4. Two main types of errors:
   4.1 ……………………………………………
       Occurs due to :
       a) ………………………………………………………………………………………
       b) ………………………………………………………………………………………
       c) ………………………………………………………………………………………


                                              11
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
       Examples :
       a) ………………………………………………………………………………………
       b) ………………………………………………………………………………………
       c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
Absolute error : ………………………………………………………………………………
……….…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………….

Example :




Parallax error : ………………………………………………………………………………




                                                    0                        1        cm
       0                        1    cm
Zero error : …………………………………………………………………………………...
           0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10                   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Correct reading = observed reading – zero error
                      Zero error =
               Positive zero error                negative zero error
                                                         Zero error =




                                            Horizontal                                       Horizontal
                                            reference                                    3 divisions above
                                                                                             reference
                                                                      2 divisions below
                                                                                         horizontal reference
                                                                      horizontal reference



                                                                                 Zero error of screw meter gauge
      Positive zero error
            Zero error =                                Zero error =


   4.2 ……………………………………………..
       Occurs due to
       a) ………………………………………………………………………………………
       b) ………………………………………………………………………………………



                                              12
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
          c) ………………………………………………………………………………………
          Example :
          a) …………………………………………………………………………………..…
          b) ……………………………………………………………………………………..
             .....................................................................................................................

1.5       SCIENCETIFIC INVESTIGATION

                 Steps                                                     Explanation


               Making
      1
             observation

               Drawing
      2
              inferences




             Identifying
      3    and controlling
              variables




            Formulating a
      4
             hypothesis


             Conducting
      5
             experiments


Plan and report an experiment

          Situation : A few children are playing on a different length of swing in a
          playground. It is found that the time of oscillation for each swing is different.
                  Steps                                 Example : refer to the situation above
      1     Inference
      2     Hypothesis




                                                              13
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
     3 Aim


     4   Variables




     5   List of
         apparatus and
         materials
    6    Arrangement of
         the apparatus




     7   Procedures




     8   Tabulate the
         data




                                              14
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
     9   Analyse the
         data




         Discussion        Precautions :
     1
                           1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady
     0                         state.
                           2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy.
                           3. Discussion (refer to given questions)
         Conclusion
    11                     The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases.
                           Hypothesis accepted.



Reinforcement Chapter 1

Part A :Objective Question
                                                       A Newton            B kilogram
1. Which of the following is a base SI                 C ampere            D second
   quantity?
   A Weight          B Energy                      4. Which of the following quantities
   C Velocity        D Mass                           cannot be derived?
                                                      A Electric current B Power
2. Which of the following is a derived                C Momentum           D Force
   quantity?
   A Length          B Mass                        5. Which of the following quantities is
   C Temperature D Voltage                            not derived from the basic physical
                                                      quantity of length?
3. Which of the following is not a basic              A Electric charge B Density
   unit?                                              C Velocity            D Volume




                                              15
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Initial velocity u, final velocity v,               B scalar quantities
   time t and another physical quantity k              C derived quantities
   is related by the equation v - u = kt.              D vector quantities
   The unit for k is
   A m s-1              B m-1 s                    13. Which of the following shows the
            -2
   C ms                 D m2 s-2                       correct conversion of units?
                                                       A 24 mm3 =2.4 x 10-6 m3
7. Which of the following has the                      B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10-7 m3
   smallest magnitude?                                 C 800 mm3=8.0 x 10-2 m3
   A megametre       B centimetre                      D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10-4 m3
   C kilometre        D mikrometre
                                                   14. Which of the following measurements
8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is                is the shortest ?
   A 4.328 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10-6 m                   A 3.45 x 103 m
   C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 109 m                     B 3.45 x 104 cm
                                                       C 3.45 x 107 mm
9. Which of the following measurements                 D 3.45 x 1012 µm
   is the longest?
   A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dm                 15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio
   C 0.12 mm         D 1.2 x 10-11 km                  waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in
                                                       the north region. What is the frequency
10. The diameter of a particle is 250 µm.              of the radio wave in Hz?
    What is its diameter in cm?                        A 9.28 x 104          B 9.28 x 105
    A 2.5 x 10-2       B 2.5 x 10-4                    C 9.28 x 10   7
                                                                             D 9.28 x 1010
                -6
    C 2.5 x 10         D 2.5 x 10-8
                                                   16. An object moves along a straight line
11. Which of the following prefixes is                 for time, t. The length of the line, s is
    arranged in ascending order?                                                    1 2
                                                       given by the equation s = gt . The
    A mili, senti, mikro, desi                                                      2
        B mikro, mili, senti, desi                     SI unit of g is
    C mili, mikro, desi, senti                         A m2 s2         B m s-2
        D desi, mikro, mili, senti                     C s-1           D s-2 m
                                                   Part B : Structure Question
12. Velocity, density, force and energy are
    A basic quantities
1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as
    shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the
    two towns.
                               P                           Q



                                                                     Figure 1
   (a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective
           SI units.

          ………………………………………………………………………………………
       (ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit.
          ………………………………………………………………………………………


                                              16
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
   (b) Convert the value     1 . m to standard form.
                           5 x 10-3


   (c) Complete Table 1 by writing the value of each given prefix.




           Table 1
   (d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in
       terms of its basic units.



   (e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12
       cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form.




2. Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 0—3 A range.




       Figure 2

   (a) (i) Name component X. ………………………………………………………………...

       (ii) What is the function of X? ………………………………………………………….



                                              17
JPN Pahang                                                                Physics Module Form 4
 Students Copy                                              Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
_________________________________________________________________________________________
   (b) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.




                                                                      Table 2

       (i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ..………………………………….
       (ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i).
           ………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye
   positions while measuring the volume of the water.

                                                       (a) (i) Which of the eye positions is
                                                   correct while
                                                               taking the reading of the volume
                                                   of water?

                                                            …….……………………………
                                                   ………



Figure 3

   (b) The                      water in the measuring cylinder is
       replaced                 with 30 cm3 of mercury.
       (i) In                   Figure 4, draw the meniscus of the
          mercury in the measuring cylinder.                   Figure 4
       (ii) Explain why the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as drawn in (b)(i).

           ………………………………………………………………………………………




                                              18

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SPM PHYSICS FORM 4 intro to physics

  • 1. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS Mechanical Energy 1.1 Understanding Physics PHYSICS Mechanical Energy Study of the natural phenomena and the properties of matter. Heat Energy Light Energy Solid Matter Energy Wave Energy Liquid states forms Electrical Energy Gas Nuclear Energy Chemical Energy Properties of Relationship Relationship Properties of Matter with with Energy energy matter in the fields of Mechanics Heat Wave Electronics Properties Light Electricity & Atomic Physics of matter Electromagnetism & Nuclear 1
  • 2. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.2 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES Base quantity 1 A physical quantity is …………………………………………………………………….. 2 Examples of scientific instruments :……………………………………………………… 3 A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities. 4 Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measured. The list of physical quantities : 1. ………………………………………. 2. ………………………………………. 3. ………………………………………. 4. ………………………………………. 5. ………………………………………. 6. ………………………………………. 7. ………………………………………. 8. ………………………………………. battery 5 List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units. Base quantity Symbol S.I. Unit Symbol for S.I. Unit Length Mass Time Current Temperature 6 Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are : i) …………………………..unit ………….. ii) ………………………. unit ………… ….. 2
  • 3. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ Standard Form 1 Standard form = A x 10n , 1 < A < 10 and n = integer 2 Standard form is used to …………………………………………………………………... 3 Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following quantities in standard form : a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =…………………………………………………. b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg =………... c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m = ……………………………………………………… b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = …………………………………………... c. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = …………………………………………….. Prefixes 1. Prefixes are usually used to ………………………………………………………………... 2. It will be written …………………………………………………………………………… 3. The list of prefixes : Eg : 10 12 Tera (T) 1 Tm = ……………………………………. 109 Giga (G) 3.6 mA = ……………………………………. 106 Mega (M) How to change the unit ; 2 10 3 Eg : 101 kilo (k) Hekto (ha) 10 Deka (da) 1. Mega to nano 10-1 0 10-2 10 desi (d) centi (s) 10-3 mili (m) 10-6 micro (µ) 2. Tera to micro 10-9 nano (n) 10-12 pico (p) 3. piko to Mega 4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the quantities in standard prefixes: a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = …………………………………………. b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m = ……………………………………………… 3
  • 4. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = ……………………… d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg = ……………………… Derived quantities 1 A derived quantity is …….………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities. Derived Name of Formula Derived unit quantity derived unit area area = length x width m x m = m2 – volume volume = length x width x height m x m x m = m3 – mass density density = – volume displacement velocity velocity = – time momentum momentum = mass x velocity kg m s-1 – change in velocity Acceleration acceleration = – time Force force = mass x acceleration kg m s-2 Newton (N) force pressure pressure = area weight weight = mass x gravitational acceleration work work = force x displacement work power power = time 1 kinetic energy K.E = × mass × velocity 2 2 potential P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration x height Kg ms-2 Joule (J) energy charge charge = current x time Ampere second Coulomb (C) (As) work voltage voltage = J C-1 Volt (v) charge 4
  • 5. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ Derived Name of Formula Derived unit quantity derived unit voltage resistance resistance = v A-1 Ohm (Ω) current Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement, perimeter, radius and diameter are equivalent to length. 1.3 SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES 1 Scalar quantities are ……………………………………………………………………… Examples : ………………………………………………………………………………… 2 Vector quantities are………………………………………………………………………... Examples : ………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require magnitude, direction or both to specify them. Description of events Magnitude Direction 0 1. The temperature in the room is 25 C 2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the north- west of Johor Bahru 3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W 4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru to Kuala Lumpur 1.4 MEASUREMENTS Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure 1 There are various types of…………………………………………………………………. 2 We must know how to choose the appropriate instrument to …………………………….. 3 Examples of instrument and its measuring ability. Measuring instrument Range of measurement Smallest scale division Measuring tape Meter rule Vernier caliper Micrometer screw gauge 4 Sample of measuring instruments : 5
  • 6. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.1 Ammeter : …………………………………………………………………………….. incorret reading 1 2 3 correct 1 2 3 0 4 reading 0 4 pointer mirror pointer mirror Pointer’s image can be seen Pointer’s image is behind the pointer 4.2 Measuring cylinder : …………………………………………………….................... wrong position of eye Right position of eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale) wrong position of eye water 4.3 Ruler : ……………………………………………………………………………………… wrong right wrong 10 11 12 13 14 15 Reading = ……………… cm 4.4 Vernier calliper A venier calliper is used to measure : a. ………………………………………………b. …………………………………………. c. ………………………………………………d. …………………………………………. A vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of …………………………………...…. cm. inside jaws cmVernier scale 0 1 2 3 4 Main SKALAscale 0 outside jaws Main scale in cm Length of vernier scale = ……… cm 0 1 Vernier scale is divided into 10 divisions 0 5 10 Vernier scale The differenct between the main scale and vernier scale is = ……………………………. cm 6
  • 7. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ Length of the divisions = ………. cm 0 1 cm Main scale = …………………. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Find the division of Vernier scale = ………………….. vernier scale which is coincides with any part of Final reading = ………………….. the main scale The diagram below shows a vernier calliper with reading. 0 1 0 5 10 Vernier calliper reading = ……………. cm 4.5 Micrometer screw gauge. A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure : a. ……………………………………………… b. …………………………………………. c. ……………………………………………… One complete turn of the thimble (50 division) moves the spindle by 0.50 mm. Division of thimble = ………………….. = ………………….. Sleeve scale : …………… A accuracy of micrometer screw gauge = …………….. Thimble scale : …………. Total reading : ………….. Example : Sleeve scale : …………… Thimble scale : …………. Total reading : …………... 4.6 Some others measuring instruments : 7
  • 8. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ ……………………… …………………… ……………………… ……….. ………………………. …………………….. ……………… Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosing appropriate instruments. Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge 1. Write down the readings shown by the following (a) 7 8 Answer: …7.79 cm………….. 0 5 10 4 5 (b) A B Answer: …4.27 cm………….. P Q 0 5 10 (c) 6 7 Answer: ……6.28 cm……….. 0 5 1 (d) Answer: …0.02 cm………….. 0 1 0 5 10 8
  • 9. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed. 0 1 0 5 10 Zero error = …0.02……… cm (b). The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are 40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws. 5 6 0 5 10 Reading shown = …5.64…….cm Corrected reading = …5.62……..cm 3. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (a) (b) 40 3 0 5 0 5 10 5 35 3 0 Answer: …………………………. Answer:………………….. (c) (d) 0 25 0 5 20 20 15 Answer:………………………… Answer:……………………. 4. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges. 0 0 5 0 0 9
  • 10. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 45 Zero error = …0.02…….. mm Zero error = …0.03…….. mm (b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges. 5 0 20 0 5 0 15 Zero error = 0.03………mm Reading shown = 6.67………..mm Corrected reading = 6.64………..mm 5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (a) (b) 40 3 0 5 0 5 10 5 35 3 0 Answer: …6.88 mm………… Answer: …..12.32 mm…… (c) (d) 0 25 0 5 20 20 15 Answer:………4.71 mm………… Answer: 9.17 mm………… 6. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges. 0 0 5 0 45 0 Zero error = …-0.02 mm Zero error = …0.03.. mm (b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges. 5 0 20 0 5 0 10
  • 11. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 15 Reading shown = ….6.67..mm Zero error = …0.03.mm Corrected reading = …6.64..mm Accuracy and consistency in measurements. 1. Accuracy : ………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Consistency : ……………………………………………………………………………… 3. Sensitivity : ………………………………………………………………………………… target ………………………… ……………………… …………………………….. target …………………….. …………………………….. ……………………………… Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical book to determine the sensitivity of some measuring instruments. Errors in measurements 1. All measurements are values ……………………………………………………………… 2. In other word, it is a matter of …………………………………………………………… 3. This is because …………………………………………………………………………… 4. Two main types of errors: 4.1 …………………………………………… Occurs due to : a) ……………………………………………………………………………………… b) ……………………………………………………………………………………… c) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 11
  • 12. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ Examples : a) ……………………………………………………………………………………… b) ……………………………………………………………………………………… c) ……………………………………………………………………………………… Absolute error : ……………………………………………………………………………… ……….………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………. Example : Parallax error : ……………………………………………………………………………… 0 1 cm 0 1 cm Zero error : …………………………………………………………………………………... 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Correct reading = observed reading – zero error Zero error = Positive zero error negative zero error Zero error = Horizontal Horizontal reference 3 divisions above reference 2 divisions below horizontal reference horizontal reference Zero error of screw meter gauge Positive zero error Zero error = Zero error = 4.2 …………………………………………….. Occurs due to a) ……………………………………………………………………………………… b) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 12
  • 13. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ c) ……………………………………………………………………………………… Example : a) …………………………………………………………………………………..… b) …………………………………………………………………………………….. ..................................................................................................................... 1.5 SCIENCETIFIC INVESTIGATION Steps Explanation Making 1 observation Drawing 2 inferences Identifying 3 and controlling variables Formulating a 4 hypothesis Conducting 5 experiments Plan and report an experiment Situation : A few children are playing on a different length of swing in a playground. It is found that the time of oscillation for each swing is different. Steps Example : refer to the situation above 1 Inference 2 Hypothesis 13
  • 14. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 Aim 4 Variables 5 List of apparatus and materials 6 Arrangement of the apparatus 7 Procedures 8 Tabulate the data 14
  • 15. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 9 Analyse the data Discussion Precautions : 1 1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady 0 state. 2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy. 3. Discussion (refer to given questions) Conclusion 11 The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases. Hypothesis accepted. Reinforcement Chapter 1 Part A :Objective Question A Newton B kilogram 1. Which of the following is a base SI C ampere D second quantity? A Weight B Energy 4. Which of the following quantities C Velocity D Mass cannot be derived? A Electric current B Power 2. Which of the following is a derived C Momentum D Force quantity? A Length B Mass 5. Which of the following quantities is C Temperature D Voltage not derived from the basic physical quantity of length? 3. Which of the following is not a basic A Electric charge B Density unit? C Velocity D Volume 15
  • 16. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Initial velocity u, final velocity v, B scalar quantities time t and another physical quantity k C derived quantities is related by the equation v - u = kt. D vector quantities The unit for k is A m s-1 B m-1 s 13. Which of the following shows the -2 C ms D m2 s-2 correct conversion of units? A 24 mm3 =2.4 x 10-6 m3 7. Which of the following has the B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10-7 m3 smallest magnitude? C 800 mm3=8.0 x 10-2 m3 A megametre B centimetre D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10-4 m3 C kilometre D mikrometre 14. Which of the following measurements 8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is is the shortest ? A 4.328 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10-6 m A 3.45 x 103 m C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 109 m B 3.45 x 104 cm C 3.45 x 107 mm 9. Which of the following measurements D 3.45 x 1012 µm is the longest? A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dm 15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio C 0.12 mm D 1.2 x 10-11 km waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in the north region. What is the frequency 10. The diameter of a particle is 250 µm. of the radio wave in Hz? What is its diameter in cm? A 9.28 x 104 B 9.28 x 105 A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10-4 C 9.28 x 10 7 D 9.28 x 1010 -6 C 2.5 x 10 D 2.5 x 10-8 16. An object moves along a straight line 11. Which of the following prefixes is for time, t. The length of the line, s is arranged in ascending order? 1 2 given by the equation s = gt . The A mili, senti, mikro, desi 2 B mikro, mili, senti, desi SI unit of g is C mili, mikro, desi, senti A m2 s2 B m s-2 D desi, mikro, mili, senti C s-1 D s-2 m Part B : Structure Question 12. Velocity, density, force and energy are A basic quantities 1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the two towns. P Q Figure 1 (a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective SI units. ……………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 16
  • 17. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ (b) Convert the value 1 . m to standard form. 5 x 10-3 (c) Complete Table 1 by writing the value of each given prefix. Table 1 (d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in terms of its basic units. (e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12 cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form. 2. Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 0—3 A range. Figure 2 (a) (i) Name component X. ………………………………………………………………... (ii) What is the function of X? …………………………………………………………. 17
  • 18. JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4 Students Copy Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics _________________________________________________________________________________________ (b) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students. Table 2 (i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ..…………………………………. (ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i). ……………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye positions while measuring the volume of the water. (a) (i) Which of the eye positions is correct while taking the reading of the volume of water? …….…………………………… ……… Figure 3 (b) The water in the measuring cylinder is replaced with 30 cm3 of mercury. (i) In Figure 4, draw the meniscus of the mercury in the measuring cylinder. Figure 4 (ii) Explain why the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as drawn in (b)(i). ……………………………………………………………………………………… 18